Riddles of Philosophy
GA 18
Preface to the 1918 Edition
[ 1 ] The thoughts from which the presentation of the content of this book have grown and that form its basic support have been indicated in the Preface of the 1914 edition following this. To what was said then, I should like to add something connected with a question that lives more or less consciously in the soul of one who turns to a book on the riddles of philosophy. It is the question of the relation of philosophical contemplation to immediate life. Every philosophical thought that is not demanded by this life is condemned to remain barren even if it should attract for awhile a few readers of contemplative inclination. A fruitful thought must have its roots in the processes of development that mankind as a whole has to undergo in the course of its historical evolution. Whoever intends to depict the history of the evolution of philosophical thought from any kind of viewpoint can, for this purpose only, rely on such thoughts as are demanded by life itself. They must be thoughts that, when carried into the conduct of life, will penetrate man in such a way that he gains from them energies capable of directing his knowledge. They must become his advisors and helpers in the task of his existence. Because mankind needs such thoughts, philosophical world views have come into existence. If it were possible to master life without them, man would never have been inwardly justified to think of the “Riddles of Philosophy.” An age that is unwilling to think such thoughts shows through this fact merely that it does not feel the need to form human life in such a way that it can really unfold itself in all directions according to its original destination. But for such a disinclination, a heavy penalty must be paid in the course of human evolution. Life remains undeveloped in such ages, and men do not notice their sickly state because they are unwilling to recognize the demands that nevertheless continue to exist deeply seated within them and that they just fail to satisfy. A following age shows the effect of such a neglect. The grandchildren find in the formation of a stunted life something that was caused by the omission of the grandparents. This omission of the preceding age has turned into the imperfect life of the later time into which the grandchildren find themselves placed. In life as a whole, philosophy must rule. It is possible to sin against this demand, but it is inevitable that this sin will produce its effects.
[ 2 ] We shall only understand the course of the development of philosophical thought, the existence of the “Riddles of Philosophy,” if we have a feeling for the significance that the philosophical contemplation of the world possesses for a whole, full human existence. It is out of such a feeling that I have written about the development of the riddles of philosophy. I have attempted to show through the presentation of this development that such a feeling is inwardly justified.
[ 3 ] Against this feeling there will emerge from the outset in the minds of some readers a certain dampening objection that at first sight seems to be based on fact. Philosophical contemplation is supposed to be a necessity of life, but in spite of this, the endeavor of human thought in the course of its development does not produce clear-cut and well-defined solutions to the riddles of philosophy. Rather are they ambiguous and apparently contradictory. There are many historical analyses that attempt to explain the only too apparent contradictions through superficially formed ideas of evolution. They are not convincing. To find one's way in this field, evolution must be taken much more seriously than is usually the case. One must arrive at the insight that there cannot be any thought that would be capable of solving the riddles of the universe once and for all times in an all-comprehensive way. Such is the nature of human thinking that a newly found idea will soon transform itself in turn into a new riddle. The more significant the idea is, the more light it will yield for a certain time; the more enigmatic, the more questionable it will become in a following age.
Whoever wants to view the history of human thought development from a fruitful point of view must be able to admire the greatness of an idea in one age, and yet be capable of producing the same enthusiasm in watching this idea as it reveals its shortcoming in a later period. He must also be able to accept the thought that the mode of thinking to which he himself adheres will be replaced in the future by an entirely different one. This thought must not divert him from recognizing fully the “truth” of the view that he has conquered for himself. The disposition of mind that is inclined to believe that thoughts of an earlier time have been disposed of as imperfect by the “perfect” ones of the present age, is of no help for understanding the philosophical evolution of mankind.
I have attempted to comprehend the course of human thought development by grasping the significance of the fact that a following age contradicts philosophically the preceding one. In the introductory exposition, Guiding Thoughts of the Presentation, I have stated which ideas make such a comprehension possible. The ideas are of such a nature that they will necessarily find a great deal of resistance. At first acquaintance they will have the appearance of something that just occurred to me and that I now wanted to force in a fantastic manner on the whole course of the history of philosophy. Nevertheless, I can only hope that one will find that the ideas are not thought up as preconceived and then superimposed on the view of philosophical development, but that they have been obtained in the same way in which the natural scientist finds his laws. They have their source in the observation of the evolution of philosophy. One has no right to reject the results of an observation because they are in disagreement with ideas that one accepts as right because of some kind of inclination of thought without observation. Opposition to my presentation will be based on the superstitious denial of the existence of forces in human history that manifest themselves in certain specific ages, and dominate effectively the development of human thought in a meaningful and necessary way. I had to accept such forces because the observation of this development had proved their existence to me, and because this observation made apparent to me the fact that the history of philosophy will only become a science if one does not shrink back from recognizing forces of this kind.
[ 4 ] It seems to me that it is only then possible to gain a tenable attitude toward the riddles of philosophy, fruitful for life at the present time, if one knows the forces that dominated the ages of the past. In the history of thought, more than in any other branch of historical reflection, it is necessary to let the present grow out of the past. For in the comprehension of those ideas that satisfy the demand of the present, we have the foundation for the insight that spreads the right light over the past. The thinker who is incapable of obtaining a philosophical viewpoint that is adequate to the dominating impulses of his own age will also be unable to discover the significance of the intellectual life of the past. I shall here leave the question undecided whether or not in some other field of historical reflection a presentation can be fruitful that does not at least have a picture of the present situation in this field as a foundation. In the field of the history of thought, such a procedure would be meaningless. Here the object of the reflection must necessarily be connected with the immediate life, and this life, in which thought becomes actual as practice of life, can only be that of the present.
[ 5 ] With these words I have meant to characterize the feeling out of which this presentation of the riddles of philosophy grew. Because of the short time since the last edition, there is no occasion for change or additions to the content of the book.
Rudolf Steiner
May 1918
Vorrede zur Neuauflage 1918
[ 1 ] Die Gedanken, aus denen die Darstellung dieses Buches entsprungen und von denen sie getragen ist, habe ich in der hier folgenden «Vorrede» angedeutet. Ich möchte dem damals Gesagten einiges hinzufügen, das mit einer Frage zusammenhängt, die bei demjenigen mehr oder weniger bewußt in der Seele lebt, der zu einem Buche über «Die Rätsel der Philosophie» greift. Es ist diejenige der Beziehung philosophischer Betrachtung zu dem unmittelbaren Leben. Jeder philosophische Gedanke, der nicht von diesem Leben selbst gefordert wird, ist zur Unfruchtbarkeit verurteilt, auch wenn er diesen oder jenen Menschen, der eine Neigung zum Nachsinnen hat, eine Weile anzieht. Ein fruchtbarer Gedanke muß seine Wurzel in den Entwickelungsvorgängen haben, die von der Menschheit im Verlaufe ihres geschichtlichen Werdens durchzumachen sind. Und wer die Geschichte der philosophischen Gedankenentwickelung von irgendeinem Gesichtspunkte aus darstellen will, der kann sich nur an solche vom Leben geforderte Gedanken halten. Es müssen das Gedanken sein, die übergeführt in die Lebenshaltung den Menschen so durchdringen, daß er an ihnen Kräfte hat, die seine Erkenntnis leiten, und die ihm bei den Aufgaben seines Daseins Berater und Helfer sein können. Weil die Menschheit solche Gedanken braucht, sind philosophische Weltanschauungen entstanden. Könnte man das Leben meistern ohne solche Gedanken, so hätte nie ein Mensch eine wahrhaft innere Berechtigung gehabt, an die «Rätsel der Philosophie» zu denken. Ein Zeitalter, das solchem Denken abgeneigt ist, zeigt dadurch nur, daß es kein Bedürfnis empfindet, das Menschenleben so zu gestalten, daß dieses wirklich nach allen Seiten seinen Aufgaben gemäß zur Erscheinung kommt. Aber diese Abneigung rächt sich im Laufe der menschlichen Entwickelung. Das Leben bleibt verkümmert in solchen Zeitaltern. Und die Menschen bemerken die Verkümmerung nicht, weil sie von den Forderungen nichts wissen wollen, die in den Tiefen des Menschenwesens doch vorhanden bleiben und die sie nur nicht erfüllen. Ein folgendes Zeitalter bringt die Nichterfüllung zum Vorschein. Die Enkel finden in der Gestaltung des verkümmerten Lebens etwas vor, das ihnen die Unterlassung der Großväter angerichtet hat. Diese Unterlassung der vorhergehenden Zeit ist zum unvollkommenen Leben der Folgezeit geworden, in das sich diese Enkel hineingestellt finden. Im Lebensganzen muß Philosophie walten; man kann gegen die Forderung sündigen; aber. die Sünde muß ihre Wirkungen hervorbringen.
[ 2 ] Den Gang der philosophischen Gedankenentwickelung, das Vorhandensein der «Rätsel der Philosophie» versteht man nur, wenn man die Aufgabe empfindet, welche die philosophische Weltbetrachtung für ein ganzes, volles Menschendasein hat. Und aus einer solchen Empfindung heraus habe ich über die Entwickelung der «Rätsel der Philosophie» geschrieben. Ich habe durch die Darstellung dieser Entwickelung versucht, anschaulich zu machen, daß diese Empfindung eine innerlich berechtigte ist.
[ 3 ] Von vornherein wird sich bei manchem gegen diese Empfindung etwas hemmend aufdrängen, das den Schein einer Tatsache an sich trägt. Die philosophische Betrachtung soll eine Lebensnotwendigkeit sein: und doch gibt das menschliche Denken im Laufe seiner Entwickelung nicht eindeutige, sondern vieldeutige, scheinbar sich ganz widersprechende Lösungen der «Rätsel der Philosophie». Geschichtliche Betrachtungen, welche die sich aufdrängenden Widersprüche durch eine äußerliche Entwickelungsvorstellung begreiflich machen möchten, gibt es viele. Sie überzeugen nicht. Man muß die Entwickelung selbst viel ernster nehmen, als dies gewöhnlich der Fall ist, wenn man sich auf diesem Felde zurechtfinden will. Man muß zu der Einsicht kommen, daß es keinen Gedanken geben kann, der allumfassend die Weltenrätsel ein für allemal zu lösen imstande ist. Im menschlichen Denken ist es vielmehr so, daß eine gefundene Idee bald wieder zu einem neuen Rätsel wird. Und je bedeutungsvoller die Idee ist, je mehr sie Licht wirft für ein bestimmtes Zeitalter, desto rätselhafter, desto fragwürdiger wird sie in einem folgenden Zeitalter. Wer die Geschichte der menschlichen Gedankenentwickelung von einem wahrhaften Gesichtspunkte aus betrachten will, der muß die Größe der Idee eines Zeitalters bewundern können und imstande sein, die gleiche Begeisterung dafür aufzubringen, diese Idee in ihrer Unvollkommenheit in einem folgenden Zeitalter sich offenbaren zu sehen. Er muß auch imstande sein, von der Vorstellungsart, zu der er sich selbst bekennt, zu denken, daß sie in der Zukunft durch eine ganz andere abgelöst werden wird. Und dieser Gedanke darf ihn nicht beirren, die «Richtigkeit» der von ihm errungenen Anschauung voll anzuerkennen. Die Gesinnung, welche vorangegangene Gedanken als unvollkommene durch die in der Gegenwart zutage tretenden «vollkommenen» abgetan wähnt, taugt nicht zum Verstehen der philosophischen Entwickelung der Menschheit. Ich habe versucht, durch das Erfassen des Sinnes, den es hat, daß ein folgendes Zeitalter philosophisch das vorangehende widerlegt, den Gang der menschlichen Gedankenentwickelung zu begreifen. Welche Ideen ein solches Erfassen zeitigt, habe ich in den einleitenden Ausführungen «Zur Orientierung über die Leitlinien der Darstellung» ausgesprochen. Diese Ideen sind solche, die naturgemäß auf mannigfaltigen Widerstand stoßen müssen. Sie werden bei einer ersten Betrachtung so erscheinen, als ob ich sie als «Einfall» erlebt hätte und durch sie die ganze Darstellung der Philosophiegeschichte in phantastischer Art vergewaltigen wollte. Ich kann nur hoffen, daß man doch finden werde, diese Ideen seien nicht vorher ausgedacht und dann der Betrachtung des philosophischen Werdegangs aufgedrängt, sondern sie seien so gewonnen, wie der Naturforscher seine Gesetze findet. Sie sind aus der Beobachtung der philosophischen Gedankenentwickelung herausgeflossen. Und man hat nicht das Recht, die Ergebnisse einer Beobachtung zurückzuweisen, weil sie Vorstellungen widersprechen, die man aus irgendwelchen Gedankenneigungen ohne Beobachtung für richtig hält. Der Aberglaube denn als solcher zeigen sich solche Vorstellungen -, daß es im geschichtlichen Werden der Menschheit Kräfte nicht geben könne, die sich in zu begrenzenden Zeitaltern auf eine eigentümliche Art offenbaren und die in sinn- und gesetzgemäßer Weise das Werden der menschlichen Gedanken lebensvoll beherrschen, er wird meiner Darstellung entgegenstehen. Denn diese war mir aufgezwungen, weil mir die Beobachtung dieses Werdens das Vorhandensein solcher Kräfte bewiesen hat. Und weil diese Beobachtung mir gezeigt hat, daß Philosophiegeschichte erst dann eine Wissenschaft wird, wenn sie vor der Anerkennung solcher Kräfte nicht zurückschreckt.
[ 4 ] Mir scheint, daß nur möglich ist, in der Gegenwart eine Stellung zu den «Rätseln der Philosophie» zu gewinnen, die für das Leben fruchtbar ist, wenn man diese die vergangenen Zeitalter beherrschenden Kräfte kennt. Und mehr als bei einem anderen Zweige geschichtlicher Betrachtung ist es bei einer Geschichte der Gedanken das einzig Mögliche, die Gegenwart aus der Vergangenheit hervorwachsen zu lassen. Denn in dem Ergreifen derjenigen Ideen, die den Anforderungen der Gegenwart entsprechen, liegt die Grundlage für diejenige Einsicht, die über das Vergangene das rechte Licht ausbreitet. Wer nicht vermag, einen den Triebkräften seines eigenen Zeitalters wahrhaft angemessenen Weltanschauungsgesichtspunkt zu gewinnen, dem muß auch der Sinn des vergangenen Geisteslebens verborgen bleiben. Ich will hier nicht entscheiden, ob auf einem anderen Gebiete geschichtlicher Betrachtung eine Darstellung fruchtbar sein kann, der nicht wenigstens eine Ansicht über die Verhältnisse der Gegenwart auf dem entsprechenden Gebiete zugrunde liegt. Auf dem Felde der Gedankengeschichte kann aber eine solche Darstellung nur unfruchtbar sein. Denn hier muß das Betrachtete unbedingt mit dem unmittelbaren Leben zusammenhängen. Und dieses Leben, in dem der Gedanke Lebenspraxis wird, kann nur dasjenige der Gegenwart sein.
[ 5 ] Damit möchte ich die Empfindungen gekennzeichnet haben, aus denen heraus diese Darstellung der «Rätsel der Philosophie» erwachsen ist. An dem Inhalte des Buches etwas zu ändern oder ihm etwas hinzuzufügen, dazu gibt der kurze Zeitraum seit dem Erscheinen der letzten Auflage keine Veranlassung.
Mai 1918
Rudolf Steiner
Preface to the new edition 1918
[ 1 ] In the following "Preface" I have indicated the thoughts from which the presentation of this book arose and on which it is based. I would like to add something to what I said then, which is connected with a question that lives more or less consciously in the soul of anyone who picks up a book on "The Riddles of Philosophy". It is that of the relationship of philosophical contemplation to immediate life. Every philosophical thought that is not demanded by this life itself is doomed to unfruitfulness, even if it attracts for a while this or that person who has a tendency to ponder. A fruitful thought must have its roots in the developmental processes that humanity has to undergo in the course of its historical development. And whoever wants to present the history of the development of philosophical thought from any point of view can only adhere to such thoughts demanded by life. They must be thoughts which, when carried over into the attitude of life, so permeate man that he has powers in them which guide his knowledge and which can be advisers and helpers to him in the tasks of his existence. Because mankind needs such thoughts, philosophical world views have emerged. If life could be mastered without such thoughts, no human being would ever have had a truly inner justification for thinking about the "riddles of philosophy". An age that is averse to such thinking only shows that it feels no need to shape human life in such a way that it really comes to manifestation in accordance with its tasks in all directions. But this aversion takes its revenge in the course of human development. Life remains stunted in such ages. And people do not notice the atrophy because they do not want to know about the demands that remain in the depths of the human being and which they simply do not fulfill. A subsequent age brings the non-fulfillment to light. The grandchildren find in the shaping of the stunted life something that the omission of the grandfathers has caused them. This omission of the previous time has become the imperfect life of the following time, into which these grandchildren find themselves placed. In lifeas a whole philosophy must prevail; one can sin against the demand; but. sin must produce its effects.
[ 2 ] The course of philosophical thought development, the existence of the "riddles of philosophy" can only be understood if one feels the task that the philosophical view of the world has for a whole, full human existence. And it is out of such a feeling that I have written about the development of the "Riddles of Philosophy". By describing this development, I have tried to make it clear that this feeling is an inwardly justified one.
[ 3 ] From the outset, some people will be inhibited by something that has the appearance of a fact about it. Philosophical contemplation is supposed to be a necessity of life: and yet, in the course of its development, human thought does not provide unambiguous, but rather ambiguous, seemingly completely contradictory solutions to the "riddles of philosophy". There are many historical considerations that attempt to explain the contradictions that impose themselves through an external conception of development. They are not convincing. One must take development itself much more seriously than is usually the case if one wants to find one's way in this field. One must come to the realization that there can be no thought that is capable of solving the riddles of the world once and for all. In human thinking it is rather the case that a found idea soon becomes a new riddle again. And the more significant the idea is, the more light it throws on a particular age, the more puzzling, the more questionable it becomes in a subsequent age. Whoever wants to look at the history of the development of human thought from a true point of view must be able to admire the greatness of the idea of one age and be able to muster the same enthusiasm to see this idea reveal itself in its imperfection in a subsequent age. He must also be able to think of the type of idea to which he professes himself that it will be replaced in the future by a completely different one. And this thought must not deter him from fully recognizing the "correctness" of the view he has attained. The attitude which regards previous thoughts as imperfectly dismissed by the "perfect" ones that are emerging in the present is not suitable for understanding the philosophical development of mankind. I have tried to comprehend the course of the development of human thought by grasping the meaning of the fact that a subsequent age philosophically refutes the preceding one. In the introductory remarks "On the Orientation of the Guidelines of Representation", I have expressed the ideas that such a comprehension produces. These ideas are ones that must naturally meet with manifold resistance. At first glance, they will appear as if I had experienced them as an "idea" and wanted to use them to rape the entire presentation of the history of philosophy in a fantastic way. I can only hope that one will find that these ideas were not previously thought out and then imposed on the consideration of the philosophical development, but that they were obtained in the same way as the natural scientist finds his laws. They have flowed out of the observation of the philosophical development of thought. And one does not have the right to reject the results of an observation because they contradict ideas that one considers to be correct from some inclination of thought without observation. The superstition - for such ideas show themselves as such - that in the historical development of mankind there cannot be forces which reveal themselves in a peculiar way in ages that are to be limited and which in a meaningful and lawful way dominate the development of human thoughts in a vital way, will oppose my presentation. For this was forced upon me because the observation of this becoming proved to me the existence of such forces. And because this observation has shown me that the history of philosophy only becomes a science when it does not shy away from recognizing such forces.
[ 4 ] I think that it is only possible to gain a position on the "riddles of philosophy" in the present that is fruitful for life if one knows these forces that dominated the past ages. And more than in any other branch of historical observation, the only possible thing in a history of thought is to allow the present to grow out of the past. For in grasping those ideas that meet the requirements of the present lies the basis for the insight that sheds the right light on the past. He who is not able to gain a view of the world truly appropriate to the driving forces of his own age must also remain ignorant of the meaning of past spiritual life. I will not decide here whether in any other field of historical observation an account can be fruitful which is not based at least on a view of the conditions of the present in the corresponding field. In the field of the history of thought, however, such an account can only be unfruitful. For here what is considered must necessarily be connected with immediate life. And this life, in which the thought becomes the practice of life, can only be that of the present.
[ 5 ] This is how I would like to characterize the feelings out of which this presentation of the "Riddles of Philosophy" has grown. The short period of time since the publication of the last edition gives no reason to change or add anything to the contents of the book.