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H. P. Blavatsky's, “The Key to Theosophy”
GA 41b

H. P. Blavatsky
[adapted from the online text provided by the Theosophical Society, Pasadena

XII. What Is Practical Theosophy?

Duty

Enq. Why, then, the need for re-births, since all alike fail to secure a permanent peace?

Theo. Because the final goal cannot be reached in any way but through life experiences, and because the bulk of these consist in pain and suffering. It is only through the latter that we can learn. Joys and pleasures teach us nothing; they are evanescent, and can only bring in the long run satiety. Moreover, our constant failure to find any permanent satisfaction in life which would meet the wants of our higher nature, shows us plainly that those wants can be met only on their own plane, to wit — the spiritual.

Enq. Is the natural result of this a desire to quit life by one means or another?

Theo. If you mean by such desire "suicide," then I say, most decidedly not. Such a result can never be a "natural" one, but is ever due to a morbid brain disease, or to most decided and strong materialistic views. It is the worst of crimes and dire in its results. But if by desire, you mean simply aspiration to reach spiritual existence, not a wish to quit the earth, then I would call it a very natural desire indeed. Otherwise voluntary death would be an abandonment of our present post and of the duties incumbent on us, as well as an attempt to shirk Karmic responsibilities, and thus involve the creation of new Karma.

Enq. But if actions on the material plane are unsatisfying, why should duties, which are such actions, be imperative?

Theo. First of all, because our philosophy teaches us that the object of doing our duties to all men and to ourselves the last, is not the attainment of personal happiness, but of the happiness of others; the fulfilment of right for the sake of right, not for what it may bring us. Happiness, or rather contentment, may indeed follow the performance of duty, but is not and must not be the motive for it.

Enq. What do you understand precisely by "duty" in Theosophy? It cannot be the Christian duties preached by Jesus and his Apostles, since you recognise neither?

Theo. You are once more mistaken. What you call "Christian duties" were inculcated by every great moral and religious Reformer ages before the Christian era. All that was great, generous, heroic, was, in days of old, not only talked about and preached from pulpits as in our own time, but acted upon sometimes by whole nations. The history of the Buddhist reform is full of the most noble and most heroically unselfish acts. "Be ye all of one mind, having compassion one of another; love as brethren, be pitiful, be courteous; not rendering evil for evil, or railing for railing; but contrariwise, blessing" was practically carried out by the followers of Buddha, several centuries before Peter. The Ethics of Christianity are grand, no doubt; but as undeniably they are not new, and have originated as "Pagan" duties.

Enq. And how would you define these duties, or "duty," in general, as you understand the term?

Theo. Duty is that which is due to Humanity, to our fellow-men, neighbours, family, and especially that which we owe to all those who are poorer and more helpless than we are ourselves. This is a debt which, if left unpaid during life, leaves us spiritually insolvent and moral bankrupts in our next incarnation. Theosophy is the quintessence of duty.

Enq. So is Christianity when rightly understood and carried out.

Theo. No doubt it is; but then, were it not a lip-religion in practice, Theosophy would have little to do amidst Christians. Unfortunately it is but such lip-ethics. Those who practise their duty towards all, and for duty's own sake, are few; and fewer still are those who perform that duty, remaining content with the satisfaction of their own secret consciousness. It is —

". . . . . . the public voice
Of praise that honours virtue and rewards it,"

which is ever uppermost in the minds of the "world renowned" philanthropists. Modern ethics are beautiful to read about and hear discussed; but what are words unless converted into actions? Finally: if you ask me how we understand Theosophical duty practically and in view of Karma, I may answer you that our duty is to drink without a murmur to the last drop, whatever contents the cup of life may have in store for us, to pluck the roses of life only for the fragrance they may shed on others, and to be ourselves content but with the thorns, if that fragrance cannot be enjoyed without depriving some one else of it.

Enq. All this is very vague. What do you do more than Christians do?

Theo. It is not what we members of the Theosophical Society do — though some of us try our best — but how much farther Theosophy leads to good than modern Christianity does. I say — action, enforced action, instead of mere intention and talk. A man may be what he likes, the most worldly, selfish and hard-hearted of men, even a deep-dyed rascal, and it will not prevent him from calling himself a Christian, or others from so regarding him. But no Theosophist has the right to this name, unless he is thoroughly imbued with the correctness of Carlyle's truism: "The end of man is an action and not a thought, though it were the noblest" — and unless he sets and models his daily life upon this truth. The profession of a truth is not yet the enactment of it; and the more beautiful and grand it sounds, the more loudly virtue or duty is talked about instead of being acted upon, the more forcibly it will always remind one of the Dead Sea fruit. Cant is the most loathsome of all vices; and cant is the most prominent feature of the greatest Protestant country of this century — England.

Enq. What do you consider as due to humanity at large?

Theo. Full recognition of equal rights and privileges for all, and without distinction of race, colour, social position, or birth.

Enq. When would you consider such due not given?

Theo. When there is the slightest invasion of another's right — be that other a man or a nation; when there is any failure to show him the same justice, kindness, consideration or mercy which we desire for ourselves. The whole present system of politics is built on the oblivion of such rights, and the most fierce assertion of national selfishness. The French say: "Like master, like man"; they ought to add, "Like national policy, like citizen."

Enq. Do you take any part in politics?

Theo. As a Society, we carefully avoid them, for the reasons given below. To seek to achieve political reforms before we have effected a reform in human nature, is like putting new wine into old bottles. Make men feel and recognise in their innermost hearts what is their real, true duty to all men, and every old abuse of power, every iniquitous law in the national policy, based on human, social or political selfishness, will disappear of itself. Foolish is the gardener who seeks to weed his flower-bed of poisonous plants by cutting them off from the surface of the soil, instead of tearing them out by the roots. No lasting political reform can be ever achieved with the same selfish men at the head of affairs as of old.

The Relations of The T. S. To Political Reforms

Enq. The Theosophical Society is not, then, a political organization?

Theo. Certainly not. It is international in the highest sense in that its members comprise men and women of all races, creeds, and forms of thought, who work together for one object, the improvement of humanity; but as a society it takes absolutely no part in any national or party politics.

Enq. Why is this?

Theo. Just for the reasons I have mentioned. Moreover, political action must necessarily vary with the circumstances of the time and with the idiosyncracies of individuals. While from the very nature of their position as Theosophists the members of the T. S. are agreed on the principles of Theosophy, or they would not belong to the society at all, it does not thereby follow that they agree on every other subject. As a society they can only act together in matters which are common to all — that is, in Theosophy itself; as individuals, each is left perfectly free to follow out his or her particular line of political thought and action, so long as this does not conflict with Theosophical principles or hurt the Theosophical Society.

Enq. But surely the T. S. does not stand altogether aloof from the social questions which are now so fast coming to the front?

Theo. The very principles of the T. S. are a proof that it does not — or, rather, that most of its members do not — so stand aloof. If humanity can only be developed mentally and spiritually by the enforcement, first of all, of the soundest and most scientific physiological laws, it is the bounden duty of all who strive for this development to do their utmost to see that those laws shall be generally carried out. All Theosophists are only too sadly aware that, in Occidental countries especially, the social condition of large masses of the people renders it impossible for either their bodies or their spirits to be properly trained, so that the development of both is thereby arrested. As this training and development is one of the express objects of Theosophy, the T. S. is in thorough sympathy and harmony with all true efforts in this direction.

Enq. But what do you mean by "true efforts"? Each social reformer has his own panacea, and each believes his to be the one and only thing which can improve and save humanity?

Theo. Perfectly true, and this is the real reason why so little satisfactory social work is accomplished. In most of these panaceas there is no really guiding principle, and there is certainly no one principle which connects them all. Valuable time and energy are thus wasted; for men, instead of co-operating, strive one against the other, often, it is to be feared, for the sake of fame and reward rather than for the great cause which they profess to have at heart, and which should be supreme in their lives.

Enq. How, then, should Theosophical principles be applied so that social co-operation may be promoted and true efforts for social amelioration be carried on?

Theo. Let me briefly remind you what these principles are — universal Unity and Causation; Human Solidarity; the Law of Karma; Re-incarnation. These are the four links of the golden chain which should bind humanity into one family, one universal Brotherhood.

Enq. How?

Theo. In the present state of society, especially in so-called civilized countries, we are continually brought face to face with the fact that large numbers of people are suffering from misery, poverty and disease. Their physical condition is wretched, and their mental and spiritual faculties are often almost dormant. On the other hand, many persons at the opposite end of the social scale are leading lives of careless indifference, material luxury, and selfish indulgence. Neither of these forms of existence is mere chance. Both are the effects of the conditions which surround those who are subject to them, and the neglect of social duty on the one side is most closely connected with the stunted and arrested development on the other. In sociology, as in all branches of true science, the law of universal causation holds good. But this causation necessarily implies, as its logical outcome, that human solidarity on which Theosophy so strongly insists. If the action of one reacts on the lives of all, and this is the true scientific idea, then it is only by all men becoming brothers and all women sisters, and by all practising in their daily lives true brotherhood and true sisterhood, that the real human solidarity, which lies at the root of the elevation of the race, can ever be attained. It is this action and interaction, this true brotherhood and sisterhood, in which each shall live for all and all for each, which is one of the fundamental Theosophical principles that every Theosophist should be bound, not only to teach, but to carry out in his or her individual life.

Enq. All this is very well as a general principle, but how would you apply it in a concrete way?

Theo. Look for a moment at what you would call the concrete facts of human society. Contrast the lives not only of the masses of the people, but of many of those who are called the middle and upper classes, with what they might be under healthier and nobler conditions, where justice, kindness, and love were paramount, instead of the selfishness, indifference, and brutality which now too often seem to reign supreme. All good and evil things in humanity have their roots in human character, and this character is, and has been, conditioned by the endless chain of cause and effect. But this conditioning applies to the future as well as to the present and the past. Selfishness, indifference, and brutality can never be the normal state of the race — to believe so would be to despair of humanity — and that no Theosophist can do. Progress can be attained, and only attained, by the development of the nobler qualities. Now, true evolution teaches us that by altering the surroundings of the organism we can alter and improve the organism; and in the strictest sense this is true with regard to man. Every Theosophist, therefore, is bound to do his utmost to help on, by all the means in his power, every wise and well-considered social effort which has for its object the amelioration of the condition of the poor. Such efforts should be made with a view to their ultimate social emancipation, or the development of the sense of duty in those who now so often neglect it in nearly every relation of life.

Enq. Agreed. But who is to decide whether social efforts are wise or unwise?

Theo. No one person and no society can lay down a hard-and-fast rule in this respect. Much must necessarily be left to the individual judgment. One general test may, however, be given. Will the proposed action tend to promote that true brotherhood which it is the aim of Theosophy to bring about? No real Theosophist will have much difficulty in applying such a test; once he is satisfied of this, his duty will lie in the direction of forming public opinion. And this can be attained only by inculcating those higher and nobler conceptions of public and private duties which lie at the root of all spiritual and material improvement. In every conceivable case he himself must be a centre of spiritual action, and from him and his own daily individual life must radiate those higher spiritual forces which alone can regenerate his fellow-men.

Enq. But why should he do this? Are not he and all, as you teach, conditioned by their Karma, and must not Karma necessarily work itself out on certain lines?

Theo. It is this very law of Karma which gives strength to all that I have said. The individual cannot separate himself from the race, nor the race from the individual. The law of Karma applies equally to all, although all are not equally developed. In helping on the development of others, the Theosophist believes that he is not only helping them to fulfil their Karma, but that he is also, in the strictest sense, fulfilling his own. It is the development of humanity, of which both he and they are integral parts, that he has always in view, and he knows that any failure on his part to respond to the highest within him retards not only himself but all, in their progressive march. By his actions, he can make it either more difficult or more easy for humanity to attain the next higher plane of being.

Enq. How does this bear on the fourth of the principles you mentioned, viz., Re-incarnation?

Theo. The connection is most intimate. If our present lives depend upon the development of certain principles which are a growth from the germs left by a previous existence, the law holds good as regards the future. Once grasp the idea that universal causation is not merely present, but past, present and future, and every action on our present plane falls naturally and easily into its true place, and is seen in its true relation to ourselves and to others. Every mean and selfish action sends us backward and not forward, while every noble thought and every unselfish deed are steppingstones to the higher and more glorious planes of being. If this life were all, then in many respects it would indeed be poor and mean; but regarded as a preparation for the next sphere of existence, it may be used as the golden gate through which we may pass, not selfishly and alone, but in company with our fellows, to the palaces which lie beyond.

On Self-Sacrifice

Enq. Is equal justice to all and love to every creature the highest standard of Theosophy?

Theo. No; there is an even far higher one.

Enq. What can it be?

Theo. The giving to others more than to oneself — self-sacrifice. Such was the standard and abounding measure which marked so pre-eminently the greatest Teachers and Masters of Humanity — e. g., Gautama Buddha in History, and Jesus of Nazareth as in the Gospels. This trait alone was enough to secure to them the perpetual reverence and gratitude of the generations of men that come after them. We say, however, that self-sacrifice has to be performed with discrimination; and such a self-abandonment, if made without justice, or blindly, regardless of subsequent results, may often prove not only made in vain, but harmful. One of the fundamental rules of Theosophy is, justice to oneself — viewed as a unit of collective humanity, not as a personal self-justice, not more but not less than to others; unless, indeed, by the sacrifice of the one self we can benefit the many.

Enq. Could you make your idea clearer by giving an instance?

Theo. There are many instances to illustrate it in history. Self-sacrifice for practical good to save many, or several people, Theosophy holds as far higher than self-abnegation for a sectarian idea, such as that of "saving the heathen from damnation," for instance. In our opinion, Father Damien, the young man of thirty who offered his whole life in sacrifice for the benefit and alleviation of the sufferings of the lepers at Molokai, and who went to live for eighteen years alone with them, to finally catch the loathsome disease and die, has not died in vain. He has given relief and relative happiness to thousands of miserable wretches. He has brought to them consolation, mental and physical. He threw a streak of light into the black and dreary night of an existence, the hopelessness of which is unparalleled in the records of human suffering. He was a true Theosophist, and his memory will live for ever in our annals. In our sight this poor Belgian priest stands immeasurably higher than — for instance — all those sincere but vain-glorious fools, the Missionaries who have sacrificed their lives in the South Sea Islands or China. What good have they done? They went in one case to those who are not yet ripe for any truth; and in the other to a nation whose systems of religious philosophy are as grand as any, if only the men who have them would live up to the standard of Confucius and their other sages. And they died victims of irresponsible cannibals and savages, and of popular fanaticism and hatred. Whereas, by going to the slums of Whitechapel or some other such locality of those that stagnate right under the blazing sun of our civilization, full of Christian savages and mental leprosy, they might have done real good, and preserved their lives for a better and worthier cause.

Enq. But the Christians do not think so?

Theo. Of course not, because they act on an erroneous belief. They think that by baptising the body of an irresponsible savage they save his soul from damnation. One church forgets her martyrs, the other beatifies and raises statues to such men as Labro, who sacrificed his body for forty years only to benefit the vermin which it bred. Had we the means to do so, we would raise a statue to Father Damien, the true, practical saint, and perpetuate his memory for ever as a living exemplar of Theosophical heroism and of Buddha- and Christ-like mercy and self-sacrifice.

Enq. Then you regard self-sacrifice as a duty?

Theo. We do; and explain it by showing that altruism is an integral part of self-development. But we have to discriminate. A man has no right to starve himself to death that another man may have food, unless the life of that man is obviously more useful to the many than is his own life. But it is his duty to sacrifice his own comfort, and to work for others if they are unable to work for themselves. It is his duty to give all that which is wholly his own and can benefit no one but himself if he selfishly keeps it from others. Theosophy teaches self-abnegation, but does not teach rash and useless self-sacrifice, nor does it justify fanaticism.

Enq. But how are we to reach such an elevated status?

Theo. By the enlightened application of our precepts to practice. By the use of our higher reason, spiritual intuition and moral sense, and by following the dictates of what we call "the still small voice" of our conscience, which is that of our EGO, and which speaks louder in us than the earthquakes and the thunders of Jehovah, wherein "the Lord is not."

Enq. If such are our duties to humanity at large, what do you understand by our duties to our immediate surroundings?

Theo. Just the same, plus those that arise from special obligations with regard to family ties.

Enq. Then it is not true, as it is said, that no sooner does a man enter into the Theosophical Society than he begins to be gradually severed from his wife, children, and family duties?

Theo. It is a groundless calumny, like so many others. The first of the Theosophical duties is to do one's duty by all men, and especially by those to whom one's specific responsibilities are due, because one has either voluntarily undertaken them, such as marriage ties, or because one's destiny has allied one to them; I mean those we owe to parents or next of kin.

Enq. And what may be the duty of a Theosophist to himself?

Theo. To control and conquer, through the Higher, the lower self. To purify himself inwardly and morally; to fear no one, and nought, save the tribunal of his own conscience. Never to do a thing by halves; i. e., if he thinks it the right thing to do, let him do it openly and boldly, and if wrong, never touch it at all. It is the duty of a Theosophist to lighten his burden by thinking of the wise aphorism of Epictetus, who says: "Be not diverted from your duty by any idle reflection the silly world may make upon you, for their censures are not in your power, and consequently should not be any part of your concern."

Enq. But suppose a member of your Society should plead inability to practise altruism by other people, on the ground that "charity begins at home"; urging that he is too busy, or too poor, to benefit mankind or even any of its units — what are your rules in such a case?

Theo. No man has a right to say that he can do nothing for others, on any pretext whatever. "By doing the proper duty in the proper place, a man may make the world his debtor," says an English writer. A cup of cold water given in time to a thirsty wayfarer is a nobler duty and more worth, than a dozen of dinners given away, out of season, to men who can afford to pay for them. No man who has not got it in him will ever become a Theosophist; but he may remain a member of our Society all the same. We have no rules by which we could force any man to become a practical Theosophist, if he does not desire to be one.

Enq. Then why does he enter the Society at all?

Theo. That is best known to him who does so. For, here again, we have no right to pre-judge a person, not even if the voice of a whole community should be against him, and I may tell you why. In our day, vox populi (so far as regards the voice of the educated, at any rate) is no longer vox dei, but ever that of prejudice, of selfish motives, and often simply that of unpopularity. Our duty is to sow seeds broadcast for the future, and see they are good; not to stop to enquire why we should do so, and how and wherefore we are obliged to lose our time, since those who will reap the harvest in days to come will never be ourselves.

On Charity

Enq. How do you Theosophists regard the Christian duty of charity?

Theo. What charity do you mean? Charity of mind, or practical charity in the physical plane?

Enq. I mean practical charity, as your idea of Universal brotherhood would include, of course, charity of mind.

Theo. Then you have in your mind the practical carrying out of the commandments given by Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount?

Enq. Precisely so.

Theo. Then why call them "Christian"? Because, although your Saviour preached and practised them, the last thing the Christians of to-day think of is to carry them out in their lives.

Enq. And yet many are those who pass their lives in dispensing charity?

Theo. Yes, out of the surplus of their great fortunes. But point out to me that Christian, among the most philanthropic, who would give to the shivering and starving thief, who would steal his coat, his cloak also; or offer his right cheek to him who smote him on the left, and never think of resenting it?

Enq. Ah, but you must remember that these precepts have not to be taken literally. Times and circumstances have changed since Christ's day. Moreover, He spoke in Parables.

Theo. Then why don't your Churches teach that the doctrine of damnation and hell-fire is to be understood as a parable too? Why do some of your most popular preachers, while virtually allowing these "parables" to be understood as you take them, insist on the literal meaning of the fires of Hell and the physical tortures of an "Asbestos-like" soul? If one is a "parable," then the other is. If Hell-fire is a literal truth, then Christ's commandments in the Sermon on the Mount have to be obeyed to the very letter. And I tell you that many who do not believe in the Divinity of Christ — like Count Leo Tolstoi and more than one Theosophist — do carry out these noble, because universal, precepts literally; and many more good men and women would do so, were they not more than certain that such a walk in life would very probably land them in a lunatic asylum — so Christian are your laws!

Enq. But surely every one knows that millions and millions are spent annually on private and public charities?

Theo. Oh, yes; half of which sticks to the hands it passes through before getting to the needy; while a good portion or remainder gets into the hands of professional beggars, those who are too lazy to work, thus doing no good whatever to those who are really in misery and suffering. Haven't you heard that the first result of the great outflow of charity towards the East-end of London was to raise the rents in Whitechapel by some 20 per cent.?

Enq. What would you do, then?

Theo. Act individually and not collectively; follow the Northern Buddhist precepts: "Never put food into the mouth of the hungry by the hand of another"; "Never let the shadow of thy neighbour (a third person) come between thyself and the object of thy bounty"; "Never give to the Sun time to dry a tear before thou hast wiped it." Again "Never give money to the needy, or food to the priest, who begs at thy door, through thy servants, lest thy money should diminish gratitude, and thy food turn to gall."

Enq. But how can this be applied practically?

Theo. The Theosophical ideas of charity mean personal exertion for others; personal mercy and kindness; personal interest in the welfare of those who suffer; personal sympathy, forethought and assistance in their troubles or needs. We Theosophists do not believe in giving money (N. B., if we had it) through other people's hands or organizations. We believe in giving to the money a thousandfold greater power and effectiveness by our personal contact and sympathy with those who need it. We believe in relieving the starvation of the soul, as much if not more than the emptiness of the stomach; for gratitude does more good to the man who feels it, than to him for whom it is felt. Where's the gratitude which your "millions of pounds" should have called forth, or the good feelings provoked by them? Is it shown in the hatred of the East-End poor for the rich? in the growth of the party of anarchy and disorder? or by those thousands of unfortunate working girls, victims to the "sweating" system, driven daily to eke out a living by going on the streets? Do your helpless old men and women thank you for the workhouses; or your poor for the poisonously unhealthy dwellings in which they are allowed to breed new generations of diseased, scrofulous and rickety children, only to put money into the pockets of the insatiable Shylocks who own houses? Therefore it is that every sovereign of all those "millions," contributed by good and would-be charitable people, falls like a burning curse instead of a blessing on the poor whom it should relieve. We call this generating national Karma, and terrible will be its results on the day of reckoning.

Theosophy For The Masses

Enq. And you think that Theosophy would, by stepping in, help to remove these evils, under the practical and adverse conditions of our modern life?

Theo. Had we more money, and had not most of the Theosophists to work for their daily bread, I firmly believe we could.

Enq. How? Do you expect that your doctrines could ever take hold of the uneducated masses, when they are so abstruse and difficult that well-educated people can hardly understand them?

Theo. You forget one thing, which is that your much-boasted modern education is precisely that which makes it difficult for you to understand Theosophy. Your mind is so full of intellectual subtleties and preconceptions that your natural intuition and perception of the truth cannot act. It does not require metaphysics or education to make a man understand the broad truths of Karma and Reincarnation. Look at the millions of poor and uneducated Buddhists and Hindoos, to whom Karma and re-incarnation are solid realities, simply because their minds have never been cramped and distorted by being forced into an unnatural groove. They have never had the innate human sense of justice perverted in them by being told to believe that their sins would be forgiven because another man had been put to death for their sakes. And the Buddhists, note well, live up to their beliefs without a murmur against Karma, or what they regard as a just punishment; whereas the Christian populace neither lives up to its moral ideal, nor accepts its lot contentedly. Hence murmuring, and dissatisfaction, and the intensity of the struggle for existence in Western lands.

Enq. But this contentedness, which you praise so much, would do away with all motive for exertion and bring progress to a stand-still.

Theo. And we, Theosophists, say that your vaunted progress and civilization are no better than a host of will-o'-the-wisps, flickering over a marsh which exhales a poisonous and deadly miasma. This, because we see selfishness, crime, immorality, and all the evils imaginable, pouncing upon unfortunate mankind from this Pandora's box which you call an age of progress, and increasing pari passu with the growth of your material civilization. At such a price, better the inertia and inactivity of Buddhist countries, which have arisen only as a consequence of ages of political slavery.

Enq. Then is all this metaphysics and mysticism with which you occupy yourself so much, of no importance?

Theo. To the masses, who need only practical guidance and support, they are not of much consequence; but for the educated, the natural leaders of the masses, those whose modes of thought and action will sooner or later be adopted by those masses, they are of the greatest importance. It is only by means of the philosophy that an intelligent and educated man can avoid the intellectual suicide of believing on blind faith; and it is only by assimilating the strict continuity and logical coherence of the Eastern, if not esoteric, doctrines, that he can realize their truth. Conviction breeds enthusiasm, and "Enthusiasm," says Bulwer Lytton, "is the genius of sincerity, and truth accomplishes no victories without it"; while Emerson most truly remarks that "every great and commanding movement in the annals of the world is the triumph of enthusiasm." And what is more calculated to produce such a feeling than a philosophy so grand, so consistent, so logical, and so all-embracing as our Eastern Doctrines?

Enq. And yet its enemies are very numerous, and every day Theosophy acquires new opponents.

Theo. And this is precisely that which proves its intrinsic excellence and value. People hate only the things they fear, and no one goes out of his way to overthrow that which neither threatens nor rises beyond mediocrity.

Enq. Do you hope to impart this enthusiasm, one day, to the masses?

Theo. Why not? since history tells us that the masses adopted Buddhism with enthusiasm, while, as said before, the practical effect upon them of this philosophy of ethics is still shown by the smallness of the percentage of crime amongst Buddhist populations as compared with every other religion. The chief point is, to uproot that most fertile source of all crime and immorality — the belief that it is possible for them to escape the consequences of their own actions. Once teach them that greatest of all laws, Karma and Re-incarnation, and besides feeling in themselves the true dignity of human nature, they will turn from evil and eschew it as they would a physical danger.

How Members Can Help the Society

Enq. How do you expect the Fellows of your Society to help in the work?

Theo. First by studying and comprehending the theosophical doctrines, so that they may teach others, especially the young people. Secondly, by taking every opportunity of talking to others and explaining to them what Theosophy is, and what it is not; by removing misconceptions and spreading an interest in the subject. Thirdly, by assisting in circulating our literature, by buying books when they have the means, by lending and giving them and by inducing their friends to do so. Fourthly, by defending the Society from the unjust aspersions cast upon it, by every legitimate device in their power. Fifth, and most important of all, by the example of their own lives.

Enq. But all this literature, to the spread of which you attach so much importance, does not seem to me of much practical use in helping mankind. This is not practical charity.

Theo. We think otherwise. We hold that a good book which gives people food for thought, which strengthens and clears their minds, and enables them to grasp truths which they have dimly felt but could not formulate — we hold that such a book does a real, substantial good. As to what you call practical deeds of charity, to benefit the bodies of our fellow-men, we do what little we can; but, as I have already told you, most of us are poor, whilst the Society itself has not even the money to pay a staff of workers. All of us who toil for it, give our labour gratis, and in most cases money as well. The few who have the means of doing what are usually called charitable actions, follow the Buddhist precepts and do their work themselves, not by proxy or by subscribing publicly to charitable funds. What the Theosophist has to do above all is to forget his personality.

What a Theosophist Ought Not to Do

Enq. Have you any prohibitory laws or clauses for Theosophists in your Society?

Theo. Many, but, alas! none of them are enforced. They express the ideal of our organization, — but the practical application of such things we are compelled to leave to the discretion of the Fellows themselves. Unfortunately, the state of men's minds in the present century is such that, unless we allow these clauses to remain, so to speak, obsolete, no man or woman would dare to risk joining the Theosophical Society. This is precisely why I feel forced to lay such a stress on the difference between true Theosophy and its hard-struggling and well-intentioned, but still unworthy vehicle, the Theosophical Society.

Enq. May I be told what are these perilous reefs in the open sea of Theosophy?

Theo. Well may you call them reefs, as more than one otherwise sincere and well-meaning F.T.S. has had his Theosophical canoe shattered into splinters on them! And yet to avoid certain things seems the easiest thing in the world to do. For instance, here is a series of such negatives, screening positive Theosophical duties: —

No Theosophist should be silent when he hears evil reports or slanders spread about the Society, or innocent persons, whether they be his colleagues or outsiders.

Enq. But suppose what one hears is the truth, or may be true without one knowing it?

Theo. Then you must demand good proofs of the assertion, and hear both sides impartially before you permit the accusation to go uncontradicted. You have no right to believe in evil, until you get undeniable proof of the correctness of the statement.

Enq. And what should you do then?

Theo. Pity and forbearance, charity and long-suffering, ought to be always there to prompt us to excuse our sinning brethren, and to pass the gentlest sentence possible upon those who err. A Theosophist ought never to forget what is due to the shortcomings and infirmities of human nature.

Enq. Ought he to forgive entirely in such cases?

Theo. In every case, especially he who is sinned against.

Enq. But if by so doing, he risks to injure, or allow others to be injured? What ought he to do then?

Theo. His duty; that which his conscience and higher nature suggests to him; but only after mature deliberation. Justice consists in doing no injury to any living being; but justice commands us also never to allow injury to be done to the many, or even to one innocent person, by allowing the guilty one to go unchecked.

Enq. What are the other negative clauses?

Theo. No Theosophist ought to be contented with an idle or frivolous life, doing no real good to himself and still less to others. He should work for the benefit of the few who need his help if he is unable to toil for Humanity, and thus work for the advancement of the Theosophical cause.

Enq. This demands an exceptional nature, and would come rather hard upon some persons.

Theo. Then they had better remain outside the T. S. instead of sailing under false colours. No one is asked to give more than he can afford, whether in devotion, time, work or money.

Enq. What comes next?

Theo. No working member should set too great value on his personal progress or proficiency in Theosophic studies; but must be prepared rather to do as much altruistic work as lies in his power. He should not leave the whole of the heavy burden and responsibility of the Theosophical movement on the shoulders of the few devoted workers. Each member ought to feel it his duty to take what share he can in the common work, and help it by every means in his power.

Enq. This is but just. What comes next?

Theo. No Theosophist should place his personal vanity, or feelings, above those of his Society as a body. He who sacrifices the latter, or other people's reputations on the altar of his personal vanity, worldly benefit, or pride, ought not to be allowed to remain a member. One cancerous limb diseases the whole body.

Enq. Is it the duty of every member to teach others and preach Theosophy?

Theo. It is indeed. No fellow has a right to remain idle, on the excuse that he knows too little to teach. For he may always be sure that he will find others who know still less than himself. And also it is not until a man begins to try to teach others, that he discovers his own ignorance and tries to remove it. But this is a minor clause.

Enq. What do you consider, then, to be the chief of these negative Theosophical duties?

Theo. To be ever prepared to recognize and confess one's faults. To rather sin through exaggerated praise than through too little appreciation of one's neighbour's efforts. Never to backbite or slander another person. Always to say openly and direct to his face anything you have against him. Never to make yourself the echo of anything you may hear against another, nor harbour revenge against those who happen to injure you.

Enq. But it is often dangerous to tell people the truth to their faces. Don't you think so? I know one of your members who was bitterly offended, left the Society, and became its greatest enemy, only because he was told some unpleasant truths to his face, and was blamed for them.

Theo. Of such we have had many. No member, whether prominent or insignificant, has ever left us without becoming our bitter enemy.

Enq. How do you account for it?

Theo. It is simply this. Having been, in most cases, intensely devoted to the Society at first, and having lavished upon it the most exaggerated praises, the only possible excuse such a backslider can make for his subsequent behaviour and past short-sightedness, is to pose as an innocent and deceived victim, thus casting the blame from his own shoulders on to those of the Society in general, and its leaders especially. Such persons remind one of the old fable about the man with a distorted face, who broke his looking-glass on the ground that it reflected his countenance crookedly.

Enq. But what makes these people turn against the Society?

Theo. Wounded vanity in some form or other, almost in every case. Generally, because their dicta and advice are not taken as final and authoritative; or else, because they are of those who would rather reign in Hell than serve in Heaven. Because, in short, they cannot bear to stand second to anybody in anything. So, for instance, one member — a true "Sir Oracle" — criticized, and almost defamed every member in the T. S. to outsiders as much as to Theosophists, under the pretext that they were all untheosophical, blaming them precisely for what he was himself doing all the time. Finally, he left the Society, giving as his reason a profound conviction that we were all (the Founders especially) — FRAUDS! Another one, after intriguing in every possible way to be placed at the head of a large Section of the Society, finding that the members would not have him, turned against the Founders of the T. S., and became their bitterest enemy, denouncing one of them whenever he could, simply because the latter could not, and would not, force him upon the Members. This was simply a case of an outrageous wounded vanity. Still another wanted to, and virtually did, practise black-magici.e., undue personal psychological influence on certain Fellows, while pretending devotion and every Theosophical virtue. When this was put a stop to, the Member broke with Theosophy, and now slanders and lies against the same hapless leaders in the most virulent manner, endeavouring to break up the society by blackening the reputation of those whom that worthy "Fellow" was unable to deceive.

Enq. What would you do with such characters?

Theo. Leave them to their Karma. Because one person does evil that is no reason for others to do so.

Enq. But, to return to slander, where is the line of demarcation between backbiting and just criticism to be drawn? Is it not one's duty to warn one's friends and neighbours against those whom one knows to be dangerous associates?

Theo. If by allowing them to go on unchecked other persons may be thereby injured, it is certainly our duty to obviate the danger by warning them privately. But true or false, no accusation against another person should ever be spread abroad. If true, and the fault hurts no one but the sinner, then leave him to his Karma. If false, then you will have avoided adding to the injustice in the world. Therefore, keep silent about such things with every one not directly concerned. But if your discretion and silence are likely to hurt or endanger others, then I add: Speak the truth at all costs, and say, with Annesly, "Consult duty, not events." There are cases when one is forced to exclaim, "Perish discretion, rather than allow it to interfere with duty."

Enq. Methinks, if you carry out these maxims, you are likely to reap a nice crop of troubles!

Theo. And so we do. We have to admit that we are now open to the same taunt as the early Christians were. "See, how these Theosophists love one another!" may now be said of us without a shadow of injustice.

Enq. Admitting yourself that there is at least as much, if not more, backbiting, slandering, and quarrelling in the T. S. as in the Christian Churches, let alone Scientific Societies — What kind of Brotherhood is this? I may ask.

Theo. A very poor specimen, indeed, as at present, and, until carefully sifted and reorganized, no better than all others. Remember, however, that human nature is the same in the Theosophical Society as out of it. Its members are no saints: they are at best sinners trying to do better, and liable to fall back owing to personal weakness. Add to this that our "Brotherhood" is no "recognised" or established body, and stands, so to speak, outside of the pale of jurisdiction. Besides which, it is in a chaotic condition, and as unjustly unpopular as is no other body. What wonder, then, that those members who fail to carry out its ideal should turn, after leaving the Society, for sympathetic protection to our enemies, and pour all their gall and bitterness into their too willing ears! Knowing that they will find support, sympathy, and ready credence for every accusation, however absurd, that it may please them to launch against the Theosophical Society, they hasten to do so, and vent their wrath on the innocent looking-glass, which reflected too faithfully their faces. People never forgive those whom they have wronged. The sense of kindness received, and repaid by them with ingratitude, drives them into a madness of self-justification before the world and their own consciences. The former is but too ready to believe in anything said against a society it hates. The latter — but I will say no more, fearing I have already said too much.

Enq. Your position does not seem to me a very enviable one.

Theo. It is not. But don't you think that there must be something very noble, very exalted, very true, behind the Society and its philosophy, when the leaders and the founders of the movement still continue to work for it with all their strength? They sacrifice to it all comfort, all worldly prosperity, and success, even to their good name and reputation — aye, even to their honour — to receive in return incessant and ceaseless obloquy, relentless persecution, untiring slander, constant ingratitude, and misunderstanding of their best efforts, blows, and buffets from all sides — when by simply dropping their work they would find themselves immediately released from every responsibility, shielded from every further attack.

Enq. I confess, such a perseverance seems to me very astounding, and I wondered why you did all this.

Theo. Believe me for no self-gratification; only in the hope of training a few individuals to carry on our work for humanity by its original programme when the Founders are dead and gone. They have already found a few such noble and devoted souls to replace them. The coming generations, thanks to these few, will find the path to peace a little less thorny, and the way a little widened, and thus all this suffering will have produced good results, and their self-sacrifice will not have been in vain. At present, the main, fundamental object of the Society is to sow germs in the hearts of men, which may in time sprout, and under more propitious circumstances lead to a healthy reform, conducive of more happiness to the masses than they have hitherto enjoyed.

XII. Was ist praktische Theosophie?

Pflicht

Frag.: Warum liegt eine Notwendigkeit von Wiedergeburten vor, da doch alle gleichmäßig verfehlen, den dauernden Frieden zu sichern?

Theos.: Weil das letzte Ziel nicht in einer andern Art erreicht werden kann, als durch Lebenserfahrungen, und weil die Hauptmasse dieser in Kummer und Schmerzen bestehen. Nur durch die letztern können wir lernen. Aus Freude und Vergnügen lernen wir nichts; diese sind vergänglich und können in ihrer gleichmäßigen Wiederholung nur Übersättigung bringen. Außerdem zeigt uns das Misslingen einer dauernden Befriedigung im Leben, wie sie unsere höhere Natur braucht, vollkommen deutlich, dass eine solche Befriedigung nur in der Welt angetroffen werden kann, in welcher unsere höhere Natur lebt, — in der geistigen.

Frag.: Ist die naturgemäße Folge davon der Wunsch, dieses Leben auf die eine oder die andere Art zu verlassen?

Theos.: Wenn mit solch einem Wunsch «Selbstmord» gemeint ist, dann ist die Frage ganz entschieden zu verneinen. Solch eine Folge kann nicht eine «naturgemäße» sein, sondern sie ist immer auf eine Gehirnkrankheit zurückzuführen, oder auch auf ausgesprochen materialistische Gesichtspunkte. Sie ist das schlimmste der Verbrechen und in ihren Ergebnissen grässlich. Aber wenn man unter Wunsch einfach versteht die Sehnsucht, eine geistige Existenz zu erreichen, und nicht den Wunsch, die Erde zu verlassen, dann könnte man das allerdings einen natürlichen Wunsch nennen. Andererseits würde ein freiwilliger Tod nichts anderes sein als ein Verlassen unseres gegenwärtigen Daseins und der an diesem hängenden Pflichten, und ferner ein Versuch, den karmischen Verantwortlichkeiten zu entgehen, was aber nichts anderes bewirken würde als die Schöpfung eines neuen Karmas.

Frag.: Wenn aber Handlungen in der materiellen Welt so unbefriedigend sind, warum sollten Pflichten, die doch nichts weiter sind als solche Handlungen, so bedeutungsvoll sein?

Theos.: Erstens, weil unsere Philosophie uns lehrt, dass der Gegenstand unserer Verpflichtungen zu den Menschen und zu uns selbst zuletzt nicht auf unsere persönliche Glückseligkeit abzielt, sondern auf die Glückseligkeit der anderen. Das Rechte soll um des Rechten willen vollbracht werden, nicht um dessentwillen, was es uns einbringt. Glückseligkeit, oder besser Befriedigung, mag ja aus dem Vollbringen der Pflicht folgen, aber sie kann nicht der Beweggrund dazu sein.

Frag.: Was ist die genaue Bedeutung von «Pflicht» in der Theosophie? Das können nicht die christlichen Pflichten sein, die von Jesus und den Aposteln gepredigt werden, da diese doch von der Theosophie nicht anerkannt werden.

Theos.: Dem liegt ein Missverständnis zu Grunde. Was da «christliche» Pflichten genannt wird, war lange vor der christlichen Zeitepoche von jedem großen moralischen und religiösen Reformator in Rechnung gezogen worden. Alles, was groß, edel, heroisch ist, wurde in alten Zeiten nicht nur besprochen und von der Kanzel herab verkündigt, wie in unseren Tagen, sondern es wurde in die Tat umgesetzt, zuweilen von ganzen Nationen. Die Geschichte des Buddhismus ist voll der edelsten und heldenmütigsten, selbstlosen Handlungen. «Seid alle Eines Geistes, habet zusammenklingende Empfindungen, liebet euch gleich Brüdern, seid barmherzig, seid höflich, vergeltet Böses nicht mit Bösem, Gespötte nicht mit Gespötte, sondern im Gegenteil mit Gutem» — das wurde praktisch geübt von den Bekennern des Buddha, mehrere Jahrhunderte vor Petrus. Die Sittenlehren des Christentums sind groß, ohne Zweifel, aber sie sind zweifellos nicht neu, sondern sie bildeten sich aus den «heidnischen» Pflichten heraus.

Frag.: Und wie könnte man diese Pflichten bestimmen, oder die «Pflicht» im Allgemeinen; wie soll hier der Ausdruck verstanden werden?

Theos.: Pflicht ist das, was wir der Menschheit schuldig sind, unseren Menschenbrüdern, Nächsten, unserer Familie, und besonders denen, welche ärmer und hilfloser sind als wir selbst. Das ist eine Schuld, welche, wenn sie während des Lebens nicht ausgeglichen wird, uns geistig zahlungsunfähig macht und moralisch bankerott in unserer nächsten Inkarnation. Theosophie ist die Grundwesenheit der Pflicht.

Frag.: Das ist ja das Christentum, wenn es richtig verstanden und ausgeführt wird.

Theos.: Daran kann kein Zweifel sein; wenn es aber in der Praxis nicht bloß eine Lippenreligion wäre, dann hätte die Theosophie unter Christen wenig zu tun. Unglücklicherweise ist es aber nur eine solche Lippen-Ethik. Derjenigen, welche gegen alle ihre Pflichten tun, und nur um der Pflicht selbst willen, sind wenige; und noch weniger sind derjenigen, welche in Bezug auf die Ausübung dieser Pflichten zufrieden sind mit dem stillen Bewusstsein der Pflicht um der Pflicht willen. Es ist «die öffentliche Stimme des Lobes, die ehren soll die Tugend und sie vergelten», was obenan steht in den Gemütern der Philanthropen, die da anerkannt werden von der Welt. Die moderne Ethik ist schön zu lesen und wohl zu diskutieren; aber was sind Worte, wenn sie sich nicht in Handlungen verkörpern? Endlich: wenn gefragt wird, wie die theosophischen Pflichten praktisch und vom Gesichtspunkte des Karma zu verstehen seien, so ist darauf zu antworten, dass es unsere Pflicht ist, den Becher des Lebens bis zum letzten Tropfen ohne Murren zu leeren, was auch immer in ihm eingeschlossen sein mag, und die Rosen zu pflücken, auf dass andere den Duft atmen können, und uns selbst mit den Dornen zufrieden zu geben, wenn wir den Duft nicht atmen können, ohne andere desselben zu berauben.

Frag.: Alles das ist sehr unbestimmt. Was ist das anderes als das im Christentum enthaltene?

Theos.: Es kommt nicht darauf an, was die Mitglieder der Theosophischen Gesellschaft tun, — obgleich einige derselben ihr Bestes versuchen, sondern darauf, um wie viel sicherer die Theosophie zum Guten leitet als das moderne Christentum. Es muss betont werden — Handlungen, starke Handlungen sind notwendig, anstatt Absichten und Reden. Es kann ein Mensch sein, was er will, der weltlichste, selbstischeste und hartherzigste der Menschen, ja ein Schurke, und er kann sich doch einen Christen nennen, oder es können andere ihn als einen solchen ansehen. Aber kein Theosophist hat das Recht auf diesen Namen, wenn er nicht vollkommen übereinstimmt mit Carlyles Ausspruch: «Das Ziel des Menschen ist eine Handlung, und nicht ein Gedanke, und wäre es auch der edelste» — und wenn er nicht bestimmt sein lässt sein tägliches Leben im Sinne dieser Wahrheit. Das Bekenntnis zu einer Wahrheit ist noch nicht die Ausführung derselben; und je schöner und gewaltiger sie verkündet wird, je lauter Tugend und Pflicht besprochen anstatt in Wirklichkeit umgesetzt werden, desto mehr wird man an das Verzehren nahrhafter Früchte erinnert. Heuchelei ist das schlimmste der Laster; und Heuchelei ist der auffälligste Charakterzug weiter Länder der Gegenwart.

Frag.: Was ist als Pflichten der Menschheit im umfassenden Sinne des Wortes zu verstehen?

Theos.: Volle Anerkennung der gleichen Rechte und Vorrechte für alle, ohne Unterschied der Rasse, Farbe, der sozialen Stellung oder der Geburt.

Frag.: Was ist als gegen solche Pflicht gerichtet anzusehen?

Theos.: Wo immer ein auch nur leichter Eingriff in eines Anderen Rechte stattfindet, — sei es ein anderer Mensch oder ein anderes Volk; wo man ermangelt, ihm dieselbe Gerechtigkeit, Güte, Beachtung oder Mitleid zu zeigen, welche man für sich selbst wünscht. Das ganze gegenwärtige System der Politik ist auf der Verleugnung solcher Rechte erbaut; und auf der heftigsten Betonung der nationalen Selbstsucht. Der Franzose sagt: «Wie der Herr, so sein Diener»; es sollte hinzugefügt werden: «Wie die Volks-Politik, so die Bürger.»

Frag.: Nimmt die Theosophie an der Politik irgendwelchen Anteil?

Theos.: Als Gesellschaft müssen wir dies vermeiden aus den später anzuführenden Gründen. Der Versuch, politische Reformen ins Werk setzen zu wollen, bevor man die menschliche Natur reformiert hat, das kommt dem Füllen von neuem Wein in alte Flaschen gleich. Wenn man bewirkt, dass der Mensch erkennt, und zwar im Innersten seines Herzens, welches seine wahren Pflichten gegen die Menschen sind, wird jeder hergebrachte Missbrauch der Macht, jedes Inquisitionsgesetz der nationalen Politik, gebaut auf menschliche, soziale oder politische Selbstsucht, ganz von selbst verschwinden. Töricht wäre ein Gärtner, der versuchen wollte, sein Blumenbeet von Giftpflanzen dadurch zu reinigen, dass er diese an der Oberfläche abschneidet, anstatt dass er sie mit der Wurzel ausreißt. Es kann keine bleibende, politische Reform erzielt werden mit denselben selbstischen Menschen an der Spitze der Geschäfte, die vorher da waren.

Die Beziehungen der Theosophischen Gesellschaft zu politischen Reformen

Frag.: Ist also die Theosophische Gesellschaft keine politische Organisation?

Theos.: Sicherlich nicht. Sie ist international im höchsten Sinne, dass zu ihren Mitgliedern Männer und Frauen aller Rassen, Bekenntnisse und Denkungsarten gehören, die zusammenarbeiten zu dem Einen Ziel, der Verbesserung der Menschheit; aber als Gesellschaft nimmt sie durchaus keinen Anteil an irgend einem nationalen Elemente oder einer politischen Partei.

Frag.: Warum ist das so?

Theos.: Der wahre Grund ist schon angegeben worden. Außerdem müssen sich politische Bestrebungen ändern mit den Verhältnissen der Zeiten und mit den Eigenheiten der einzelnen Menschen. Während, in Gemäßheit ihrer Anschauung als Theosophisten, die Mitglieder der Theosophischen Gesellschaft mit Bezug auf die theosophischen Grundfragen übereinstimmen, ist es nicht notwendig, dass sie in Bezug auf andere Fragen übereinstimmen. Als Gesellschaft können sie zusammen nur handeln mit Bezug auf alles das, was der Theosophie angehört; als Einzelpersönlichkeiten steht es jedem frei, sich selbst zu folgen oder seinen besonderen politischen Gedanken und Handlungen, insofern das nicht mit den theosophischen Grundfragen in Widerspruch steht oder der Gesellschaft zum Schaden gereicht.

Frag.: Aber sicherlich kann die Theosophische Gesellschaft den sozialen Fragen nicht ganz fern stehen, die jetzt so stark an die Oberfläche des Lebens treten?

Theos.: Die wahren Grundgesetze der Theosophischen Gesellschaft sind selbst der Beweis dafür, dass dies nicht der Fall ist — oder besser gesagt, dass die meisten ihrer Mitglieder diesen Fragen nicht fern stehen. Wenn die Menschheit vernunftgemäß und geistig nur entwickelt werden kann zunächst durch die Einverleibung der tiefsten und am meisten wissenschaftlichen physiologischen Gesetze, so sind alle jene verpflichtet, solches zu tun, welche nach dieser Entwicklung hinstreben. Alle Theosophisten sind nur zu bekannt mit der Tatsache, dass in westlichen Ländern besonders die soziale Lage der großen Masse des Volkes es unmöglich macht, für ihren Körper und ihren Geist das angemessene zu tun, und dass deshalb die Entwicklung von beiden zurückbleiben muss. Da diese Leitung und Entwicklung eines der Hauptziele der Theosophie ist, so muss notwendigerweise die Theosophische Gesellschaft in Sympathie und Harmonie alle nach dieser Richtung gehenden wahren Anstrengungen verfolgen.

Frag.: Aber was ist mit den «wahren Anstrengungen» gemeint? Jeder soziale Reformer hat sein eigenes Heilmittel, und ein jeder hat den Glauben, dass allein das seine der richtige Weg sei, um die Menschheit zum Heile zu führen.

Theos.: Vollkommen wahr; und das ist der wirkliche Grund, warum so wenig befriedigendes in Bezug auf die soziale Arbeit geleistet wird. In den meisten dieser Allheilmittel ist gar kein Grundprinzip zu bemerken, und noch weniger gibt es ein solches Prinzip, das sie alle vereinigen könnte. So werden wertvolle Zeit und Kraft verschwendet; denn, statt dass die Menschen mit vereinten Kräften handeln würden, streben sie alle gegeneinander, oftmals mehr weil sie in Furcht sind, weil sie Ruhm oder Belohnung suchen, als weil sie die große Angelegenheit wirklich fördern wollten, die sie im Herzen haben, und die ihnen das Höchste im Leben sein sollte.

Frag.: Wie müsste man nun die theosophischen Prinzipien anwenden, damit ein soziales Zusammenwirken eingeleitet werden und damit soziale Höherentwicklung eintreten könne?

Theos.: Es soll kurz zusammengefasst werden, welches diese Grundsätze sind: allgemeine Einheit und Begründetheit; menschlicher Zusammenschluss; das Gesetz vom Karma; die Wiederverkörperung. Das sind die vier Glieder der goldenen Kette, die die Menschheit zu einer Familie, zu einem universellen Bruderbund zusammenschließen müssen.

Frag.: Wie soll das geschehn?

Theos.: Im gegenwärtigen Zustande der menschlichen Gesellschaft, besonders in den sogenannten zivilisierten Gegenden steht man beständig Aug’ in Aug’ gegenüber der Tatsache, dass breite Massen des Volkes dulden unter Elend, Armut und Verfall. Ihr physischer Zustand ist erbarmungswürdig, und ihre verständigen und geistigen Fähigkeiten sind oftmals in einem vollkommenen Schlummerzustand. Andererseits gibt es Menschen am anderen Ende der sozialen Seele, welche in einer sorglosen Gleichgültigkeit leben, in materiellem Luxus und in selbstischer Befriedigung. Keines von beiden ist bloßes Zufalls-Ergebnis. Beides ist Wirkung der Bedingungen, denen diese Menschen von allen Seiten ausgesetzt sind; und die Vernachlässigung der sozialen Verpflichtungen einerseits muss ergeben die gehemmte und stillstehende Entwicklung andererseits. In der Soziologie, wie in allen Zweigen der wahren Wissenschaft, ist die allgemeine Verursachung oberstes Gesetz. Aber diese Verursachung bedingt notwendig als ihren logischen Ausfluss die menschliche Zusammengehörigkeit, auf welcher die Theosophie streng aufgebaut ist. Wenn eine Handlung eine Gegenwirkung hervorruft im Leben Aller, und dies ist die wahrhaft wissenschaftliche Idee, so kann wahrhaft Gutes nur dadurch entstehen, dass alle Menschen sich in einen Bruderbund zusammenschließen, und dass in der Ausübung der täglichen Pflichten ein solcher Bruderbund dargelebt wird; das ist wahre menschliche Zusammengehörigkeit, welche in der Wurzel der Erhebung unserer Rasse liegt. Dieses Handeln und Zusammenwirken, dieser wahre Bruderbund, in dem ein jeder für alle lebt und alle für jeden, sie bilden eine der Grundlagen der Theosophie, und jeder Theosophist sollte sich verbunden fühlen, nicht nur solches zu lehren, sondern es auch ins individuelle Leben einzugliedern.

Frag.: Als allgemeines Prinzip ist alles dieses wohl zu billigen; wie aber soll es im konkreten Fall angewendet werden?

Theos.: Man blicke einen Augenblick auf die konkreten Tatsachen der menschlichen Gesellschaft. Man vergleiche die Lebensführung nicht nur der Massen der Menschen, sondern vieler derjenigen, welche zu den sogenannten mittleren und oberen Klassen gehören, mit dem, was diese Lebensführung sein könnte, wenn sie unter gesünderen und edleren Bedingungen verliefe, wenn Gerechtigkeit, Güte und Liebe vorherrschend wären anstatt Selbstigkeit, Gleichgültigkeit und Rohheit, die heute so häufig die Herrschaft führen. Alle guten und schlimmen Dinge in der Menschheit haben ihre Wurzeln in dem menschlichen Charakter, und dieser Charakter ist und ist immer gewesen das Ergebnis einer unübersehbaren Reihe von Ursachen und Wirkungen. Und dies bezieht sich auf die Zukunft so gut wie auf die Gegenwart und die Vergangenheit. Selbstigkeit, Gleichgültigkeit und Rohheit können niemals der Normalzustand der Rasse sein, — wer das glaubt, müsste an der Menschheit verzweifeln, und das kann der Theosophist nimmermehr. Ein Fortschritt kann bewirkt werden, aber er kann nur durch die Entwicklung der edlen Eigenschaften der menschlichen Natur bewirkt werden. Die wahre Entwicklung lehrt uns, dass man durch Veränderung in der Umgebung der Lebewesen diese abändern und verbessern kann, und dies ist im strengsten Sinne auch wahr für den Menschen. Jeder Theosophist sollte sich deshalb verbunden fühlen, sein Möglichstes zu tun, mit allen in seiner Macht stehenden Mitteln, um zu helfen bei jedem verständigen und durchdachten sozialen Bestreben, das zum Ziele hat die Verbesserung der Lebenslage der Armen. Solche Anstrengungen sollten gemacht werden von dem Gesichtspunkte ihrer endlichen Emanzipation aus, oder der Entwicklung in dem Sinne, dass man als Verpflichtung dasjenige ansieht, was jetzt so oft vernachlässigt wird in Beziehung auf das Leben.

Frag.: Gut; aber wer soll entscheiden, welche sozialen Bestrebungen weise, und welche unweise sind?

Theos.: Keine Person und keine Gesellschaft kann eine unumstößliche Regel in dieser Beziehung festlegen. Vieles muss man notwendigerweise dem persönlichen Urteil anheimstellen. Ein allgemeines Zeugnis aber kann man finden. Es ist die Frage: vermag das, was vorgeschlagen wird, den wahren Bruderbund vorwärts zu bringen, der von der Theosophie angestrebt wird? Kein wirklicher Theosophist wird Schwierigkeiten haben, solches Zeugnis ausfindig zu machen. Und hat er sich einmal Befriedigung nach dieser Richtung verschafft, so wird seine Pflicht sein, der öffentlichen Meinung die Sache einzuverleiben. Und das kann nur durch Förderung der höheren und edleren Auffassungen von öffentlichen und privaten Pflichten erreicht werden, welche die Wurzel bilden aller geistigen und materiellen Verbesserungen. Der Theosophist muss in jedem in Betracht kommenden Falle selbst ein Mittelpunkt sein von geistigen Wirkungen, und von ihm und seinem eigenen täglichen Leben müssen die höheren geistigen Kräfte ausstrahlen, welche die Menschenbrüder allein emporheben können.

Frag.: Aber aus welchem Grunde sollte er dies tun? Sind nicht nach theosophischer Auffassung alle durch ihr Karma bestimmt, und muss sich das Karma nicht notwendigerweise in gewissen Richtungen ausleben?

Theos.: Das wirkliche Karmagesetz gibt zu all dem Gesagten die Kraft. Das Individuum kann sich nicht von der Rasse aussondern, noch kann sich die Rasse vom Individuum absondern. Das Gesetz vom Karma gilt für alle, obgleich nicht alle gleich entwickelt sind. Indem der eine dem andern in der Entwicklung hilft, glaubt der Theosophist, dass er ihm nur dazu verhilft, sein Karma auszugleichen; aber auch, dass er damit im strengsten Sinne das eigene ausgleicht. Es ist die Entwicklung der Menschheit, von der beide Menschen in Betracht kommende Teile sind, die er immer im Auge hat, und er weiß, dass irgend ein Fehler auf seiner Seite, in Bezug auf das Anstreben des höchsten Ideals, nicht nur ihn betrifft, sondern alle in ihrem Fortschritte hemmt. Durch seine Handlungen kann er entweder größere oder geringere Schwierigkeiten der ganzen Menschheit machen, in dem Emporsteigen zu der höheren der Welten.

Frag.: Wie steht das im Einklange mit dem vierten der erwähnten Prinzipien, mit der Wiederverkörperung?

Theos.: Der Einklang ist ein sehr inniger. Wenn unser gegenwärtiges Leben abhängt von der Entwicklung gewisser Grundlagen, welche aus den in früheren Leben gelegten Keimen herausgewachsen sind, so muss dies Gesetz auch für die Zukunft seine Anwendung finden. Hat man die Idee der allgemeinen Verursachung einmal nicht nur für die Gegenwart erfasst, sondern für Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft, so wird man finden, dass jede Handlung in unserer gegenwärtigen Welt naturgemäß an ihrer Stelle geschehen muss, und man erkennt sie dann in ihrer wirklichen Beziehung zu uns selbst und zu andern. Jede schlechte und selbstische Handlung entwickelt uns nach rückwärts, nicht nach vorwärts, während ein jeder edle Gedanke und eine jede selbstlose Tat Stufen sind zu einer höheren und würdigeren Art des Daseins. Wenn dieses Leben das allumfassende wäre, dann wäre es in vieler Beziehung in der Tat arm und schlecht; wenn es aber zu gelten hat als eine Vorbereitung für ein nächstes Gebiet des Daseins, dann kann es als das goldene Tor erscheinen, durch welches wir hindurchgehen, nicht in selbstischer Abgeschlossenheit, sondern im Verein mit unseren Genossen, zu den Palästen, welche darüber liegen.

Von dem Opfer des Selbst

Frag.: Ist gleiches Recht für alle und Liebe für ein jegliches Geschöpf das höchste Ziel der Theosophie? Theos.: Nein; es gibt noch ein höheres.

Frag.: Welches kann dieses sein?

Theos.: Anderen mehr zu geben als sich selbst — das Opfer seiner Selbst. Ein solches war das Ziel und der Maßstab, welche in so außerordentlicher Art die größten Lehrer der Menschheit aufstellten, wie Gautama Buddha in der Geschichte und Jesus von Nazareth in den Evangelien. Dies allein genügte, um ihnen die fortwährende Verehrung und Dankbarkeit der Generationen der Menschheit jener Zeiten zu sichern, welche auf die ihrige folgten. Es muss aber gesagt werden, dass Opferung des Selbst mit Unterscheidungsvermögen gebracht werden muss; und ein Selbstopfer, das ohne Gerechtigkeit, oder blind dargebracht wird, ohne Rücksicht auf die Folgen, wird oft nicht nur vergeblich, sondern auch schädlich sein. Eines der grundlegenden Gesetze der Theosophie ist Gerechtigkeit gegen sich selbst, in richtiger Harmonie mit einer solchen gegen die gesamte Menschheit, nicht als eines persönlichen Selbstes — Gerechtigkeit, nicht mehr und nicht weniger als gegen andere; ausgenommen, wenn wir durch die Opferung des Selbst vielen nützen können.

Frag.: Kann dieser Gedanke durch ein Beispiel klarer gemacht werden?

Theos.: Man kann viele Beispiele aus der Geschichte anführen. Opferung des Selbstes für das praktische Gute von Vielen, muss von der Theosophie höher gewertet werden als Selbstentsagung für einen sektiererischen Gedanken, wie z.B. «die Heiden zu bewahren vor der Verdammnis». Nach der Ansicht der Theosophen ist Pater Domian, der junge Mann von dreißig Jahren, der sein ganzes Leben hingab zum Besten der Aussätzigen von Molokai, und der, nachdem er achtzehn Jahre mit ihnen allein gelebt hatte, endlich selbst dem Übel verfiel und starb, nicht vergebens gestorben. Er hat Tausenden von elend Leidenden Hilfe und verhältnismäßiges Glück gebracht. Er hat diesen gedanklichen und physischen Trost gebracht. Er ließ einen Lichtstrahl in die schwarze und kummervolle Nacht eines Daseins fallen, dessen Hoffnungslosigkeit ohne gleichen ist in der Geschichte menschlicher Leiden. Er war ein wahrer Theosophist, und sein Andenken wird immer in geschichtlichen Urkunden lebendig sein, die von theosophischem Geiste erfüllt sind. Von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus steht dieser belgische Priester viel höher, als z.B. jene ehrlichen, aber verblendeten Toren, die ihr Leben auf den Südsee-Inseln oder in China opfern. Was tun sie Gutes? Sie gingen in einem Falle zu solchen, die für irgend eine Wahrheit nicht reif sind; und im andern Falle zu Völkern, deren religiöse und philosophische Weltanschauung ebenso bedeutend ist wie irgend eine, wenn die Menschen, welche sie haben nur nach den Angaben ihres Confucius und anderer Weisen leben wollten. Sie starben als Opfer von unverantwortlichen Kannibalen und Wilden, und des dort volkstümlichen Fanatismus und Hasses. Wirklich Gutes hätten sie getan und durch ihr Leben einer würdigen Sache gedient, wenn sie in die elenden Gebiete von Whitechapel oder an andere Orte gegangen wären, wo das Leben erstarrt trotz der hellen Bildungssonne unserer Zeit, und wo man christliche Wilde und Aussätzige des Gedankens in Fülle findet.

Frag.: Denken die Christen denn anders?

Theos.: Gewiss, denn sie gehen von irrtümlichen Meinungen aus. Sie meinen, dass der Körper eines unverantwortlichen Kannibalen, wenn sie ihn taufen, von der Verdammnis gerettet werde. Die eine Kirche vergisst ihre Märtyrer, die andere spricht sie heilig und errichtet solchen Menschen wie Labre Bildsäulen, die ihren Leib vierzig Jahre lang allem möglichen Ungeziefer darboten. Im theosophischen Sinne müsste, bei vorhandenen Mitteln, dem Pater Damian eine Bildsäule errichtet werden, als einem wahren praktischen Heiligen, und sein Andenken müsste als das eines Vorbildes leuchten für alle Zeiten für theosophisches Heldentum und Buddha- oder Christusähnliches Mitleid und Opferung des Selbst.

Frag.: Darnach wird in der Theosophie die Opferung des Selbst als Pflicht angesehen?

Theos.: So ist es; und es wird dadurch bewiesen, dass gezeigt wird, wie die Selbstlosigkeit ein in Betracht kommender Teil der Selbstentwicklung ist. Doch hat man zu unterscheiden. Ein Mensch hat nicht das Recht sich zum Tode zu martern, damit andere Nahrung haben, ausgenommen, wenn das Leben jener andern vielen nützlicher ist als sein eigenes. Aber es ist seine Pflicht, die eigene Bequemlichkeit zu opfern und für andere zu arbeiten, wenn diese nicht selbst für sich arbeiten können. Es ist seine Pflicht, alles das zu geben, was ihm selbst gehört und das niemand nützen kann als ihm, wenn er es selbstsüchtig anderen vorenthält. Die Theosophie lehrt Selbstüberwindung, aber sie lehrt nicht nutzloses Selbstopfer, noch Fanatismus.

Frag.: Wie aber ist solch ein erhabener Gesichtspunkt zu erreichen?

Theos.: Durch die erleuchtete Anwendung der theosophischen Vorschriften auf das praktische Leben. Wenn man von Vernunft, geistiger Intuition und dem moralischen Sinn den richtigen Gebrauch macht, und dem folgt, was einem die «kleine innere Stimme» des Gewissens sagt, welche diejenige unseres «Ich» ist, und die vernehmlicher in uns ist als Erdbeben und die Donner Jehovas, in denen «der Herr nicht ist.»

Frag.: Wenn dies im großen Ganzen unsere Pflichten sind gegenüber der Menschheit, was ist unter den Pflichten gegenüber unserer nächsten Umgebung zu verstehen?

Theos.: Genau dasselbe, nur vermehrt um dasjenige, was die besonderen Pflichten sind gegenüber der Familie.

Frag.: Dann ist nicht richtig, was gesagt wird, dass ein Mensch, der in die theosophische Gesellschaft eintritt, sich schrittweise entfremdet dem, was ihn verbindet mit Gatte, Kindern und den Familienobliegenheiten?

Theos.: Es ist eine grundlose Verleumdung gleich vielen andern. Die erste der theosophischen Pflichten ist, seine Pflichten gegen alle Menschen zu erfüllen, und besonders diejenigen, die unter seiner besonderen Verantwortlichkeit stehen, weil er sie entweder freiwillig übernommen hat — wie die ehelichen Bande — oder weil das Schicksal sie ihm zuerteilt hat — wie diejenigen bezüglich der EItern und der ihm Nahestehenden.

Frag.: Und welches sind die Pflichten eines Theosophisten gegen sich selbst?

Theos.: Zu kontrollieren und zu besiegen durch das höhere Selbst, das niedere Selbst. Sich innerlich und moralisch zu läutern; niemand und nichts zu fürchten, außer dem Gerichtshof in dem eigenen Gewissen. Niemals etwas nur halb zu vollbringen, das heißt, wenn es sich um etwas richtiges handelt, soll er es offen und kühn vollführen, und wenn es unrichtig ist, ganz die Hände davon lassen. Es ist die Pflicht eines Theosophisten, sich seine Lebensbürde zu erleichtern durch Beachtung eines Weisheitswortes des Epictet, welches sagt: «Lasse dich in deiner Pflicht nicht beirren durch eine schlimme Bemerkung, die dir gemacht wird, von der einfältigen Welt, denn du kannst ihr Urteil nicht ändern, und folglich sollte es auf dein Tun keine Wirkung haben.»

Frag.: Aber man nehme an, ein Mitglied der theosophischen Gesellschaft fühle sich unfähig zu praktischer Selbstlosigkeit anderen Menschen gegenüber, aus dem Grunde, weil es findet, dass die «Barmherzigkeit im Hause beginne»; und es sagte, dass es zu beschäftigt sei, oder zu arm, um für die Menschheit im Ganzen etwas zu tun; was wäre in diesem Falle das theosophisch richtige?

Theos.: Kein Mensch hat aus irgendeinem Vorwande das Recht zu sagen, dass er für andere nichts tun könne. «Wenn er seine eigenen Pflichten an seinem Platze tut, kann er die ganze Welt zu seinem Schuldner machen», sagt ein englischer Schriftsteller. Ein Glas kalten Wassers einem durstigen Wanderer zur rechten Zeit geben, ist eine edlere Pflicht und mehr wert als ein Dutzend Diners zu geben denen, die ganz gut diese sich selbst bezahlen können. Niemand wird jemals ein Theosophist werden, wenn er den Drang dazu nicht in seinem Innern hat; aber er kann doch ein Mitglied der Gesellschaft sein. Die Gesellschaft hat keine Regeln, die irgendjemand zwingen, ein praktischer Theosophist zu sein, wenn er nicht wünscht, ein solcher zu sein.

Frag.: Warum tritt ein solcher der Gesellschaft bei?

Theos.: Er selbst wird am besten wissen, warum er es tut. Denn die Gesellschaft hat kein Recht, irgendjemand zu verurteilen, auch nicht, wenn die Stimme einer ganzen Gemeinschaft gegen ihn sein sollte; und es soll hier dargelegt werden, warum das so ist. In unseren Tagen ist «Volkes Stimme» — wenigstens soweit es sich um die Stimme der gebildeten Welt handelt, nicht «Gottes Stimme», sondern lediglich die Stimme des Vorurteils, selbstsüchtiger Beweggründe, und oft des Unvolkstümlichen. Unsere Pflicht ist, Samen für die Zukunft zu säen, und darauf zu achten, dass diese gut seien, nicht aber sollen wir uns damit aufhalten, zu fragen, warum wir dies tun sollten, und weshalb wir damit unsere Zeit verlieren sollten, weil diejenigen, welche die Früchte der Saat empfangen, niemals wir selbst sein können.

Von der Barmherzigkeit

Frag.: Wie sieht die Theosophie die christliche Pflicht der Barmherzigkeit an?

Theos.: Was ist unter Barmherzigkeit gemeint? Barmherzigkeit des Geistes, oder praktische Barmherzigkeit in der physischen Welt?

Frag.: Es soll hier praktische Barmherzigkeit gemeint sein, wie der Gedanke eines allgemeinen Welt-Bruderbundes, mit seiner geistigen Barmherzigkeit sie in sich schließen müsste.

Theos.: Dann ist damit wohl die praktische Verwirklichung der Gebote gemeint, welche Jesus in seiner Bergpredigt gegeben hat?

Frag.: Eben diese.

Theos.: Aber warum sollten diese gerade christlich genannt werden? Denn obgleich der Heiland der Christen sie predigte und praktisch betätigte, gehören sie zu den letzten der Dinge, welche die Christen der Gegenwart in ihr Leben umsetzen.

Frag.: Und doch gibt es viele, welche ihr Leben mit Taten der Barmherzigkeit erfüllen.

Theos.: Gewiss, aus dem Überfluss ihres großen Glückes. Aber man zeige jenen Christen, selbst unter den menschenfreundlichsten, welche dem erfrierenden oder verhungernden Verbrecher geben würde, und der jenem, der ihm den Rock stiehlt, auch noch den Mantel dazu geben würde, oder der die rechte Wange hinhalten würde dem, der ihm einen Schlag auf die linke gegeben hat, und dazu noch ohne Zorn darüber.

Frag.: Es ist aber doch zu bedenken, dass man diese Vorschriften nicht buchstäblich nehmen soll. Zeit und Umstände haben sich seit den Tagen Christi geändert. Auch sprach Er nur in Gleichnissen.

Theos.: Ja, aber warum wird dann in den christlichen Kirchen nicht gelehrt, dass die Lehren von der Verdammnis und dem höllischen Feuer auch nur als Gleichnisse aufzufassen sind? Warum aber nehmen einige der beliebtesten Prediger, während sie das obige als Gleichnisse auffassen, die Aussprüche über das höllische Feuer und die physischen Martern einer «asbestgleichen Seele» buchstäblich? Wenn das eine ein Gleichnis ist, so sollte doch auch das andere so genommen werden. Wenn das höllische Feuer im wörtlichen Sinne eine Wahrheit ist, dann müssten es auch die Gebote der Bergpredigt sein. Und es ist zu sagen, dass viele, welche nicht an die Göttlichkeit Christi glauben, — wie der Graf Leo Tolstoi und mehr als ein Theosoph — diese edlen und allgemeinen Vorschriften wörtlich nehmen; und es würden viele gute Menschen das so machen, wenn sie nicht gewiss wären, dass ein dementsprechender Lebenswandel sie ins Tollhaus bringen würde — so steht es mit den christlichen Gesetzen.

Frag.: Aber sicherlich weiß auch jeder, dass jährlich Millionen und aber Millionen aus öffentlicher und privater Barmherzigkeit gegeben werden?

Theos.: Gewiss; die Hälfte davon bleibt in den Händen zurück, durch die es gehen sollte, um zu den Notleidenden zu gelangen; auch gelangt ein beträchtlicher Teil an Bettler aus Profession, welche zu faul sind, etwas zu arbeiten; und so erhalten diejenigen, welche wirklich in Not und Leid sind, sehr wenig. Ist nicht bekannt geworden, dass die erste Folge des Ausgießens von Wohltätigkeit nach dem Osten von London eine Steigerung der Wohnungspreise um 20 Prozent in Whitechapel war?

Frag.: Was wäre also nach dieser Richtung zu tun?

Theos.: Individuell handeln, und nicht in Gemeinsamkeit; man kann den Lehren der nördlichen Buddhisten folgen: «Gib einem Hungrigen niemals durch die Hand eines andern Nahrung». «Lasse niemals den Schatten deines Nachbarn zwischen dich und den Gegenstand deiner guten Tat treten». «Gib niemals der Sonne Zeit, eine Träne zu trocknen, bevor du sie selber getrocknet hast». «Gib Geld den Notleidenden und Nahrung den Priestern, die vor deiner Türe betteln, nicht durch deine Diener; es würde dein Geld so die Dankbarkeit mindern, und deine Nahrung sich in Galle wandeln.»

Frag.: Wie aber kann dies in die Praxis umgesetzt werden?

Theos.: Der theosophische Gedanke von Barmherzigkeit bedeutet das persönliche Eintreten des Einen für den Andern, persönliches Mitleid und persönliche Güte, persönliches Interesse an der Wohlfahrt Leidender, persönliche Sympathie, Anteilnahme und Beistand in ihren Sorgen und Kümmernissen. Der Theosoph hat kein Vertrauen in das Schenken von Geld durch die Hände anderer Menschen und durch Gemeinschaften. Er hat den Glauben, dass Schenken tausendfältig größere Gewalt und Wirkung hat, wenn der Mensch in persönliche Berührung mit dem Notleidenden kommt. Er glaubt, dass es nötig sei, ebenso die Bedürftigkeit der Seele zu lindern wie den Hunger des Magens; Dankbarkeit tut dem Menschen viel besser, der sie fühlt als demjenigen, dem sie entgegengebracht wird. Wo findet sich die Dankbarkeit, welche die «Millionen von Pfunden» hervorrufen sollten, oder die guten Empfindungen, welche durch sie erregt werden sollten? Zeigen sie sich in dem Hass der Armen des Ostens gegen die Reichen, in dem Überhandnehmen von Anarchie und Unordnung, oder in den tausenden von unglücklichen Arbeitsmädchen, den Opfern des «Schweiß-Systems», die wegen des geringen Verdienstes ihren Unterhalt auf der Straße verdienen müssen? Sind hilflose alte Menschen für die Arbeitshäuser dankbar; oder die Armen für die gifterfüllten, gesundheitsschädlichen Wohnungen, in denen ihnen erlaubt wird, neue Generationen von Elenden zu erzeugen, skrofulöse und rachitische Kinder, nur um Geld in die Taschen der unersättlichen Shylocks zu liefern, denen die Häuser gehören? Deshalb fällt jeder Pfennig von all den «Millionen», die von guten und wohlmeinenden Menschen zusammengebracht werden, gleich einem brennenden Fluch auf die Armen, denen er helfen sollte. Man muss dies das Schaffen von gemeinsamen Karma nennen, und schrecklich werden die Ergebnisse am Tage des Gerichtes sein.

Theosophie für die Massen

Frag.: Und kann man voraussetzen, dass durch die Durchführung der theosophischen Grundsätze diesen Übeln abgeholfen werden würde, unter den praktischen und einander widerstreitenden Voraussetzungen des modernen Lebens?

Theos.: Hätte die theosophische Bewegung mehr Geld, und hätten die Theosophisten nicht für ihr tägliches Brot zu arbeiten; es ist durchaus vorauszusetzen, dass dann Abhilfe geschaffen werden könnte.

Frag.: Wie? Kann man voraussetzen, dass solche Anschauungen Wurzel fassen können bei den ungebildeten Massen, wenn sie so schwierig zu verstehen schon sind für die gebildeten Menschen?

Theos.: Dabei wird Eines außer Acht gelassen; dass die vielgepriesene moderne Bildung gerade das ist, was das Verständnis für die Theosophie so erschwert. Der moderne Verstand ist voll von Spitzsinnigkeiten und Vorurteilen, so dass er unfähig ist zu einer natürlichen Intuition und einem einfachen Verstehen der Wahrheit. Man braucht keine hohe Bildung und keine metaphysische Wissenschaft, um die einfachen Tatsachen von Reinkarnation und Karma zu verstehen. Man richte den Blick auf die Millionen armer und ungebildeter Buddhisten und Hindus, denen Karma und Reinkarnation selbstverständliche Wahrheiten sind, einfach weil ihr Geist niemals verkümmert und in Unordnung gebracht worden ist von Dingen einer unnatürlichen Ordnung. Sie haben niemals den ihnen eingepflanzten Sinn für Gerechtigkeit verkehrt durch den Gedanken, ihre Sünden könnten ihnen verziehen werden, weil ein anderer Mensch ihretwegen den Tod erlitten hat. Und wohlgemerkt, die Buddhisten leben in ihrem Glauben ohne ein Murren gegen das Karma oder gegen das, was sie als gerechtes Verhängnis ansehen; während doch die Christen weder im Sinne ihres moralischen Ideals leben, noch auch ihr Schicksal zufrieden hinnehmen. Daher rührt das Murren und die Unzufriedenheit, und die Stärke des Kampfes ums Dasein in den westlichen Ländern.

Frag.: Aber diese Zufriedenheit, welche hier so gepriesen wird, würde vernichten alle Beweggründe zum Vorwärtsarbeiten und den Fortschritt zum Stillstand bringen.

Theos.: Aber die Theosophie sagt, dass solch ein Fortschritt, und solche Zivilisation, wenn sie auch noch so sehr gerühmt werden, nichts sind als eine Summe von Irrlichtern, die über einem Sumpf flackern, der giftige und todbringende Miasmen ausdunstet. Denn die Theosophie kann in all dem nichts sehen als Selbstsucht, Verbrechen, Unmoral, und alles erdenkbare Böse, das auf die unglückliche Menschheit wie von einer Pandorabüchse ausgestreut wird, die man das Zeitalter des Fortschrittes nennt; und die in dem gleichen Maße wächst wie die Zivilisation. Um solchen Preis kann man die Untätigkeit und Lässigkeit der buddhistischen Gegenden vorziehen, welche doch nur die Folgen der Zeitalter politischer Sklaverei sind.

Frag.: Dann sind also all die metaphysischen und mystischen Lehren, mit denen sich die Theosophisten so viel beschäftigen, gar nicht von solcher Wichtigkeit?

Theos.: Für die Massen, welche nur praktische Führung und Unterstützung nötig haben, sind sie von allzu großen Wirkungen nicht; aber für den gebildeten, den natürlichen Führer der Massen, dessen Handlungsart und Vorstellungsweise später von diesen Massen angenommen werden, sind sie von der größten Wichtigkeit. Nur mit Hilfe einer Weltanschauung kann ein gebildeter Mensch den intellektuellen Selbstmord eines blinden Glaubens vermeiden; und nur durch Annahme der streng folgerichtigen und logisch in sich zusammenhängenden der östlichen, wenn nicht der esoterischen Lehren kann die Wahrheit begriffen werden. Überzeugung zieht Begeisterung nach sich, und «Begeisterung», sagt Bulwer Lytton, «ist der Geist der Ausdauer, und die Wahrheit kann ohne ihn keine Siege erringen»; und Emerson bemerkt sehr wahr, dass «jede große und wirksame Bewegung in den Annalen der Weltgeschichte ein Triumph der Begeisterung sei». Und was ist geeigneter solch ein Gefühl hervorzubringen als eine Philosophie, die so groß, so in sich zusammenhängend, so logisch, so allumfassend ist wie die esoterischen Lehren?

Frag.: Und doch sind deren Feinde so zahlreich, und jeder Tag bringt der Theosophie neue Gegner.

Theos.: Und gerade dieses beweist ihre eindringliche Vortrefflichkeit und ihren Wert. Die Menschen hassen nur dasjenige, was sie fürchten, und niemand geht darauf aus, sich über dasjenige aufzuregen, was nur wenig aus der Mittelmäßigkeit heraustritt.

Frag.: Kann man hoffen, diese Begeisterung eines Tages den Massen mitzuteilen?

Theos.: Warum nicht; die Geschichte schildert uns, wie die Massen den Buddhismus mit Begeisterung aufnehmen, und es wurde schon bemerkt, wie sich die praktische Wirkung dieser Philosophie und Ethik in der geringen Zahl von Verbrechen zeigt, die man unter Buddhisten findet im Vergleich mit den Angehörigen der andern Religionen. Der Hauptpunkt ist, die Quelle aller Verbrechen und der Unsittlichkeit zu verschütten: den Glauben, dass es möglich sei, den Folgen der Verbrechen zu entgehen. Lehrt man das größte aller Gesetze, das von Karma und Reinkarnation, so verbreitet man dadurch das Gefühl für echte Menschenwürde, und die Menge wird dadurch vom Bösen wie von einer physischen Gefahr abgehalten.

Wie können Mitglieder der Gesellschaft helfen?

Frag.: Was kann von den Mitgliedern der Theosophischen Gesellschaft als Hilfe in der angegebenen Richtung erwartet werden?

Theos.: Erstens können sie sich selbst die theosophischen Lehren aneignen, so dass sie andere, insbesondere junge Leute, unterweisen können. Zweitens mögen sie jede Gelegenheit ergreifen, um anderen auseinanderzusetzen, was Theosophie ist, und was sie nicht ist; sie können Missverständnisse hinwegschaffen und das Interesse für die Sache beleben. Drittens können sie zur Verbreitung der entsprechenden Literatur beitragen, indem sie Bücher kaufen, falls sie dazu die Mittel haben, oder sie ausleihen an ihre Freunde. Viertens mögen sie die Gesellschaft gegen ungerechte Angriffe verteidigen, in jeder Art, die in ihrer Macht liegt. Fünftens, und dies ist vor allem das Wichtigste, durch das im eignen Leben gegebene Beispiel.

Frag.: Aber diese ganze Literatur, auf deren Verbreitung da so viel Wert gelegt wird, scheint doch der Menschheit keine praktische Hilfe zu bringen. Sie schließt doch nicht praktisches Wohltun ein.

Theos.: Darüber denkt die Theosophie anders. Sie ist der Meinung, dass ein Buch, das den Menschen Nahrung für die Gedanken gibt, das Strenge und Klarheit in ihren Geist bringt, und sie befähigt, Wahrheiten zu begreifen, die sie dunkel fühlen, aber nicht klar fassen konnten, — dass ein solches Buch ein wirkliches Gute bewirkt. Was die sogenannten praktischen Taten des Wohlwollens anbelangt, die dem leiblichen Befinden unserer Mitmenschen zu Gute kommen: Der Theosoph wird das wenige tun, was in seiner Macht steht; aber wie bereits betont worden ist, die meisten der Theosophen sind arm, und die Gesellschaft hat nicht die nötigen Mittel, um ihre Arbeiter zu bezahlen. Die meisten dieser Arbeiter wirken ohne Vergütung, und geben aus ihren eigenen Mitteln hin. Die wenigen, welche die Mittel haben, um das zu tun, was praktisches Wohltun genannt wird, befolgen den Buddhistischen Grundsatz, persönlich solches zu tun, nicht durch Unterstützung der öffentlichen Wohltätigkeitsanstalten. Dem Theosophen obliegt vor allem, seine eigene Persönlichkeit zu vergessen.

Was ein Theosoph nicht tun sollte

Frag.: Gibt es innerhalb der Theosophischen Gesellschaft irgendwelche Vorschriften oder Gesetzesbestimmungen?

Theos.: Mancherlei, doch sind sie nicht unbedingt verbindlich. Sie bringen das Ideal der Organisation zum Ausdruck — aber in Bezug auf die praktische Ausführung solcher Dinge muss alles den Mitgliedern anheimgestellt werden. Unglücklicherweise ist der Zustand der Menschengeister in unserem Zeitalter derart, dass, falls man diese Bestimmungen nicht schwankend — so zu sagen — lassen würde: es würde niemand wagen, der Theosophischen Gesellschaft beizutreten. Darin liegt der Grund, warum man so scharf unterscheiden muss zwischen der wahren Theosophie und ihrem ernststrebenden und wohlgemeinten, aber unwürdigen Werkzeug, der Theosophischen Gesellschaft.

Frag.: Kann etwas gesagt werden über die gefährlichen Felsenriffe auf dem offenen Meere der Theosophie?

Theos.: Man kann von solchen Riffen wohl sprechen; denn es sind nicht wenige ehrliche gutgesinnte Mitglieder an ihnen gescheitert. Und dennoch wäre es das leichteste Ding von der Welt, solches zu vermeiden. Es sei einiges von den Gegensätzen zu den wahren theosophischen Pflichten angeführt:

Kein Theosoph sollte schweigen, wenn er böse Aussagen und Verunglimpfungen über die Gesellschaft vernimmt, oder über unschuldige Personen, ob sie nun innerhalb oder außerhalb der Gesellschaft stehen.

Frag.: Aber angenommen es sei Wahrheit, was einer hört, oder es sei wahr, und man kennt bloß die Wahrheit nicht?

Theos.: Dann hat man hinreichende Beweise für die Wahrheit zu verlangen, und beide Seiten unparteiisch zu hören, ehe man gestattet, dass die Anschuldigung unwidersprochen verbreitet wird. Man hat kein Recht, an das Böse zu glauben, bevor man untrügliche Beweise davon hat. Frag.: Was also ist da zu tun?

Theos.: Mitgefühl zu haben, und Verzeihung zu üben. Wohlwollen und Duldung sollten jederzeit sich rasch bei uns einfinden, um die Fehler unserer Mitmenschen zu verzeihen, und die mildeste Beurteilung über die Irrtümer zu haben. Ein Theosoph sollte stets eingedenk dessen sein, was auf Rechnung der Unvollkommenheit der menschlichen Natur zu stehen kommt.

Frag.: Ist völliges Vergeben in solchem Falle das richtige für ihn?

Theos.: In jedem Falle, besonders wenn die Sünde sich gegen ihn selbst richtet.

Frag.: Aber wenn durch solches Verhalten man sich der Gefahr aussetzt, dass andere Schaden leiden: Was ist dann zu tun?

Theos.: Die Pflicht; was das Gewissen und die eigene höhere Wesenheit gebieten; aber nur nach reiflicher Überlegung. Die Gerechtigkeit besteht darinnen, nicht irgend einem lebendigen Wesen Unrecht zu tun; aber die Gerechtigkeit verlangt von uns auch, niemals mehreren, oder einer einzigen unschuldigen Person Unrecht dadurch geschehen zu lassen, dass man den Missetäter nicht daran hindert.

Frag.: Welches sind die andern Bestimmungen, welche das Gegensätzliche des Tuns ausdrücken?

Theos.: Kein Theosoph sollte sich in einem trägen oder nichtsnutzigen Leben befriedigt fühlen, das weder ihm selbst noch andern Gutes bringt. Er sollte für Wenige arbeiten, wenn er außer Stande ist, für die Menschheit als solche etwas zu tun; damit sollte er das Fortschreiten der theosophischen Sache fördern.

Frag.: Das fordert Menschen, die Ausnahmen sind, und würde hart für viele Menschen sein.

Theos.: Dann sollten solche besser außerhalb der Gesellschaft bleiben, anstatt unter unrichtiger Fahne in sie eintreten. Von keinem soll mehr verlangt werden, als er geben kann, sei es in Devotion, Zeit, Arbeit oder Geld.

Frag.: Was ist das nächste?

Theos.: Kein arbeitendes Mitglied sollte zu großen Wert auf seinen persönlichen Fortschritt legen oder auf die Vertiefung in theosophisches Studium; es sollte sich vielmehr dazu bereit machen, so viel selbstlose Arbeit zu tun, als in seiner Macht steht. Es sollte nicht die ganze schwere Bürde und Verantwortlichkeit der theosophischen Bewegung auf den Schultern weniger ergebener Arbeiter ruhen. Jedes Mitglied sollte die Verpflichtung fühlen, so viel Anteil als möglich an der gemeinsamen Arbeit zu nehmen, und mit den Mitteln, die zu seiner Verfügung stehen, mitzuwirken.

Frag.: Das ist gerecht. Was ist nun das Nächste?

Theos.: Kein Theosoph sollte seine persönliche Eitelkeit, seine Empfindungen über die der Gesellschaft als einheitlichen Körper stellen. Der, welcher die letztere, oder den Ruf anderer Menschen opfert auf dem Altar persönlicher Eitelkeit, weltlichen Vorteiles oder Stolzes, der sollte nicht Mitglied der Gesellschaft bleiben können. Ein krebsartiges Glied zerstört den ganzen Körper.

Frag.: Ist es die Pflicht eines jeden Mitgliedes, andere zu belehren, oder die Theosophie lehrend zu verbreiten?

Theos.: Das ist in der Tat der Fall. Kein Mitglied hat ein Recht, träge hierin zu bleiben, aus der Entschuldigung heraus, dass er zu wenig zu lehren vermag. Denn er kann sicher sein, dass er andere finden werde, welche noch weniger als er wissen. Und dazu kommt, dass der Mensch erst, wenn er andere lehren will, seine eigene Unwissenheit entdeckt, und für sie Abhilfe schaffen kann. Doch das kommt weniger in Betracht.

Frag.: Welche soll nun als die wichtigste dieser negativen theosophischen Pflichten aufgefasst werden?

Theos.: Immer bereit sein, die eigenen Fehler zu erkennen und zu bekennen. Eher zu sündigen durch übertriebenes Lob als durch zu geringe Anerkennung der Arbeiten anderer. Niemals andere zu beschimpfen, oder zu verleumden. Jedem offen und unmittelbar zu sagen, was man gegen ihn hat. Niemals sich zum Echo dessen zu machen, was andere gegen jemand sagen, noch den Gedanken der Rache gegen diejenigen nachgehen, welche uns schaden.

Frag.: Aber oft ist es gefährlich, dem Menschen die Wahrheit ins Antlitz zu sagen. Soll man sich das nicht gestehen? Es ist von einem der Gesellschafts-Mitglieder bekannt geworden, dass es bitter beleidigt war, und die Gesellschaft verlassen hat, ja deren größter Feind wurde, nur weil ihm eine unsympathische Wahrheit ins Angesicht gesagt wurde, und weil es wegen ihrer getadelt wurde.

Theos.: Es gibt mehrere solche. Kein Mitglied, ob bedeutend oder unbedeutend, hat je die Gesellschaft verlassen, ohne deren bitterster Feind zu werden.

Frag.: Wie ist das zu erklären?

Theos.: Es ist sehr einfach zu verstehen. Nachdem so jemand zuerst der Gesellschaft außerordentlich ergeben war, und für sie die übertriebensten Lobeserhebungen hatte, konnte er nach seinem Rücktritt für seine Kurzsichtigkeit nichts anderes als Entschuldigung anführen, als dass er ein unschuldiges und getäuschtes Opfer geworden sei; nur so konnte er den Tadel von den eigenen Schultern abladen und der Gesellschaft aufbürden, besonders deren Leitern. Solche Personen erinnern an die alte Erzählung von dem Menschen mit einem hässlichen Gesicht, der einen Spiegel zerbrach, weil er glaubte, dass dieser an seiner Hässlichkeit schuld sei.

Frag.: Aber, was bringt solche Menschen dazu, feindlich gegen die Gesellschaft aufzutreten?

Theos.: Gekränkte Eitelkeit in der einen oder der andern Form wird man immer als Ursache finden. Zumeist, weil ihre Behauptungen und Ratschläge nicht als bestimmend und autoritativ hingenommen werden; oder weil sie zu denen gehören, welche lieber in der Hölle regieren, als im Himmel dienen wollen. Weil, zumeist, sie nicht ertragen können, irgendeinem Ganzen oder einem andern sich unterzuordnen. So z.B. kritisierte ein Mitglied — ein wahrer «Herr Orakel» — jedes Mitglied der Theosophischen Gesellschaft zu Theosophen oder auch zu Außenstehenden, unter dem Vorwand, dass sie alle untheosophisch seien; er tadelte dabei an ihnen genau das, was er selbst fortwährend tat. Endlich verließ er die Gesellschaft, indem er als Grund angab, dass alle — besonders die Begründer — nach seiner tiefsten Überzeugung Betrüger seien. Ein anderer, der auf jede mögliche Art das Haupt einer großen Sektion der Gesellschaft zu werden versucht hat, und der sehen konnte, dass die Mitglieder ihn dazu nicht haben wollten, wendete sich gegen die Gründer der Gesellschaft und wurde deren bitterster Feind, indem er einen von ihnen anklagte wo er nur konnte, einfach weil dieser ihn der Gesellschaft weder aufzwingen konnte, noch wollte. Das war einfach ein Fall von maßloser, verletzter Eitelkeit. Ein anderer versuchte — ja tat es wirklich — schwarze Magie auszuüben, das heißt, er wollte unrichtigen psychischen Einfluss auf Mitglieder ausüben, während er vorgab, sich zu allen theosophischen Tugenden zu bekennen. Als dem Einhalt getan wurde, brach der Betreffende mit der Theosophie, und verleumdet und beschimpft nun die Leiter in der maßlosesten Art; er versucht die Gesellschaft zu vernichten, indem er sie anschwärzt, da er den Ruf derjenigen untergraben will, die er nicht täuschen konnte.

Frag.: Was ist mit solchen Charakteren anzufangen?

Theos.: Man soll sie ihrem Karma überlassen. Wenn jemand Böses tut, so darf das kein Grund für andere sein, desgleichen zu tun.

Frag.: Aber, um auf den Verleumdungsfall zurückzukommen: Wo liegt die Grenze zwischen ungerechtem Angriff und berechtigter Kritik? Sollte man Freunde und Nachbarn nicht vor jenen warnen, die man als gefährliche Gesellschaftsmitglieder erkennt?

Theos.: Wenn die Sache so liegt, dass andere Menschen geschädigt werden könnten, so ist es gewiss die Pflicht, sie zu warnen. Aber, ob es sich um Wahres oder Falsches handelt, keine Anklage gegen irgendjemand sollte verbreitet werden. Wenn sie wahr ist, und außer dem, der sie verübt hat, niemand Schaden nimmt, dann überlasse man diesen seinem Karma. Ist sie falsch, dann hat man dadurch, dass man nichts verbreitet, doch keine Ungerechtigkeit in die Welt gebracht. Daher beobachte man über solche Dinge Stillschweigen gegenüber allen, die sie nicht unmittelbar betreffen. Wenn jedoch durch solches Stillschweigen andere geschädigt werden können, so ist dazu zu sagen: Man spreche, was es auch koste, die Wahrheit, und sage sich mit Annesly: «Es werde die Pflicht zu Rate gezogen, nicht die Folgen». Es gibt Fälle, wo man gezwungen ist, auszurufen: «Es leide das Stillschweigen eher, denn dass die Pflicht verletzt werde».

Frag.: Es scheint, dass man durch Befolgung dieser Grundsätze eine große Saat von Sorgen einernten könnte.

Theos.: Gewiss kann man dies. Es ist durchaus zuzugeben, dass man sich dadurch denselben Dingen aussetzt, wie die früheren Christen. «Sieh, wie diese Theosophisten einander lieben!» so soll man ohne Schatten von Ungerechtigkeit von ihnen sagen können.

Frag.: So also wird zugegeben, dass innerhalb der Theosophischen Gesellschaft zum mindesten eben so viel, wenn nicht mehr, Streit, Verleumdung usw. ist, wie in den christlichen Kirchen, und in den wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften; Was für eine Art von Brüderlichkeit ist da also vorhanden?

Theos.: In der Tat, gegenwärtig sehr wenig, und bis alles sorgfältig gesichtet und eingerichtet sein wird, ist es da nicht besser als irgendwo anders. Aber man hat zu bedenken, dass die menschliche Natur die gleiche ist in der Gesellschaft wie außerhalb ihrer. Ihre Mitglieder sind keine Heiligen; sie sind im besten Falle Sünder, die auf ihre Besserung hinarbeiten, und welche immer in der Möglichkeit sind, in ihre persönlichen Schwächen zurückzufallen. Dazu ist zu fügen, dass der «Bruderbund» keine anerkannte oder eingerichtete Körperschaft ist, dass er sozusagen keine Gerichtsbarkeit in sich schließt. Außerdem ist er in einem ungeordneten Zustande, und weniger populär als irgendeine Sache in der Welt. Wie kann man sich da wundern, dass diejenigen Mitglieder, welche von dem Ideal der Theosophie abfallen und die Gesellschaft verlassen, ihre Sympathien bei den Feinden suchen und bei ihnen für ihre Bitterkeit willige Ohren finden! Indem sie wohl wissen, dass sie Unterstützung, Sympathie und bereitwilligen Glauben für jegliche Anklage finden, wie immer sie auch unsinnig sein mag, die sie gegen die Theosophische Gesellschaft schleudern, eilen sie, solches zu tun, und richten ihren Groll gegen den unschuldigen Spiegel, der ihnen ihre Fehler treulich ins Angesicht spiegelte. Niemals vergeben die Menschen denjenigen, denen sie Unrecht getan haben. Die Empfindung von empfangener Güte, die von ihnen mit Undank gelohnt worden ist, treibt sie zur Torheit in Bezug auf Gerechtigkeit gegen sich selbst und gegen die Welt. Und diese Welt glaubt nur zu gerne an alles, was gegen eine Gesellschaft gesagt wird, welche von ihr gehasst wird. Das eigene Gewissen — doch es soll nicht weiter gesprochen werden — in der Furcht: schon könnte zu viel gesagt worden sein.

Frag.: Dadurch scheint die Theosophische Gesellschaft in eine Lage zu kommen, welche nicht beneidenswert st.

Theos.: Sie ist es nicht. Sollte aber nicht gerade mit Rücksicht darauf eingesehen werden, dass etwas sehr edles, sehr erhebendes, sehr wahres hinter der Gesellschaft und ihrer Philosophie sein muss, wenn die Leiter und Gründer der Bewegung doch mit aller Energie fortfahren, ihr ihre Arbeit zu widmen? Sie opfern alle Bequemlichkeit, alles weltliche Weiterkommen und äußeren Erfolg, ja ihren guten Namen und Ruf, oft auch ihre Ehre — um dafür nichts zu erhalten als unaufhörlichen Tadel, fortwährende Verfolgung, unausgesetzte Verleumdungen, fortdauernden Undank, und das Missdeuten ihrer besten Absichten, Schläge und Stöße von allen Seiten — während sie durch das Verlassen ihrer Arbeit unmittelbar sich von jeder Verantwortlichkeit und von jeglichen Angriffen befreien könnten.

Frag.: Es ist zu bekennen, dass solche Beharrlichkeit Erstaunen hervorrufen kann; und man kann sich darüber verwundern, dass solches geschieht.

Theos.: Es geschieht sicher nicht um des eigenen Vorteiles der Arbeitenden willen; nur in der Hoffnung, dass dadurch einige Personen herangebildet werden, die Arbeit fortzusetzen, im Sinne der ursprünglichen Ziele, wenn die Gründer gestorben sein werden. Sie haben bereits einige wenige solcher edler und ergebener Seelen gefunden, durch die sie werden ersetzt werden können. Die kommenden Geschlechter werden, dank diesen Wenigen, den Weg zum Frieden nicht mehr so dornenvoll finden, und die Bahn weiter; so werden aus den Leiden sich gute Wirkungen ergeben; und die Hingabe wird nicht vergebens gewesen sein. Gegenwärtig kommt es darauf an, die Samen in die menschlichen Herzen zu säen, die zur guten Zeit Frucht bringen und die eine heilsame Reform unter günstigeren Umständen herbeiführen mögen, wodurch den Massen der Bevölkerung mehr Glück zu Teil werden könne, als diese bis jetzt gehabt haben.

Automated Retranslation

XII. What is practical theosophy?

Duty

Question: Why is there a necessity for rebirths, since everyone fails equally to secure lasting peace?

Theos: Because the ultimate goal cannot be achieved in any other way than through life experiences, and because the bulk of these consist of sorrow and pain. Only through the latter can we learn. We learn nothing from pleasure; the latter is fleeting and, in its uniform repetition, can only lead to satiety. Besides, the failure in life to find lasting satisfaction of the kind our higher nature needs makes it perfectly clear that such satisfaction can only be found in the world in which our higher nature lives—in the spiritual.

Question: Is the natural consequence of this the wish to leave this life in one way or another?

Theos.: If by such a wish “suicide” is meant, then the question is to be answered in the strongest possible terms, “No.” Such a consequence cannot be a “natural” one, but must always be traced to a brain disease, or to pronounced materialistic views. It is the worst of crimes and is ghastly in its results. But if by wish one simply means the longing to achieve a spiritual existence, and not the desire to leave the earth, then one could indeed call it a natural wish. On the other hand, a voluntary death would be nothing more than a departure from our present existence and the duties associated with it, and furthermore an attempt to escape karmic responsibilities, but this would achieve nothing more than the creation of a new karma.

Frag.: But if actions in the material world are so unsatisfying, why should duties, which are nothing more than such actions, be so meaningful?

Theos.: First, because our philosophy teaches us that the object of our obligations to others and to ourselves is ultimately not our personal happiness, but the happiness of others. The right thing should be done for the sake of doing the right thing, not for the sake of what it brings us. Bliss, or rather satisfaction, may indeed follow from the fulfillment of duty, but it cannot be the motive for it.

Frag.: What is the exact meaning of “duty” in Theosophy? These cannot be the Christian duties preached by Jesus and the apostles, since these are not recognized by Theosophy.

Theos.: There is a misunderstanding at the root of this. What is called “Christian” duty was taken into account long before the Christian era by every great moral and religious reformer. In ancient times, everything that is great, noble, and heroic was not only discussed and proclaimed from the pulpit, as it is in our days, but it was put into practice, sometimes by entire nations. The history of Buddhism is full of the most noble and heroic selfless deeds. “Be of one mind, have harmonious feelings, love one another as brothers, be merciful, be courteous, do not repay evil with evil, do not mock with mocking, but on the contrary with good” — this was practiced by the followers of Buddha, several centuries before Peter. The moral teachings of Christianity are great, without doubt, but they are undoubtedly not new, but developed out of the “heathen” duties.

Frag.: And how could one define these duties, or the “duty” in general; how should the expression be understood here?

Theos.: Duty is what we owe to humanity, to our fellow human beings, to our neighbor, to our family, and especially to those who are poorer and more helpless than we are. This is a debt which, if it is not paid off during our lifetime, makes us spiritually insolvent and morally bankrupt in our next incarnation. Theosophy is the fundamental essence of duty.

Frag.: That is, after all, Christianity, if it is properly understood and practiced.

Theos.: There can be no doubt about that; but if in practice it were not merely a lip-service religion, then Theosophy would have little to do among Christians. Unfortunately, however, it is only such a lip-service ethic. Those who act against all their duties, and only for the sake of duty itself, are few; and even fewer are those who, in relation to the performance of these duties, are satisfied with the silent awareness of duty for duty's sake. It is “the public voice of praise that shall honor virtue and reward it” that stands at the forefront of the minds of philanthropists, who are recognized by the world. Modern ethics are nice to read and discuss, but what are words if they are not embodied in action? Finally, when asked how theosophical duties are to be understood in practical terms and from the point of view of karma, the answer is that it is our duty to empty the cup of life to the last drop without grumbling, whatever may be contained in it, and to pluck the roses that others may inhale their fragrance, and to be content with the thorns if we cannot inhale the fragrance without depriving others of it.

Frag.: All this is very indefinite. What is it other than what is contained in Christianity?

Theos.: It does not depend on what the members of the Theosophical Society do, although some of them try their best, but on how much more surely Theosophy guides to good than modern Christianity does. It must be emphasized – actions, strong actions are needed, instead of intentions and words. A man may be what he likes, the most worldly, selfish and hard-hearted of men, yes, a scoundrel, and yet call himself a Christian, or be looked upon as such by others. But no Theosophist has the right to this name unless he fully agrees with Carlyle's saying: “Man's goal is an act, and not a thought, even though it be the noblest” — and unless he allows his daily life to be guided by this truth. Confession of a truth is not yet its realization; and the more beautifully and powerfully it is proclaimed, the more purely virtue and duty are discussed instead of being put into practice, the more one is reminded of the consumption of nutritious fruits. Hypocrisy is the worst of vices; and hypocrisy is the most striking trait of wide countries in the present day.

Question: What are the duties of humanity in the broadest sense of the word?

Theos.: Full recognition of equal rights and privileges for all, without distinction of race, color, social position or birth.

Question: What is to be considered as opposed to such a duty?

Theos.: Whenever there is the slightest infringement of the rights of another—be it another man or another people; whenever one fails to show him the same justice, kindness, consideration, or compassion as one would wish for oneself. The whole of the present system of politics is built on the denial of such rights; and on the most violent emphasis of national selfishness. The Frenchman says: “As the master, so his servant”; it should be added: “As the policy of the people, so the citizens.”

Frag.: Does Theosophy take any interest in politics?

Theos.: As a society, we must avoid this for reasons that will be given later. The attempt to implement political reforms before human nature has been reformed is like pouring new wine into old bottles. When man comes to recognize, in the inmost part of his heart, what his true duties are toward his fellow men, every traditional abuse of power, every inquisitorial law of national policy, built on human, social or political selfishness, will disappear of its own accord. It would be foolish for a gardener to attempt to rid his flowerbed of poisonous plants by cutting them off at the surface, instead of pulling them out by the root. No lasting political reform can be achieved with the same selfish people at the head of affairs as before.

The Theosophical Society's relation to political reform

Question: Then is the Theosophical Society not a political organization?

Theos.: Certainly not. It is international in the highest sense, in that its members are men and women of all races, creeds, and mentalities, working together for the one purpose of improving humanity; but as a society, it has absolutely no part in any national element or political party.

Question. Why is this so?

Theos.: The true reason has already been given. Besides, political aspirations must change with the circumstances of the times and with the peculiarities of individuals. While, in accordance with their views as Theosophists, the members of the Theosophical Society agree on the basic Theosophical questions, it is not necessary that they agree on other questions. As a Society they can act together only in matters pertaining to Theosophy; as individuals each is at liberty to follow his own line or his particular political thoughts and actions, so long as these do not conflict with the fundamental Theosophical tenets or harm the Society.

Question: But surely the Theosophical Society cannot be entirely unconcerned with the social questions that are now so forcefully coming to the surface of life?

Theos.: The true basic laws of Theosophical Society are themselves proof that this is not the case – or rather, that most of its members are not indifferent to these questions. If humanity can only be developed rationally and spiritually by incorporating the deepest and most scientific physiological laws, then all those who strive for this development are obliged to do so. All theosophists are only too familiar with the fact that in Western countries, in particular, the social situation of the masses of people makes it impossible for them to do the appropriate for their body and their mind, and that therefore the development of both must remain behind. Since this guidance and development is one of the main objectives of Theosophy, the Theosophical Society must necessarily follow all true efforts in this direction in sympathy and harmony.

Frag.: But what is meant by “true efforts”? Every social reformer has his own remedy, and each has the belief that only his is the right way to lead humanity to salvation.

Theos.: This is perfectly true, and it is the real cause of the unsatisfactory results of social work. There is no fundamental principle to be observed in most of these panaceas, and there is even less of one that could unite them all. Thus, valuable time and energy are wasted; for instead of people acting with combined forces, they all strive against each other, often more out of fear, seeking fame or reward, than out of a desire to truly further the great cause that is in their hearts and should be their highest in life.

Question: How should the theosophical principles be applied in order to initiate social cooperation and to bring about social evolution?

Theos.: Let me briefly summarize what these principles are: general unity and reason; human union; the law of karma; re-embodiment. These are the four links in the golden chain that must bind humanity together into one family, into a universal brotherhood.

Question: How should this happen?

Theos.: In the present state of human society, especially in the so-called civilized areas, one constantly faces the fact that broad masses of the people suffer from misery, poverty and decay. Their physical condition is miserable, and their mental and spiritual faculties are often in a state of complete slumber. On the other hand, there are people at the other end of the social spectrum who live in carefree indifference, in material luxury and in selfish satisfaction. Neither is a mere result of chance. Both are the effect of the conditions to which these people are exposed from all sides; and neglect of social obligations on the one hand must result in inhibited and stagnant development on the other. In sociology, as in all branches of true science, general causation is the supreme law. But this causation necessarily implies as its logical corollary the human togetherness on which Theosophy is strictly based. If an action causes a counteraction in the lives of all, and this is the truly scientific idea, then true good can only come about if all men join together in a brotherhood and live such a brotherhood in the performance of their daily duties; that is true human fellowship, which lies at the root of the upliftment of our race. This acting and cooperating, this true brotherhood, in which each lives for all and all for each, is one of the foundations of Theosophy, and every Theosophist should feel obliged not only to teach it but also to incorporate it into his individual life.

Frag.: As a general principle, all this is to be approved; but how should it be applied in a specific case?

Theos.: One looks at the specific facts of human society for a moment. Contemplate the lives not only of the masses of the people, but of many of those who belong to the so-called middle and upper classes, and compare them with what these lives could be if they were lived under healthier and nobler conditions, if justice, kindness, and love were predominant instead of selfishness, indifference, and rudeness, which so often prevail today. All the good and evil things in humanity have their roots in human character, and this character is and always has been the result of an incalculable series of causes and effects. And this applies to the future as well as to the present and the past. Selfishness, indifference, and brutality can never be the normal state of the race; anyone who believes this would have to despair of humanity, and a Theosophist never can. Progress can be achieved, but it can only be achieved through the development of the noble qualities of human nature. True development teaches us that by changing the environment of living beings, we can change and improve them, and this is also strictly true for humans. Every Theosophist should therefore feel obliged to do his utmost, with all the means at his disposal, to help with every sensible and well-thought-out social endeavor that aims to improve the living conditions of the poor. Such efforts should be made from the standpoint of their eventual emancipation, or development, in the sense of regarding as obligatory that which is so often neglected in regard to life.

Frag.: Very well; but who is to decide which social efforts are wise and which are unwise?

Theos.: No person or society can lay down an inflexible rule in this matter. Much must necessarily be left to individual judgment. But a general test can be found. The question is: can that which is proposed advance the true brotherhood toward which Theosophy aspires? No real Theosophist will have any difficulty in finding such testimony. And once he has obtained satisfaction in this direction, his duty will be to incorporate the matter into public opinion. And this can only be achieved by promoting the higher and nobler conceptions of public and private duty, which are the root of all spiritual and material improvement. The theosophist must himself be a center of spiritual influence in every possible case, and from him and his own daily life must radiate those higher spiritual forces which can uplift his fellow men only.

Frag.: But why should he do this? According to the theosophical view, are not all determined by their karma, and does karma not necessarily have to be lived out in certain directions?

Theos.: The real law of karma gives strength to all that has been said. The individual cannot separate himself from the race, nor can the race separate itself from the individual. The law of karma applies to all, although not all are equally developed. By helping each other to develop, the Theosophist believes that he is not only helping the other person to balance his karma, but also that he is balancing his own in the strictest sense. It is the evolution of humanity, of which both people are parts, that he always has in mind, and he knows that any failure on his part to strive for the highest ideal affects not only him but hinders everyone in their progress. Through his actions, he can either cause greater or lesser difficulties for all humanity by rising to the higher of the worlds.

Question: How does this agree with the fourth of the principles mentioned, with re-embodiment?

Theos.: The agreement is a very close one. If our present life depends on the development of certain foundations that have grown out of the seeds laid in previous lives, then this law must also apply to the future. Once we have grasped the idea of universal causation not only for the present, but for the past, present and future, we will find that every action in our present world must naturally take place in its place, and we then recognize it in its real relationship to ourselves and to others. Every bad and selfish act develops us backward, not forward, while every noble thought and every selfless deed is a step toward a higher and more dignified way of being. If this life were the be-all and end-all, it would indeed be poor and miserable in many respects; but if it is to be considered as a preparation for a next realm of existence, then it can appear as the golden gate through which we pass, not in selfish isolation, but in association with our fellow human beings, to the palaces that lie beyond.

On Sacrifice of Self

Disc.: Is equal right for all and love for every creature the highest aim of Theosophy? Theos.: No; there is something higher.

Disc.: What can that be?

Theos.: To give more to others than to oneself—the sacrifice of self. Such was the aim and standard set forth in such extraordinary fashion by the greatest Teachers of Humanity, as Gautama Buddha in history and Jesus of Nazareth in the Gospels. This alone was sufficient to secure for them the continued adoration and gratitude of the generations of mankind of those times and those that followed. It must be said, however, that self-sacrifice must be made with discrimination; and a self-sacrifice offered without justice, or blindly, without regard to the consequences, will often be not only in vain but harmful. One of the fundamental laws of Theosophy is justice towards oneself, in right harmony with justice towards all humanity, not as a personal self—justice, no more and no less than towards others; except when we can benefit many by sacrificing the self.

Frag.: Can this idea be made clearer with an example?

Theos.: One can cite many examples from history. Sacrifice of self for the practical good of many must be valued higher by Theosophy than self-renunciation for a sectarian idea, such as “to save the heathen from damnation.” According to the theosophists, Father Domian, the young man of thirty who gave his whole life for the benefit of the lepers of Molokai and who, after eighteen years of living alone with them, finally fell ill and died himself, did not die in vain. He brought help and relative happiness to thousands of miserable sufferers. He brought mental and physical comfort. He let a ray of light fall into the black and sorrowful night of an existence whose hopelessness is unparalleled in the history of human suffering. He was a true theosophist, and his memory will always be alive in historical documents filled with theosophical spirit. From this point of view, this Belgian priest stands much higher than, for example, those honest but deluded fools who sacrifice their lives on the South Sea islands or in China. What good do they do? In one case they went to those who are not ready for some truth; and in the other case to peoples whose religious and philosophical worldview is just as important as any other, if the people only wanted to live according to the teachings of their Confucius and other sages. They died as victims of irresponsible cannibals and savages, and of the popular fanaticism and hatred there. They would have done a truly good deed and served a worthy cause by going to the miserable areas of Whitechapel or other places where life is frozen despite the bright educational sun of our time, and where Christian savages and lepers of thought are found in abundance.

Frag.: Do Christians think differently then?

Theos.: Certainly, because they start from erroneous opinions. They think that the body of an irresponsible cannibal, when they baptize him, will be saved from damnation. One church forgets its martyrs, the other canonizes them and erects statues of people like Labre, who offered their bodies to all kinds of vermin for forty years. In the theosophical sense, given the means, a statue should be erected to Father Damien as a truly practical saint, and his memory should shine as an example for all time for theosophical heroism and Buddha- or Christ-like compassion and self-sacrifice.

Question: Is sacrifice of self then regarded as a duty in Theosophy?

Theos.: That is so; and it is proved by showing how unselfishness is a part of self-development. But one has to distinguish. A man has no right to martyr himself to death in order that others may have food, unless his life is more useful to many than his own. But it is his duty to sacrifice his own comfort and work for others when they cannot work for themselves. It is his duty to give up everything that belongs to him and that no one can use but himself if he selfishly withholds it from others. Theosophy teaches self-sacrifice, but it does not teach useless self-sacrifice, nor fanaticism.

Frag.: But how can such a lofty point of view be achieved?

Theos.: Through the enlightened application of the theosophical precepts to practical life. If you make proper use of reason, spiritual intuition and the moral sense, and follow what the “small inner voice” of conscience tells you, which is that of our “I” and which is more audible in us than the earthquakes and thunders of Jehovah, in which “the Lord is not.”

Question: If these are our duties to humanity in general, what are our duties to our immediate surroundings?

Theos.: Exactly the same, only increased by what the special duties are towards the family.

Question: Then it is not true, as is said, that a person who enters into the Theosophical Society gradually becomes estranged from what connects him to his husband, children and family responsibilities?

Theos.: It is a groundless calumny, like many others. The first of the theosophical duties is to fulfill one's duties to all people, and especially to those who are under one's special responsibility, either because one has voluntarily assumed them – such as the marital bonds – or because fate has assigned them to one – such as those concerning one's parents and close relatives.

Disc.: And what are the duties of a theosophist towards himself?

Theos.: To be controlled and conquered by the higher self, the lower self. To purify oneself inwardly and morally; to fear no one and nothing, except the court of one's own conscience. Never to do anything halfway, that is, if it is something right, he should do it openly and boldly, and if it is wrong, he should leave it entirely. It is the duty of a Theosophist to lighten his load in life by observing the words of wisdom of Epictetus, which says: “Do not let yourself be deterred in your duty by a harsh remark made to you by the simple-minded world, for you cannot change their judgment, and so it should have no effect on your actions.”

Frag.: But suppose a member of the Theosophical Society felt unable to be practically unselfish to other people on the ground that “charity begins at home”; and said he was too busy, or too poor, to do anything for Humanity at large; what would be the theosophically right thing to do in this case?

Theos.: No man has the right to say, on any pretext, that he cannot do something for others. “If he does his own duty in his own station, he can make the whole world his debtor,” says an English writer. Giving a glass of cold water to a thirsty traveler at the right time is a nobler duty and worth more than giving a dozen dinners to those who can quite well pay for them themselves. No one will ever become a Theosophist unless the urge is within them; but they can still be a member of the Society. The Society has no rules compelling anyone to be a practical Theosophist if he does not wish to be so.

Questioner: Why does such a person join the Society?

Theos.: He himself will know best why he does it. For the Society has no right to condemn anyone, even if the voice of an entire community were against him; and it shall be explained here why that is so. In our day, at least as far as the voice of the educated world is concerned, it is not “God's voice” but merely the voice of prejudice, selfish motives, and often of the unpopulous. Our duty is to sow seeds for the future, and to see that they are good, but we should not stop to ask why we should do this and why we should waste our time, because those who receive the fruits of the seed can never be ourselves.

On Mercy

Question: How does Theosophy view the Christian duty of mercy?

Theos.: What is meant by mercy? Mercy of the spirit, or practical mercy in the physical world?

Question: Practical mercy is meant here, as the idea of a general brotherhood of man, with its spiritual mercy, would imply.

Theos.: Then it is the practical realization of the commandments that Jesus gave in his Sermon on the Mount that is meant?

Question: Exactly.

Theos.: But why should these be called Christian? For although the Savior of Christians preached them and practiced them, they are among the last of the things that Christians of the present day implement in their lives.

Frag.: And yet there are many who fill their lives with acts of mercy.

Theos.: Certainly, out of the abundance of their great happiness. But show me a Christian, even among the most humane, who would give to a starving or freezing criminal, and who would give the coat as well as the cloak to him who steals his coat, or who would turn the right cheek to him who has given him a blow to the left, and that without anger.

Frag.: But it should be borne in mind that these precepts are not to be taken literally. Time and circumstances have changed since the days of Christ. He also spoke only in parables.

Theos.: Yes, but why is it not taught in Christian churches that the teachings of damnation and hellish fire are also to be understood only as parables? Why, then, do some of the most popular preachers, while taking the above as parables, take the sayings about infernal fire and the physical tortures of an “asbestos-like soul” literally? If one is a parable, so should the other be taken. If infernal fire is a literal truth, then so should the commandments of the Sermon on the Mount be. And it may be said that many who do not believe in the divinity of Christ—like Count Leo Tolstoy and more than one Theosophist—take these noble and general precepts literally; and many good people would so do but for the certainty that a life of conformity would land them in Bedlam—such are Christian laws.

Frag.: But surely everyone also knows that millions and millions are given out of public and private charity every year?

Theos.: Certainly; half of it is left in the hands through which it should pass in order to reach the needy; also, a considerable portion goes to professional beggars who are too lazy to work; and so those who are really in need and suffering receive very little. Did you not hear that the first result of the outpouring of charity in East London was a 20 per cent increase in house prices in Whitechapel?

Question: What should be done in this direction?

Theos.: Act individually, and not collectively; you can follow the teachings of the northern Buddhists: “Never give food to a hungry man through the hands of another”. “Never let your neighbor's shadow come between you and the object of your good deed”. “Never give the sun time to dry a tear before you have dried it yourself”. “Give money to the needy and food to the priests who beg at your door, not through your servants; otherwise your money would lessen their gratitude, and your food would turn to gall."

Question: But how can this be put into practice?

Theos.: The theosophical idea of charity means the personal intervention of one person for another, personal compassion and kindness, personal interest in the welfare of those who are suffering, personal sympathy, concern and support in their troubles and sorrows. The Theosophist has no faith in giving money through the hands of other people and through communities. He has the faith that giving has a thousand times greater power and effect when the person comes into personal contact with the needy. He believes that it is necessary to alleviate the need of the soul as well as the hunger of the stomach; gratitude does much more good to the person who feels it than to the person to whom it is shown. Where is the gratitude that should be evoked by the “millions of pounds”, or the good feelings that should be aroused by it? Do they show in the hatred of the poor of the East for the rich, in the increase of anarchy and disorder, or in the thousands of unfortunate working girls, victims of the “sweat system,” who, because of the low wages, have to earn their living on the streets? Are helpless old people grateful for the workhouses; or the poor for the poison-filled, unhealthy apartments where they are allowed to produce new generations of wretched, scrofulous and rickety children, just to deliver money into the pockets of the insatiable Shylocks who own the houses? Therefore, every penny of all the “millions” collected by good and well-meaning people falls like a burning curse on the poor they are supposed to help. This must be called the creation of common karma, and terrible will be the results on Judgment Day.

Theosophy for the Masses

Frag.: And can we assume that the implementation of the Theosophical principles would help to alleviate these evils, given the practical and conflicting conditions of modern life?

Theos.: If the Theosophical movement had more money, and if the Theosophists did not have to work for their daily bread; it can certainly be assumed that a remedy could be found.

Frag.: How? Can it be assumed that such views can take root among the uneducated masses when they are so difficult to understand even for educated people?

Theos.: In this, one thing is ignored: that the much-vaunted modern education is precisely what makes understanding of Theosophy so difficult. The modern mind is full of subtleties and prejudices, so that it is incapable of a natural intuition and a simple understanding of the truth. One needs neither a high education nor metaphysical science to understand the simple facts of reincarnation and karma. One need only look at the millions of poor and uneducated Buddhists and Hindus for whom karma and reincarnation are self-evident truths, simply because their minds have never been stunted and cluttered by things of an unnatural order. They have never had their sense of justice perverted by the thought that their sins could be forgiven them because another human being suffered death on their account. And, mark you, the Buddhists live in their faith without a murmur against karma or against what they see as a just fate; while the Christians neither live in the sense of their moral ideal nor accept their fate with satisfaction. Hence the grumbling and discontent, and the intensity of the struggle for existence in Western countries.

Frag.: But this contentment, which is so praised here, would destroy all motivation to work forward and bring progress to a standstill.

Theos.: But Theosophy says that such progress, and such civilization, however much it is praised, is nothing but a collection of will-o'-the-wisps flickering over a swamp that emits toxic and deadly miasmas. For Theosophy can see nothing in all this but selfishness, crime, immorality, and every conceivable evil, which is spread on unfortunate humanity as if from a Pandora's box called the age of progress; and which is growing to the same extent as civilization. At such a price one can prefer the inactivity and carelessness of the Buddhist regions, which are only the consequences of the ages of political slavery.

Frag.: Then all the metaphysical and mystical teachings, with which the theosophists are so much concerned, are not of such importance?

Theos.: For the masses, who need only practical guidance and support, they are of no great importance; but for the educated, the natural leader of the masses, whose way of acting and thinking is later adopted by these masses, they are of the greatest importance. It is only by means of a Weltanschhauung that an educated man can avoid the intellectual suicide of blind faith; and it is only by the acceptance of the strictly logical and coherent of Eastern, if not esoteric, teachings that truth can be comprehended. Conviction begets enthusiasm, and “enthusiasm,” says Bulwer Lytton, “is the spirit of perseverance, and truth without it can achieve no victories”; and Emerson very truly remarks that “every great and effective movement in the annals of the world's history is a triumph of enthusiasm.” And what could be more calculated to produce such a feeling than a philosophy as great, as coherent, as logical, as all-inclusive as the esoteric teachings?

Frag.: And yet its enemies are so numerous, and every day brings Theosophy new opponents.

Theos.: And precisely this proves its urgent excellence and value. Men only hate that which they fear, and no one sets out to get angry about that which only slightly emerges from mediocrity.

Frag.: Can one hope to communicate this enthusiasm to the masses one day?

Theos.: Why not? History tells us how the masses accepted Buddhism with enthusiasm, and it has already been noted how the practical effect of this philosophy and ethics is shown in the small number of crimes found among Buddhists compared to the members of other religions. The main point is to obliterate the source of all crime and immorality: the belief that it is possible to escape the consequences of crime. By teaching the greatest of all laws, that of karma and reincarnation, one spreads a sense of genuine human dignity, and the masses are thereby deterred from evil as if from a physical danger.

How can members of society help?

Question: What can be expected of Theosophical Society members in terms of assistance in the given direction?

Theos.: First, they can acquire the Theosophical teachings themselves so that they can instruct others, especially young people. Second, they can take every opportunity to explain to others what Theosophy is and is not; they can dispel misunderstandings and revive interest in the cause. Thirdly, they can contribute to the distribution of the relevant literature by buying books, if they have the means, or by lending them to their friends. Fourthly, they can defend the Society against unjust attacks in every way that lies in their power. Fifthly, and most importantly, by setting an example in their own lives.

Frag.: But all this literature, the spreading of which is so highly valued, does not seem to bring any practical help to humanity. It does not include practical benevolence.

Theos.: Theosophy thinks differently about this. It is of the opinion that a book that gives people food for thought, that brings rigor and clarity to their minds, and enables them to grasp truths that they feel darkly but could not grasp clearly, - that such a book brings about real good. As for the so-called practical acts of benevolence that benefit the physical well-being of our fellow human beings, the Theosophist will do what little is in his power; but as has already been emphasized, most Theosophists are poor and the Society does not have the necessary funds to pay its workers. Most of these workers work without pay and give from their own means. The few who have the means to do what is called practical benefaction follow the Buddhist precept of doing it personally, not through support of public charities. The Theosophist is above all bound to forget his own personality.

What a Theosophist should not do

Question: Are there any regulations or laws within the Theosophical Society?

Theos.: Many, but they are not binding. They express the ideal of the organization, but in terms of the practical implementation of such things, everything must be left to the members. Unfortunately, the state of the human spirit in our age is such that if these regulations were not kept, so to speak, no one would dare to join the Theosophical Society. That is the reason why one must so sharply distinguish between true Theosophy and its earnest and well-intentioned but unworthy tool, the Theosophical Society.

Frag.: Can anything be said about the dangerous reefs on the open sea of Theosophy?

Theos.: One can indeed speak of such reefs; for not a few honest, well-meaning members have been shipwrecked on them. And yet it would be the easiest thing in the world to avoid such a thing. Let some of the contradictions to the true theosophical duties be mentioned:

No Theosophist should remain silent when he hears evil spoken or slander uttered against the Society, or against innocent individuals, whether they be within or without the Society.

Frag.: But what if what one hears is true, or what one hears is true and one merely does not know the truth?

Theos.: Then one has to demand sufficient evidence for the truth and to hear both sides impartially before allowing the accusation to be spread unchallenged. One has no right to believe in evil before one has unmistakable evidence of it. Question: So what is to be done?

Theos.: To have compassion, and to forgive. Benevolence and forbearance should always be readily forthcoming to us to excuse the faults of our fellow-beings, and to have the mildest judgment of the errors. A Theosophist should always bear in mind what is due to the imperfection of human nature.

Question: Is complete forgiveness the right thing for him to do in such a case?

Theos.: In any case, especially if the sin is directed against himself.

Question: But if such behavior exposes one to the danger of others suffering harm, what should be done then?

Theos.: One's duty; what one's conscience and one's own higher being command; but only after careful consideration. Justice consists in not doing wrong to any living being; but justice also demands of us never to do wrong to several or a single innocent person by not preventing the wrongdoer from doing so.

Question: What are the other provisions that express the opposite of action?

Theos.: No Theosophist should feel satisfied with an idle or useless life that brings no good to himself or others. He should work for a few if he is unable to do something for humanity as such; in this way he should promote the progress of the Theosophical cause.

Frag.: This requires people who are exceptions, and would be hard for many people.

Theos.: Then such people had better remain outside the Society, rather than enter under a false flag. No one should be asked to give more than he can, whether in devotion, time, labor or money.

Frag.: What is the next step?

Theos.: No working member should attach too much importance to his personal advancement or to deepening his theosophical studies; rather, he should be prepared to do as much selfless work as is in his power. The whole heavy burden and responsibility of the theosophical movement should not rest on the shoulders of a few devoted workers. Every member should feel it his duty to take as much interest as possible in the common work, and to co-operate with the means at his command.

Frag.: That is fair. What is next?

Theos.: No Theosophist should place his personal vanity, his feelings above those of the Society as a unified body. He who sacrifices the latter, or the reputation of other people, at the altar of personal vanity, worldly advantage or pride, should not be able to remain a member of the Society. A cancerous member destroys the whole body.

Frag.: Is it the duty of every member to teach others or to spread Theosophy by teaching?

Theos.: That is indeed the case. No member has the right to remain inactive in this respect on the excuse that he has too little to teach. For he can be sure that he will find others who know even less than he does. And in addition, it is only when a person wants to teach others that he discovers his own ignorance and can remedy it. But that is of less importance.

Question: Which of these negative theosophical duties should be considered the most important?

Theos.: Always be prepared to recognize and admit your own mistakes. Better to err on the side of excessive praise than of insufficient recognition of the work of others. Never to insult or slander others. To tell everyone openly and directly what one has against them. Never to make oneself the echo of what others say against someone, nor to pursue the idea of revenge against those who harm us.

Question: But often it is dangerous to tell a person the truth to his face. Should we not admit this? It has become known that one of the members of the Society was bitterly offended and left the Society, indeed became its greatest enemy, only because an unpleasant truth was told to his face and because he was reprimanded for it.

Theos.: There are several such cases. No member, whether important or insignificant, has ever left the Society without becoming its bitterest enemy.

Question: How can this be explained?

Theos.: It is very easy to understand. Since such a person was extremely devoted to the community at first and had the most exaggerated praise for it, after his resignation he could only excuse his short-sightedness by saying that he had become an innocent and deceived victim; only in this way could he shift the blame from his own shoulders and place it on the community, especially on its leaders. Such persons are reminiscent of the old tale of the man with an ugly face who broke a mirror because he believed that it was to blame for his ugliness.

Frag.: But what makes such people turn against society?

Theos.: One will always find offended vanity in one form or another as the cause. Mostly because their assertions and advice are not accepted as decisive and authoritative; or because they belong to those who would rather rule in hell than serve in heaven. Because, mostly, they cannot bear to submit to any whole or to another. For example, one member – a true oracle – criticized every member of the Theosophical Society, both Theosophists and outsiders, claiming that they were all un-Theosophical; he criticized them for doing exactly what he himself did all the time. He finally left the Society, stating as his reason that all of them, especially the founders, were, in his deepest conviction, frauds. Another, who had tried every possible way to become the head of a large section of the Society and who could see that the members did not want him to, turned against the founders of the Society and became their bitterest enemy, denouncing one of them wherever he could, simply because the founder could not and would not force him on the Society. This was simply a case of inordinate, wounded vanity. Another tried — yes, really did — practice black magic, that is, he wanted to exert improper psychic influence on members, while professing to believe in all the theosophical virtues. When this was stopped, the man broke with Theosophy and now slanders and abuses the leaders in the most excessive manner; he tries to destroy the Society by defaming it, as he wants to undermine the reputation of those he could not deceive.

Question: What is to be done with such characters?

Theos.: They should be left to their karma. If someone does evil, that is no reason for others to do likewise.

Question: But to return to the case of defamation: Where is the line between unjustified attack and justified criticism? Should one not warn friends and neighbors about those who are recognized as dangerous members of society?

Theos.: If the situation is such that other people could be harmed, it is certainly one's duty to warn them. But whether it is true or false, no accusations should be made against anyone. If it is true and no one is harmed except the person who committed it, then leave them to their karma. If it is false, then by not spreading it, you have not done any injustice to the world. Therefore, observe silence about such things to all who do not directly concern them. If, however, others may suffer harm from such silence, it may be said that one should speak the truth at whatever cost, and join Anne Sly in saying, “Let duty be consulted, not consequences.” There are cases where one is compelled to exclaim, “Let silence suffer rather than duty be violated.”

Question: It seems that by following these principles one might reap a great harvest of sorrows.

Theos.: Certainly one might. It is quite possible to admit that in so doing one exposes oneself to the same things as the early Christians. “See how these Theosophists love one another!” one should be able to say of them without a shadow of injustice.

Questioner: So then you admit that within the Theosophical Society there is at least as much, if not more, contention, slander, etc., as in the Christian churches and in the scientific societies; so what kind of brotherhood is there?

Theos.: In fact, at present very little, and until everything is carefully sifted and arranged, it is no better than anywhere else. But one has to bear in mind that human nature is the same in society as it is outside of it. Its members are not saints; they are at best sinners who are working on improving themselves and who are always in danger of relapsing into their personal weaknesses. Added to this is the fact that the “Bruderbund” is not a recognized or established body, that it has no jurisdiction, so to speak. Furthermore, it is in a state of disorder and less popular than any other thing in the world. How can one be surprised that those members who fall away from the ideal of Theosophy and leave the Society seek their sympathies among its enemies and find willing ears for their bitterness! Knowing full well that they will find support, sympathy, and willing credence for any accusation, however groundless, that they may hurl against the Theosophical Society, they rush to do so, turning their resentment against the innocent mirror that faithfully reflected their faults. Never do men forgive those whom they have wronged. The sense of kindness received, which they have repaid with ingratitude, drives them to act foolishly with regard to justice, both towards themselves and towards the world. And this world is only too willing to believe anything said against a society it hates. One's own conscience — but let it not be spoken of further — in fear: too much may already have been said.

Frag.: This seems to put the Theosophical Society in an unenviable position.

Theos.: It is not. But should it not be realized that there must be something very noble, very elevating, very true behind the Society and its philosophy, when the leaders and founders of the movement continue to devote themselves to its work with all their energy? They sacrifice all comfort, all worldly advancement and external success, yes, even their good name and reputation, often also their honor – only to receive in return nothing but incessant reproach, continuous persecution, unceasing and the misrepresentation of their best intentions, blows and pushes from all sides – while they could free themselves from all responsibility and attacks by leaving their work immediately.

Frag.: It must be confessed that such persistence can cause astonishment; and one can wonder that such happens.

Theos.: It certainly does not happen for the sake of the workers' own advantage; only in the hope that thereby some persons will be trained to continue the work, in the sense of the original goals, when the founders will have died. They have already found a few such noble and devoted souls who can replace them. Thanks to these few, future generations will find the path to peace less thorny and the road longer; so good effects will come from the suffering; and the devotion will not have been in vain. At present, it is important to sow the seeds in human hearts that will bear fruit in the right season and bring about a salutary reform under more favorable circumstances, whereby the masses of the population may enjoy more happiness than they have had thus far.