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Reincarnation and Immortality
GA 34

The Science of Spirit and the Social Question

[ 1 ] In looking at the world at the present time with open eyes we are constantly confronted with what is called the social question. Those who take life seriously have in some way to consider what is involved in this question. And it must appear as a matter of course that a way of thinking that has undertaken to promote the highest ideals of humanity should somehow come to terms with the demands made in social life. The way of thinking practiced by the science of spirit sets out to do just this for the present time. It is therefore only natural if questions arise about the relationship of the science of spirit to the social question.

[ 2 ] Now it may appear at first as if the science of the spirit has nothing in particular to say about this. What characterizes it more than anything else is the deepening of the soul life and the awakening of the ability to see into the spiritual world. Even those who have had only a passing acquaintance with the ideas promoted by speakers and writers whose work is based on the science of spirit are able by means of unbiased observation to give recognition to this striving. It is, however, more difficult to see that this striving has practical significance at the present time. And in particular it is not easy to see its connection with the social question. Someone may well ask how such a teaching can improve our bad social conditions, a teaching which is concerned with reincarnation, with “karma,” with “the super-sensible world,” with “the origin of man” and so on. Such a way of thinking appears to be divorced from all reality, whereas in fact it is now an imperative necessity for everyone to take his whole thinking in hand in order to do justice to the tasks which the reality of earthly life places before us.

[ 3 ] We shall now take two of the many views concerning the science of spirit which we inevitably come across today. The one is, that it is seen as the expression of uncontrolled fantasy. It is only natural for such a viewpoint to exist. And least of all should it be inconceivable to someone striving according to the method of the science of spirit. Every conversation that takes place in the presence of such a person, everything that goes on around him that brings happiness and joy to the human being, all this can teach him that he makes use of a language which for many is bound to be quite ludicrous. He must of course add to this understanding of his surroundings the absolute certainty that he is on the right path. Otherwise he would hardly be able to hold his own when he becomes aware of the clash between his ideas and those of others who belong to the educated and thinking part of humanity. If he has the necessary assurance, if he knows the truth and weight of his views, he can say: I know quite well that at the present time I can be regarded as an oddity and I can see why this is, but the truth is sure to prevail even when it is ridiculed and mocked, and the effect it has does not depend upon the views which people have about it, but upon its own firm foundations.

[ 4 ] The other view affecting the science of spirit is that although its thoughts may be beautiful and satisfying, these really apply only to the inner life of the soul and cannot be of any value for the struggles of daily life. Even those who turn to this substance of the science of spirit to satisfy their spiritual needs can all too easily be tempted to say: This world of ideas cannot tell us anything about how to deal with social needs and material needs.—But this opinion is based upon a complete misjudgment of the real facts of life and in particular upon the misunderstanding about the fruits of the way that the science of spirit looks at things.

[ 5 ] Practically the only question that is asked is: What does the science of spirit teach? How can what it teaches be proved? And then what people seek to get out of it is found in the feeling of satisfaction which is given by the teachings. Nothing Could be more natural. For we have first to acquire a feeling for the truth of statements that we meet. But what we really have to seek, the real fruit of the science of spirit cannot be sought in this. For this manifests itself only when those who are inclined toward the science of spirit tackle tasks in practical life. It depends on whether the science of spirit helps them to take up these tasks judiciously and with understanding to seek ways and means of solving them. If we want to work effectively in life we have first to understand life. Here we come to the heart of the matter. As long as we only ask: What does the science of spirit teach, we shall find its teachings too “exalted” for practical life. But if we direct our attention to the schooling that our thinking and feeling go through by means of these teachings, we shall then stop raising such an objection. However odd it may appear to a superficial view, it is nevertheless true that the ideas of the science of spirit, even if they may appear to be lost in the clouds, create an eye for the proper conduct of daily life. The science of spirit sharpens our understanding of the demands which social life makes just because it leads the spirit into the luminous heights of the super-sensible. However paradoxical this may appear, it is nevertheless true.

[ 6 ] An example will show what is meant. An extremely interesting book has recently appeared called As a Worker in America (Berlin, K. Siegismund). The author is a certain government councilor named Kolb who took it upon himself to spend several months as an ordinary worker in America. Through doing this he acquired a judgment about human beings and life which apparently neither the education which led to his councillorship had been able to give him, nor the experiences he had had in his post and in the other positions one occupies before becoming a councilor. Therefore for years he held a relatively responsible position, and it was only after he had left this and lived for a short time in a distant country that he got to know life in such a way that he was able to write the following noteworthy sentence in his book: “How often had I asked with moral indignation when I saw a healthy man begging: Why doesn't the scoundrel work? Now I knew. Yes, in practice things are different from what they seem to be in theory, and even the most unpleasant aspects of political economy can be managed quite bearably at one's desk. Now there is not slightest intention here of creating a misunderstanding. The fullest possible recognition must be given to a man who persuades himself to leave his comfortable position in life and to undertake hard work in a brewery and a bicycle factory. The high esteem accorded to this deed is strongly emphasized in order to avoid the impression that we are about to indulge in negative criticism of him.—But to everyone who wants to see, it is absolutely clear that all the education and knowledge that he had gained had failed to give him the means of judging life. Let us try to understand what is implied in this admission: We can learn everything that makes us capable of taking a relatively important position, and at the same time we can be quite isolated from the life which we are supposed to influence.—Is this not rather like being educated at an engineering school and then, when faced with building a bridge, not knowing anything about it? But no: it is not quite like that. A person who has not studied the building of bridges properly will soon have his weaknesses made clear to him when he begins the actual work. He will prove himself to be a bungler and will be rejected everywhere. But a person who is insufficiently prepared in social life will not reveal his weaknesses so quickly. Badly built bridges collapse, and even the most prejudiced will realize that the builder was a bungler. What is bungled in social life only comes to light in the sufferings of those whose lives are regulated by it. It is not as easy to have an eye for the connection between the suffering and this kind of bungling as it is for the relationship between the collapse of the bridge and an incapable builder.—“But,” someone will say, “what has all this to do with the science of spirit? Does the scientist of spirit really believe that his teachings would have helped Councillor Kolb to have a better understanding of life? What use would it have been to him to have known something about reincarnation, karma, and all the super-sensible worlds? No one would want to maintain that ideas about planetary systems and higher worlds would have enabled the councilor to avoid having to admit one day that the most unpleasant aspects of political economy can be managed quite well at one's desk.” The scientist of spirit can really only answer—as Lessing did in a particular case: I happen to be this `no one,' and I insist upon it. Only this does not mean to say that the teaching of “reincarnation,” or knowledge about “karma” enables a person to act in the right way in social life. That would naturally be naive. It would of course be no good directing those destined to be councilors to Blavatsky's Secret Doctrine instead of sending them to Schmoller, Wagner or Brentano at the university.—What it depends upon is this: Would a theory of political economy originating from the scientist of spirit be such that it could be managed well at one's desk but would let one down in actual life? And this would not be the case. When can a theory not hold its own in life? When it is produced by means of a thinking that is not trained for life. Now the teachings of the science of spirit are just as much the real laws of life as are the theories of electricity for a factory for electrical apparatus. In setting up such a factory we have first to acquaint ourselves with theories about electricity. And in order to work in life we have to know the laws of life. The teachings of the science of spirit may appear to be remote from life, but they are, in fact, just the opposite. To a superficial view they appear divorced from the world; to a true understanding they reveal life. It is not just out of curiosity that we retire into a “spiritual-scientific circle,” in order to get hold of all sorts of “interesting” information about the worlds beyond, but we train our thinking, feeling and willing on the “eternal laws of existence” in order to enter into life and to understand it clearly. The teachings of the science of spirit are a roundabout way to thinking, judging and feeling according to life.—The movement for the science of spirit will not be rightly orientated until this is fully realized. Right action arises out of right thinking, and wrong action arises out of wrong thinking or out of a lack of thinking. If we believe that something good can be brought about in the social sphere, we have to admit that it depends on human capacities. Working through the ideas of the science of spirit brings about an increase in the capacities needed for working in social life. In this connection it is not simply a matter of which thoughts we acquire through the science of spirit, but of what is made of our thinking through them.

[ 7 ] Of course it must be admitted that within the circle of those who have taken up the science of spirit, there is not all that much to show so far. Nor can it be denied that just for this reason those outside the science of spirit have every reason to doubt what has been maintained here. But it must also not be overlooked that the movement for the science of spirit as it is at the moment is only at the beginning of its work. Its further progress will consist in entering into all the practical spheres of life. We shall then see, for instance, as far as the “social question” is concerned that instead of theories “which can be managed quite well at one's desk” there will be ideas which give us insight to reach unprejudiced judgments about life and to stimulate our will to such action as brings welfare and blessing to our fellow human beings. Some people would say that the case of Kolb shows that it would be superfluous to refer to the science of spirit. It would only be necessary that in preparing themselves for any particular occupation people would not learn only theories in their studies, but that they be brought into touch with life through having a practical as well as a theoretical training. For as soon as Kolb had a look at life, what he learned was sufficient to change his opinions.—No, it is not sufficient, because the lack lies deeper than this. If someone sees that his insufficient education only enables him to build bridges which collapse, this does not say that he has already acquired the ability to build bridges that do not collapse. He must first undergo a really suitable preparatory training. Of course we need do no more than look at social conditions, however insufficient a theory we may have about the fundamental laws of life, to prevent us from saying to someone who does not work: “Why doesn't the scoundrel work?” We can understand from the conditions why such a person does not work. But does this mean that we have learned how conditions should be brought about in which human beings can prosper? It is doubtless true that all the well-intentioned people who have thought up plans for the improvement of man's lot have not judged as Councillor Kolb did before his journey to America. They were surely all convinced before such an expedition that not anyone who gets on badly can be dismissed with the phrase, “Why doesn't the scoundrel work?” Therefore are all their plans for reform fruitful? No, because they often contradict one another. And so we have the right to say that the positive plans for reform which Councillor Kolb had after his conversion cannot have much effect. It is an error of our times that everyone considers himself capable of understanding life, even when he has not taken the slightest trouble to come to grips with the fundamental laws of life and when he has not first trained his thinking to see the real forces at work in life. Furthermore, the science of spirit is a training for a true judgment of life because it gets to the roots of life. It is no use seeing that conditions bring the human being into unfavorable situations in life, in which he is found; we have to acquaint ourselves with the forces by means of which favorable conditions can be created. Our experts in political economy can do this just as little as someone can do arithmetic who does not know his two times table. However many rows of numbers are put before him, merely looking at them will not help him. If reality is placed before someone who understands nothing about the underlying forces of social life, however penetratingly he may be able to describe what he sees, he will not be able to make anything of how the forces of social life interact to the well-being or detriment of man.

[ 8 ] A way of looking at life that leads to the real sources of life is necessary at the present time. And the science of spirit can be just such a way. If all those who wish to form an opinion as to “social needs” were to go through the teachings about life to be found in the science of spirit, we should get much further.—The objection that those who take up the science of spirit only “talk” and do not “act,” is no more valid than the one that the opinions of the science of spirit have not yet been tested and so could be exposed as vague theories like the political theory of Kolb. The first objection does not mean anything because it is naturally not possible to “act” as long as the ways to action are barred. However much a person who has great experience in dealing with people knows what a father should do to bring up his children, he cannot “act” unless the father employs him to this end. In this respect we have to wait patiently until the “talk” of those working according to the science of spirit has some effect on those who have the power to “act.” And this will happen. The other objection is just as irrelevant. And it can be raised only by those who are unfamiliar with the real nature of the truths put forward by the science of spirit. Those who are familiar with them know that they do not come into existence as things can be “tried out.” The laws of human well-being are laid in the fundament of the human soul just as surely as the two times table. We have only to penetrate sufficiently deeply into this fundament of the human soul. Of course, we can make what is written into the soul in this way evident just as we can make evident that twice two are four if we place four beans in two groups next to each other. But who would maintain that the truth “twice two are four” first has to be “tested” with beans? The true situation is: Whoever doubts a truth of the science of spirit has not yet recognized it, just as only a person could doubt that “twice two are four” who has not yet recognized the fact. However much the two differ, because the latter is so simple and the former so complicated the similarity in other respects is nevertheless there.—Naturally this cannot be realized so long as we do not enter into the science of spirit itself. This is why it is not possible to offer a “proof” of this fact for someone who does not know the science of spirit. We can only say: First get to know the science of spirit and then all this will become clear to you.

[ 9 ] The important role of the science of spirit in our times will be revealed when it has become like a leaven in the whole of our life. As long as the way into this life is not trodden in the full sense of the word, those working in harmony with the science of spirit will not have advanced beyond the first beginnings of their work. And as long as this is the case they will no doubt also have to listen to the reproach that their ideas are inimical to life. Yes, they are just as inimical to life as was the railway to a life that regarded the mail coach as the “symbol of true life.” They are just as inimical as the future is inimical to the past.

[ 10 ] In what follows, particular aspects of the relationship between “the science of spirit and the social question” are discussed.—

[ 11 ] There are two opposing views concerning the “social question.” The one sees the causes of good and bad in social life more in the human being, the other more in the conditions in which men live. Those who represent the first view want to encourage progress by endeavoring to increase the spiritual and physical ability of the human being and his moral feeling; those who tend toward the second view are above all concerned to raise the standard of life, for they say that when men learn to live properly, their ability and ethical feelings will rise by themselves to a higher level. We cannot deny that today the second view is constantly gaining ground. To stress the first view is felt in many circles to be the expression of a quite antiquated way of thinking. The point is made that anyone who has to struggle with the bitterest poverty from morning to night cannot do anything about the development of his spiritual and moral powers. Such a person should first be given bread before you talk to him about spiritual matters.

[ 12 ] This last assertion in particular can easily become a reproach to a striving like the science of spirit. And it is not the worst people who make such reproaches today. They say, for instance: “The genuine theosophist does not descend willingly from the devachan and karmic spheres to the earth. One prefers to know ten words of Sanskrit rather than be taught what ground rent is.” This we read in an interesting book, The Cultural Situation of Europe at the Reawakening of Modern Occultism, by G. L. Dankmar (Leipzig, Oswald Mutze, 1905).

[ 13 ] This is an easy enough way of putting the objection. It is pointed out that nowadays families of eight people are herded together into a single room so that even air and light are insufficient, and the children have to be sent to school where weakness and hunger cause them to break down. It is then said: Should not those who are concerned about the progress of the masses concentrate all their efforts on alleviating such conditions? Instead of directing their thinking to teaching about the higher worlds of the spirit they should direct it to the question: How can these terrible social conditions be dealt with? “Let Theosophy descend from its icy loneliness to the people; let it put the ethical demand of universal brotherhood earnestly and truly at the top of its program, and let it act according to this without worrying about all the consequences; let it make the word of Christ about loving one's neighbor a social deed and it will become and remain a precious and indispensable possession of humanity.” This is what we read in the above-mentioned book.

[ 14 ] Those who make such an objection against the science of spirit mean well. In fact, we must even admit that they are right concerning some people who have studied the teachings of the science of spirit. Among the latter there are, without doubt, some who are interested only in their own spiritual needs, who only want to know something about the “higher life,” about the destiny of the soul after death, and so on.—And it is certainly not wrong to say that at the present time it appears more necessary to work for the common good and to develop the virtues of loving one's neighbor and of human welfare than, in isolation from the world, to cultivate any higher faculties which might be dormant in the soul. To desire the latter above all else could mean a kind of refined egotism where the well-being of one's own soul is placed higher than the normally accepted human virtues. Another remark that is heard just as frequently is that only those who are “well off” and who therefore have “time to spare” can take an interest in such things as the science of spirit. And therefore we should not wish to stuff people who have to toil from morning to night for a miserable wage with talk about universal human unity, about “higher life,” and similar things.

[ 15 ] It is only too true that in this respect quite a number of sins are committed by those following the science of spirit. But it is just as correct to say that life led according to the science of spirit, rightly understood, must lead the human being, as an individual, to the virtues of willingly offered work, and of striving for the common good. At any rate, the science of spirit cannot prevent anyone from being just as good a person as the others who do not know or do not want to know anything about the science of spirit.—But as far as the “social question” is concerned, all this misses the main point. Much more is necessary to penetrate to this main point than the opponents of the science of spirit wish to admit. We can agree without hesitation with these opponents that much can be achieved with the means that have been suggested by many for the improvement of man's social condition. One party wants one thing, others something else. To a clear-thinking person, some of the demands which such parties make prove to be devoid of any real substance; on the other hand, some of it certainly contains the making of something really substantial.

[ 16 ] Robert Owen, who lived from 1771 to 1858 and who certainly was one of the noblest social reformers, emphasized again and again that the human being is molded by his environment in which he grows up, that his character is not formed by himself, but by the conditions in which he lives. What is so obviously right in such a statement should not be disputed. But neither should it be treated with a disdainful shrug of the shoulder, even if on the surface it appears to be more or less self-evident. Rather, it should be readily admitted that much in public life can be improved by working according to such ideas. The science of spirit, therefore, will never prevent anyone from doing anything for human progress which sets out to produce a better lot for the oppressed and suffering classes of humanity.

[ 17 ] The science of spirit must go deeper. Really effective progress cannot be achieved by such means any longer. If we do not admit this, we have not recognized how conditions come about in which people live. For inasmuch as the life of man is dependent on these conditions the latter themselves are brought about by man. Or who has arranged it that one person is poor and another rich? Other people, of course. But the fact that these other people have normally lived before those who flourish or do not flourish under the conditions, does not alter anything in this situation. The sufferings which nature itself places upon the human being are not directly concerned with our social position. These sufferings have to be mitigated or even removed by human action. If something is lacking in this respect it is in the arrangements that human beings make for each other.—A thorough knowledge of things teaches us that all evils connected with social life originate in human actions. In this respect it is not the individual human being but the whole of humanity that is the “fashioner of individual fortune.”

[ 18 ] However certain this is, it is also true that by and large no part of humanity, no caste or class, maliciously causes the suffering of another part. All the statements that support this are based on a lack of understanding. Nevertheless, although this too is really a self-evident truth, it must be mentioned. For even if such things can easily be grasped with the understanding, in practice people still act in a different way. Those who exploit their fellow men would naturally not want the victims of their exploitation to suffer. We would make considerable progress if people not only found this self-evident, but also adapted their feelings to it.

[ 19 ] This is air very well, but what are we supposed to do about such statements? Thus, without doubt, a “socially minded person” might object. Is the exploited person supposed to look at the exploiter with benevolent feelings? Is it not only too understandable that the former hates the latter and out of hate is led to his party views? It would certainly be a bad recipe—the objection would continue—if the oppressed were admonished to practice human love for his oppressor, somewhat in the same sense as the saying of the great Buddha: “Hate will not be overcome by hate, but only by love.”

[ 20 ] Even so, it is only the knowledge which follows from this point that can lead us to truly “social thinking” at the present time. And it is here that the approach of the science of spirit begins. This of course must not cling to the surface of our understanding, but must penetrate into the depths. It therefore cannot remain satisfied with merely showing that misery is created by any particular conditions, but it has to advance to the only knowledge that is fruitful, that is, as to how these conditions are created and continuously created. Compared with these deeper questions, most social theories prove to be only “vague theories” or even mere manners of speech.

[ 21 ] As long as our thinking remains on the surface, we attribute quite a wrong influence to conditions and to external things altogether. These conditions are in fact only an expression of an inner life. Just as the human body can be understood only when it is known to be the expression of a soul, the outer conditions of life can be rightly judged only if they are seen as the creation of human souls that embody their feelings, attitudes and thoughts in them. The conditions in which we live are created by our fellow human beings, and we shall never create better ones unless we set out with other thoughts, attitudes and feelings from those that those creators had.

[ 22 ] Let us consider these things in detail. A person who maintains a home in grand style, who can travel first class on the railway, may easily appear on the surface to be an oppressor. And a person who wears a threadbare coat and who travels fourth class will appear to be the oppressed. But one does not have to be an incompassionate individual nor a reactionary in order to understand the following clearly. Nobody is oppressed or exploited because I wear a particular coat, but only because I pay the man who made the coat for me too little. The poor worker who has acquired his inferior coat for little money is, in relation to his fellow human beings in this respect, in exactly the same position as the rich man who had a better coat made. Whether I am poor or rich, I exploit if I acquire things for which insufficient payment is made. Actually today nobody ought to call someone else an oppressor; he ought first to look at himself. If he does this carefully he will soon discover the “oppressor” in himself. Is the work which you have to deliver to the well-to-do delivered only to them at the price of bad wages? No, the person who sits next to you and complains to you about oppression enjoys the work of your hands on exactly the same conditions as the well-to-do whom you have both turned against. One should think this through and one will then find a different way of approaching “social thinking” from the more usual ones.

[ 23 ] Thinking things over in this way makes it clear that the concepts “rich” and “exploiter” must be completely separated. It depends on individual ability or on the ability of our forefathers, or on quite different things, whether we are now rich or poor. The fact that we exploit the work of others has absolutely nothing to do with these things. At least not directly. But it is very much connected with something else. And that is, that our social situation and environment are built upon personal self-interest. We have to think very clearly for otherwise we shall arrive at a quite wrong idea of what is said. If I acquire a coat today it appears quite natural, according to the conditions which exist, that I acquire it as cheaply as possible. This means: I have only myself in mind. Here, however, we touch the point of view that governs our whole life. Of course, it is easy to raise an objection. We can say: Do not the socially-minded parties and personalities try to do something about this evil? Is there not an effort to protect “work?” Do not the working classes and their representatives demand higher wages and shorter working hours? It has already been said above that the present-day view can have absolutely nothing against such demands and measures. Nor is there any intention here of agitating for one or the other of the existing party demands. From the present point of view, we are not concerned with taking sides on particular points, “for” or “against.” This, in the first place, lies quite outside the approach of the science of spirit.

[ 24 ] However many improvements are introduced to protect a particular class of workers and that would certainly contribute much to the raising of conditions of one or the other group of people, the actual nature of exploitation will not be mitigated. For this depends on a person acquiring the products of another person's work from the point of view of self-interest. Whether I have much or little: if I make use of what I have to satisfy my self-interest, the other person is bound to be exploited. Even if in maintaining this point of view I protect his work, it may seem that I have done something, but in fact I have not. For if I pay more for the work of the other person he will also have to pay more for mine, providing the one is not supposed to acquire a better position through the deteriorating position of the other.

[ 25 ] This can be clarified by another example. If I buy a factory in order to earn as much as possible for myself, I shall see that I acquire labor as cheaply as possible, etc. Everything that happens will be done from the point of view of self-interest.—If, on the other hand, I buy a factory from the point of view of looking after 200 people as well as possible, all my actions will take on a different character.—In practice today the second case can certainly hardly be differentiated from the first. This simply depends on the fact that a solitary selfless person cannot achieve much in a community which otherwise is based on self-interest. It would be quite different, however, if work not based on self-interest were universal.

[ 26 ] A “practical” thinker will naturally be of the opinion that no one could manage to help his workers get better wage conditions just by a “good attitude.” For we cannot increase the return on our goods through meaning well, and without this it is not possible to offer better conditions for the workers.—But it is important to realize that this objection is completely erroneous. All our interests, and therefore all our social conditions, change when in acquiring something we no longer have ourselves in mind, but others. What does a person have to look to who only looks after his own well-being? To seeing that he earns as much as possible. How others have to work in order to satisfy his needs cannot be his concern. He therefore has to develop his powers in the struggle for existence. If I establish an undertaking which is to bring in as much as possible to myself, I do not ask how labor that works for me is mobilized. If I do not consider myself but hold the point of view: How does my work serve others? everything changes. Nothing then forces me to undertake anything prejudicial to someone else. I then place my powers not at my own disposal, but at someone else's. The consequence of this is a quite different unfolding of the powers and capacities of the human being. How this changes social conditions in practice will be discussed at the end of the essay.—

[ 27 ] In a way Robert Owen can be called a genius in practical social activity. He possessed two characteristics which may well justify him being called this: a far-ranging eye for measures that would serve social life, and a noble love for human beings. We only have to consider what he achieved by means of these two capacities in order to appreciate their significance. He created a model industrial set-up in New Lanark and employed his workers in such a way that they not only had a dignified existence materially, but that they also lived in conditions which were satisfactory from a moral point of view. The people who gathered there were in part those who had come down in the world and were given over to drink. Better elements were mixed with these, and their example had an effect. And so the best possible results imaginable were attained. What Owen achieved there makes it impossible to place him on the same level as other more or less fantastic “improvers of the world”—the so-called Utopians. He restricted himself to measures which could be put into practice, that anyone not inclined to day-dreams could assume would lead, within a particular limited area, to the abolition of human suffering. And it is not being impractical to believe that such a small area could serve as an example, and that from it a healthy development of the human condition in the social sphere could be stimulated.

[ 28 ] Owen presumably thought along those lines. That is why he was not afraid to take another step in the direction he had already taken. In 1824 he worked toward setting up a kind of small model state in Indiana, in North America. He acquired a district where he wanted to found a human community based upon freedom and equality. Everything was so arranged that exploitation and servitude were an impossibility. Whoever takes such a task upon himself has to bring with him the best social virtues: a desire to make one's fellow men happy, and a belief in the goodness of human nature. He must be convinced that if work organized in the appropriate way appears certain to bring blessing, the desire to work will unfold within human nature.

[ 29 ] Owen believed this so strongly that a lot of serious things had to happen before he began to waver.

[ 30 ] These serious things really did begin to happen. After much noble effort Owen had to admit that “the realization of such colonies must always come to grief unless the general way of living is transformed first;” and that it would be more valuable to influence humanity in a theoretical way rather than by practical measures. This social reformer was forced to this view by the fact that there were sufficient people who disliked work, who wished to get rid of their work on others, for strife, quarrels and finally bankruptcy to ensue.

[ 31 ] Owen's experience can be a lesson to all who really want to learn. It can be a bridge for all artificially created and thought-out measures for the salvation of humanity to a social work which is more fruitful and which reckons with actual reality.

[ 32 ] Through his experience Owen was able to be completely cured of the belief that all human misery comes about through bad “conditions” in which people live, and that the goodness of human nature would come to life of itself if these conditions were improved. He was forced to the conviction that good conditions can be maintained only if the human beings who live in them are naturally inclined to maintain them, and when they do this with enthusiasm.

[ 33 ] One might at first think that it would be necessary to give theoretical instruction to those who are to live in such conditions, that is, in explaining to them that the measures are right and meet the purpose. It is not difficult for an unbiased person to read something like this into Owen's confession. But even so, it is only possible to achieve a really practical result by penetrating more deeply into the matter. We have to advance from merely a belief in the goodness of human nature that deceived Owen, to a real knowledge of man.—However clear people have been about how purposeful certain measures are which can bring blessing to humanity—in the long run all such clarity cannot lead to the desired goal. For the human being is not able to gain the inner impulse to work by having a clear understanding if, on the other hand, the impulses to be found in egotism rear their heads. This egotism happens to be part of human nature. And this means that it stirs in the feelings of the human being when he lives together with others and has to work within a community. This necessarily leads to the fact that in practice most people think the best social conditions to be those where the individual can best satisfy his needs. Thus under the influence of egotistical feelings the social question comes to be formulated quite naturally as follows: What must be done in society in order that each person can have the returns of his work for himself? And particularly in our own times with their materialistic way of thinking, only a few people would base their view on any other assumption. How often does one hear it accepted as a matter of course that a social order based on goodwill and feeling for one's fellow human beings is an absurdity. Rather it is assumed that the totality of a human community can prosper best when the individual can pocket the “full” or greatest possible yield of his work.

[ 34 ] Exactly the opposite of this is taught by the science of spirit, which is founded on a deeper knowledge of the human being and of the world. It shows that all human misery is simply a consequence of egotism, and that misery, poverty and distress must necessarily arise at a particular time in the human community if this community is based on egotism in any way. It is naturally necessary to have deeper knowledge than the kind to be found here and there sailing under the flag of social science, in order to understand this. This “social science” takes only the outer aspect of human life into account, and not the forces which lie deeper. In fact, it is even very difficult with the majority of modern people to awaken even a feeling in themselves that one can speak about such forces. They regard anyone who comes along with such ideas as peculiar. Now in this essay it is not possible to attempt to evolve a social theory based on these deeper-lying forces. For this would need a much fuller work. The only thing that can be done is to point to the true laws which govern how people work together, and to show what reasonable social considerations arise for someone familiar with these laws. Only a person who builds up his view of the world on the science of spirit can have a full understanding of the matter. And it is to convey such a view of the world that this whole magazine works. One cannot expect it from a single article on the “social question.” All that this article can hope to do is to shed some light on this question from the spiritual point of view. After all, there will be some people who are able to have a feeling for the Tightness of what is briefly described here and which cannot possibly be explained in every detail.

[ 35 ] Now, the main social law set forth by the science of spirit, is the following:“The well-being of a total community of human beings working together becomes greater the less the individual demands the products of his achievements for himself, that is, the more of these products he passes on to his fellow workers and the more his own needs are not satisfied out of his own achievements, but out of the achievements of others.” All the conditions within a total community of people which contradict this law must sooner or later produce misery and distress somewhere. — This law holds good for social life with absolute necessity and without any exceptions, just as a natural law holds good for a particular sphere of natural processes. But it should not be thought that it is sufficient for this law to be held as a universal moral law, or that it should be translated into the attitude that everyone should work in the service of his fellow men. No, in actual fact the law will be able to exist as it should only if a total community of people succeeds in creating conditions where no one ever can claim the fruits of his own work for himself, but where, if at all possible, these go entirely to the benefit of the community. And he in turn must be maintained by means of the work of his fellow human beings. The important thing is to see that working for one's fellow human beings and aiming at a particular income are two quite separate things.

[ 36 ] Those who imagine that they are “practical people”—the scientist of spirit has no illusions about this—will only be able to smile about this “hair-raising idealism.” But despite this, the above law is more practical than anything which has ever been thought out by “practical people,” or that has actually been introduced. If we really study life we can find that each human community that exists or has existed has two tendencies in its social set-up. One of these corresponds to this law, the other contradicts it. This has to be the case, irrespective of whether people want it or not. Every community would collapse immediately if the work of the individual did not benefit the whole. But from times immemorial human egotism has thwarted this law. It has sought to get as much as possible for the individual from his own work. And it is just what has been produced through egotism in this way that has always led to distress, poverty and misery. This means that the aspect of human conditions that is bound to prove impractical is the one that is introduced by the “practical people,” that reckons either with one's own egotism or somebody else's.

[ 37 ] Now of course we are not only concerned with understanding such a law, but actual practice begins with the question: How can the law be carried out in real life? It is clear that it says nothing less than this: The smaller the egotism is, the greater the human well-being. Thus in putting the law into practice, our concern is with people who extricate themselves from the path of egotism. This is in practice, however, quite impossible if the well-being of the individual is measured according to his work. Whoever works for himself is bound gradually to succumb to egotism. Only someone who works for others can gradually become an un-egotistical worker.

[ 38 ] For this, one prerequisite is necessary. If a person works for another he must find in this other person the reason for his work; and if someone is supposed to work for the community he must be able to feel the value, the being and the significance of this community. He can do this only if the community is something quite different from a more or less undefined collection of individuals. It has to be permeated by a real spirit in which each person can partake. It has to be such that everyone says: It is right, and I want it to be like that. The total community must have a spiritual mission; and each individual must wish to contribute to the fulfillment of this mission. None of the indefinite and abstract ideas of progress which we normally read about are able to provide the formulation of such a measure. If only these ideas prevail, an individual will work here or a group there without seeing that their work is of any use beyond satisfying their own needs or perhaps the interests they happen to have. This spirit of the total community must be alive right down into each individual.

[ 39 ] From earliest times good has prospered only where such a life has been somehow permeated by a spirit common to the whole community. An individual citizen of an old Greek city, or even a citizen of a free city in the Middle Ages, had at least something of a vague feeling of such a spirit. In this respect it makes no difference that, for instance, the Greek way of life was dependent on an army of slaves who did the work for the “free citizens,” and who were not urged on by the spirit of the community, but by the compulsion of their masters.—The only thing we can learn from this example is that human life is subject to development. Humanity has reached a stage today where the kind of solution of the social question practiced in ancient Greece is no longer possible. Even the most noble Greek did not find slavery wrong, but a human necessity. That is why, for instance, the great Plato could put forward an ideal for the state in which the spirit of the community finds its fulfillment in the fact that the majority of workers are compelled to work by the few with understanding. The task of the present day, however, is to put people in a position where each one can do his work for the whole community out of the impulse to be found within his own being.

[ 40 ] This is why no one should think of looking for a solution to the social question applicable to all times, but of how we must formulate our social thinking and actions in accordance with the immediate needs of the present in which we live.—It is not possible today for anyone to think up something theoretical or to put it into practice so that it could solve the social question. For he would have to have the power to force a number of people into the conditions he has created. There can be no doubt that had Owen had the power or the will to force all the people of his colony to do the work appointed them, the undertaking must have succeeded. But at the present time, such force cannot be used. It must be possible for each person to do what he is called upon to do according to his ability and measure of power, out of his own accord. Just because of this, it can never be the case that a mere point of view can convey to people how economic conditions can best be ordered—in the way that Owen in the above-cited confession thought that people should be influenced “from a theoretical point of view.” An economic theory by itself can never be a stimulus to work against the powers of egotism. Such an economic theory can for a while give the masses life which on the surface, appears like idealism. But in the long run, such a theory can help no one. Whoever injects such a theory into a crowd of people without giving it something really spiritual, commits a sin against the real purpose of humanity.

[ 41 ] The only thing that can help is a spiritual view of the world which can permeate the thoughts, feelings and will, in short, the whole soul of the human being, out of what it is in itself and out of what it is able to offer. The faith that Owen had in the goodness of human nature is only partly right, the other part being a gross illusion. He is right, inasmuch as a “higher self,” that can be awakened, slumbers in everyone. But it can only be redeemed from its slumber by a view of the world which has the characteristics mentioned above. If people are brought together in conditions such as were thought out by Owen, the community will prosper in the best possible way. But if people are brought together who do not have such a view of the world, what is good in these conditions will sooner or later of necessity have to become worse. With people who do not have a view based on the spirit, the conditions which further material well-being must also necessarily intensify egotism and thereby produce distress, misery and poverty.—The original meaning of the saying is undoubtedly right: Only an individual can be helped by the gift of bread alone; a community can only acquire its bread by being helped to a view of the world. It is also of no use to wish to procure bread for each individual in the community. After a while it would inevitably come about that many have no bread.

[ 42 ] Knowledge of these fundamentals removes several illusions from those who set themselves up to be bringers of happiness to the people. For it makes work designed to improve the social well-being a really difficult matter. And it means too that the overall success of such work can, in certain conditions, only be pieced together out of very small individual successes. Most of what whole parties proclaim as remedies for social life loses its value and proves to be vain delusion and empty talk without sufficient knowledge of human life. No parliament, no democracy, no agitation of the masses, nothing like this can have any meaning for someone who looks more deeply, if it goes against the law mentioned above. Such things can only have a favorable effect if they conform to the intention of this law. It is a serious illusion to believe that an elected member of a particular parliament can contribute anything to the salvation of humanity unless his work is carried out in conformity with the main law of social life.

[ 43 ] Wherever this law appears, wherever someone works according to it as far as is possible in the position which he occupies in the human community, good is achieved, even if in very small measure in individual cases. And it is only by means of such isolated examples of work which arise in this way, that beneficial progress in the whole social sphere will come about.—It is also true that in some cases larger communities have a natural tendency which enables them to achieve a greater result in this direction. There are also some particular human communities where something of this sort is being prepared within their natural tendencies and capacities. They will make it possible for humanity to take a step forward in social evolution. Such communities are known to the science of spirit, but it cannot undertake to speak publicly about such matters.—And there are also means of preparing larger groups of people to take such a step forward, even within a reasonable space of time. What anyone can do, however, is to work in conformity with the above law in his own particular sphere. There is no position which a person might have in the world where this is not possible, however insignificant or without influence it may appear to be.

[ 44 ] The most important thing is that each person seek out the ways to a view of the world which is based on real knowledge of the spirit. The spiritual approach of anthroposophy can develop into such a view for everyone, when it evolves more and more according to its content and inherent possibilities. By means of it the human being comes to know that it is not by chance that he is born in a particular place at a particular time, but that he is placed out of necessity into the situation in which he is by the spiritual law of cause, karma. He can see that it is his own well-founded destiny that has placed him into the human community in which he lives. He can also become aware of how his abilities have not come to him haphazardly, but that their existence is dependent on the law of cause.

[ 45 ] And he can realize all this to the extent that it does not remain just a matter of sense or reason, but gradually fills his whole soul with inner life.

[ 46 ] He will come to feel that he is fulfilling a higher purpose when he works in accordance with his place in the world, and in accordance with his abilities. The result of realizing this will not be a kind of shadowy idealism but a tremendous impulse of all his powers, and in this respect he will regard his action just as much a matter of course as in other respects he regards eating and drinking. And furthermore, he will realize the particular significance of the human community to which he belongs. He will come to understand the relationships which his human community has to other communities, and so the individual personalities of these communities will draw together through a unified picture of spiritual aims, a picture of the common mission of the whole human race. And his knowledge will be able to reach out from the human race to the meaning of the entire earth existence. Only someone who will have nothing to do with a view of the world tending in this direction could be doubtful that it could have the effect suggested here. Of course, it is true that today most people have little inclination to go into such things. But the right approach of the science of spirit cannot fail to attract increasingly wider circles. To the extent that it does this, people will do the right things to further social progress. One cannot doubt this, just because no particular view of the world has so far brought happiness to humanity. According to the laws of human evolution it has never been possible to achieve what is now gradually becoming possible: to transmit a view of the world to every person with the prospect of the practical result already indicated.

[ 47 ] The views of the world that have existed so far have been available only to individual groups of people. But what good has been achieved in the human race so far, stems from the various views of the world. Only a view of the world that can inspire everyone and can kindle inner life in everyone is in a position to lead to a universal salvation. This the approach of the science of spirit will always be able to do, where it really evolves according to what is latent within it.—Of course, we should not only look at the form which this way of looking at life happens to have at this moment, in order to recognize what has been said as right, it is imperative to realize that the science of spirit has still to evolve and rise to its lofty cultural mission.

[ 48 ] Until today, for several reasons it has not been possible for it to show the countenance it will have one day. One of these reasons is that it must first gain a foothold somewhere. It has therefore to turn to a particular group of people. And naturally this can only be one that through the particular nature of its development has a desire to seek a new solution to the riddle of the world, and which can bring to such a solution understanding and interest by means of the few people in it who have the necessary preparatory training. Of course, the science of spirit has for the moment to clothe its message in a language suited to this group of people. The science of spirit will find further means of expression to speak to wider circles of people to the extent that conditions allow. Only someone who insists on having fixed dogmas can believe that the present form of the message of the science of spirit is a lasting or even the only possible one.—Just because the science of spirit is not concerned with remaining a mere theory, or merely with satisfying curiosity, it has to work slowly in this way. To its aims belong the practical points of human progress characterized above. But it can bring about this progress of humanity only if it creates the necessary conditions for it. And these conditions can be created only when one person after the other is conquered. The world moves forward only when human beings want it to. But in order to want it, everyone has to work in his own soul. And this can only be achieved step by step. If this were not the case, the science of spirit also would produce a lot of woolly ideas and do no practical work.

[ 1 ] Wer gegenwärtig mit offenen Augen die Welt um sich herum betrachtet, der sieht überall das sich mächtig erheben, was man die «soziale Frage» nennt. Diejenigen, welche es mit dem Leben ernst nehmen, müssen in irgendeiner Art sich Gedanken über das machen, was mit dieser Frage zusammenhängt. Und wie selbstverständlich muß es erscheinen, daß eine solche Vorstellungsart, welche zu ihren Aufgaben die höchsten Menschheitsideale gemacht hat, irgendwie ein Verhältnis gewinnen muß zu den sozialen Anforderungen. Eine solche Vorstellungsart will aber die geisteswissenschaftliche für die Gegenwart sein. Deshalb ist es nur natürlich, wenn nach diesem Verhältnis gefragt wird.

[ 2 ] Nun kann es zunächst den Eindruck machen, als ob die Geisteswissenschaft nichts Besonderes nach dieser Richtung hin zu sagen hätte. Man wird als ihren hervorstechendsten Charakterzug zunächst die Verinnerlichung des Seelenlebens und die Erweckung des Blickes für eine geistige Welt erkennen. Selbst solche, die sich nur flüchtig mit den Ideen bekannt machen, welche durch geisteswissenschaftlich orientierte Redner und Schriftsteller Verbreitung finden, werden bei unbefangener Betrachtung dieses Streben erkennen können. Schwieriger ist es aber einzusehen, daß dieses Streben gegenwärtig eine praktische Bedeutung habe. Und insbesondere kann nicht leicht dessen Zusammenhang mit der sozialen Frage einleuchtend werden. Was soll, so wird mancher fragen, eine Lehre den sozialen Übelständen helfen, die sich mit «Wiederverkörperung », mit «Karma», mit der «übersinnlichen Welt», mit der «Entstehung des Menschen» und so weiter befaßt? Eine solche Gedankenrichtung scheint von aller Wirklichkeit hinweg in ferne Wolkenhöhen zu fliegen, während jetzt doch ein jeder dringend nötig hätte, sein ganzes Denken zusammenzunehmen, um den Aufgaben zu genügen, welche die irdische Wirklichkeit stellt.

[ 3 ] Von all den verschiedenen Meinungen, die gegenwärtig in bezug auf die Geisteswissenschaft notwendig hervortreten müssen, seien hier zwei verzeichnet. Die eine besteht darin, daß man sie als den Ausdruck einer zügellosen Phantastik ansieht. Es ist ganz natürlich, daß eine solche Ansicht besteht. Und sie sollte am wenigsten für den geisteswissenschaftlich Strebenden etwas Unbegreifliches haben. Jedes Gespräch in seiner Umgebung, alles, was um ihn herum vorgeht, was den Menschen Lust und Freude macht, alles das kann ihn darüber belehren, daß er zunächst eine für viele geradezu närrische Sprache führt. Zu diesem Verständnis seiner Umgebung muß er dann allerdings die unbedingte Sicherheit hinzubringen, daß er auf dem rechten Wege ist. Sonst könnte er kaum aufrecht stehen, wenn er sich den Widerstreit seiner Vorstellungen mit denen so vieler anderer klar macht, die zu den Unterrichteten und Denkenden gehören. Hat er die rechte Sicherheit, kennt er die Wahrheit und Tragkraft seiner Ansicht, dann sagt er sich: ich weiß ganz gut, daß ich gegenwärtig als Phantast angesehen werden kann, und es ist mir einleuchtend, warum das so ist; aber die Wahrheit muß wirken, auch wenn sie verlacht und verhöhnt wird, und ihre Wirkung hängt nicht ab von den Meinungen, die man über sie hat, sondern von ihrer gediegenen Grundlage.

[ 4 ] Die andere Meinung, von welcher die Geisteswissenschaft betroffen wird, ist die, daß ihre Gedanken zwar schön und befriedigend seien, daß sie aber nur für das innere Seelenleben, nicht für den praktischen Lebenskampf einen Wert haben können. Selbst solche, welche zur Stillung ihrer geistigen Bedürfnisse nach der geisteswissenschaftlichen Nahrung verlangen, können nur zu leicht versucht sein, sich zu sagen: ja, aber wie der sozialen Not, dem materiellen Elend beizukommen ist, darüber kann diese Gedankenwelt doch keine Aufklärung geben, - Nun beruht aber gerade diese Meinung auf einem vollständigen Verkennen der wirklichen Tatsachen desLebens, und vor allen Dingen auf einem Mißverständnisse gegenüber den Früchten der geisteswissenschaftlichen Vorstellungsatt.

[ 5 ] Man frägt nämlich fast ausschließlich: was lehrt die Geisteswissenschaft? Wie kann man beweisen, was sie behauptet? Und man sucht dann die Frucht in dem Gefühl der Befriedigung, die man aus den Lehren schöpfen kann. Das ist natürlich so selbstverständlich wie möglich. Man muß ja zunächst eine Empfindung für die Wahrheit von Behauptungen erhalten, die einem gegenübertreten. Die wahre Frucht der Geisteswissenschaft darf aber darinnen nicht gesucht werden. Diese Frucht zeigt sich nämlich erst dann, wenn der geisteswissenschaftlich Gesinnte an die Aufgaben des praktischen Lebens herantritt. Es kommt darauf an, ob ihm die Geisteswissenschaft etwas hilft, diese Aufgaben einsichtsvoll zu ergreifen und mit Verständnis die Mittel und Wege zur Lösung zu suchen. Wer im Leben wirken will, muß das Leben erst verstehen. Hier liegt der Kernpunkt der Sache. Solange man dabei stehen bleibt, zu fragen: was lehrt die Geisteswissenschaft, kann man diese Lehren zu «hoch» für das praktische Leben finden. Wenn man aber darauf das Augenmerk richtet, welche Schulung das Denken und Fühlen durch diese Lehren erfährt, dann wird man aufhören, solchen Einwand zu machen. So absonderlich es für die oberflächliche Auffassung erscheinen mag, es ist doch richtig: die scheinbar im Wolkenkuckucksheim schwebenden geisteswissenschaftlichen Gedanken bilden den Blick aus für eine richtige Führung des alltäglichen Lebens. Und die Geisteswissenschaft schärft gerade dadurch das Verständnis für die sozialen Forderungen, daß sie den Geist erst in die lichten Höhen des Übersinnlichen führt. So widerspruchsvoll das erscheint, so wahr ist es.

[ 6 ] Es soll einmal an einem Beispiele gezeigt werden, was damit gemeint ist. Ein ungemein interessantes Buch ist in der letzten Zeit erschienen: «Als Arbeiter in Amerika» (Berlin K. Siegismund). Es hat zum Verfasser den Regierungsrat Kolb, der es unternommen hat, monatelang als gewöhnlicher Arbeiter in Amerika zuzubringen. Dadurch hat er sich ein Urteil über Menschen und Leben angeeignet, wie es ihm offenbar ebensowenig der Bildungsweg hätte geben können, durch den er Regierungsrat geworden ist, noch auch die Erfahrungen, welche er auf diesem Posten und auf all den Stellen hat sammeln können, die man einnimmt, bevor man Regierungsrat wird. Er war somit jahrelang an einer verhältnismäßig verantwortungsvollen Stelle, und erst, als er aus dieser herausgetreten ist und — kurze Zeit - in fernem Lande gelebt hat, lernt er das Leben so kennen, daß er in seinem Buche den folgenden beherzigenswerten Satz schreibt: «Wie oft hatte ich früher, wenn ich einen gesunden Mann betteln sah, mit moralischer Entrüstung gefragt: Warum arbeitet der Lump nicht? Jetzt wußte ichs. In der Theorie sieht sieht eben anders an, als in der Praxis, und selbst mit den unerfreulichsten Kategorien der Nationalökonomie hantiert sichs am Studiertisch ganz erträglich.» Nun soll hier nicht das geringste Mißverständnis hervorgerufen werden. Die vollkommenste Anerkennung muß dem Manne entgegengebracht werden, der es sich abgewonnen hat, aus behaglicher Lebenslage herauszutreten, und in einer Brauerei und Fahrradfabrik schwer zu arbeiten. Die Hochschätzung dieser Tat soll vorerst möglichst stark betont werden, damit nicht der Glaube erweckt werde, es solle der Mann abfälliger Kritik unterworfen werden. — Aber für jeden, der sehen will, ist unbedingt klar, daß alle Schulung, alle Wissenschaft, die der Mann durchgemacht hat, ihm kein Urteil über das Leben gegeben haben. Man versuche es sich doch klar zu machen, was damit zugestanden ist: Man kann alles lernen, was einen gegenwärtig befähigt, verhältnismäßig leitende Stellen einzunehmen: und man kann dabei dem Leben, auf das man wirken soll, ganz ferne stehen. — Ist das nicht so, als wenn man in irgendeiner Schule für den Brückenbau ausgebildet würde, und dann, wenn man vor die Aufgabe tritt, eine Brücke zu bauen, man nichts davon verstehe? Doch nein: es ist nicht ganz so. Wer sich für den Brückenbau schlecht vorbereitet, dem wird sein Mangel bald klar werden, wenn er an die Praxis herantritt. Er wird sich als Pfuscher erweisen und überall zurückgewiesen werden. Wer sich aber für das Wirken im sozialen Leben schlecht vorbereitet, dessen Mängel können sich nicht so schnell erweisen. Schlecht gebaute Brücken stürzen ein; und dem Befangensten ist dann klar, daß der Brückenbauer ein Pfuscher war. Was aber im sozialen Wirken verpfuscht wird, das zeigt sich nur darinnen, daß die Mitmenschen darunter leiden. Und für den Zusammenhang dieses Leidens mit dem Pfuschertum hat man nicht so leicht ein Auge wie für das Verhältnis zwischen Brückeneinsturz und unfähigem Baumeister. — «Ja, aber», wird man sagen, «was hat denn das alles mit der Geisteswissenschaft zu tun? Glaubt der geisteswissenschaftlich Gesinnte etwa gar, daß seine Lehren dem Regierungsrat Kolb ein besseres Verständnis des Lebens beigebracht hätten? Was hätte es ihm genützt, wenn er etwas von «Wiederverkörperung», «Karma» und allen «übersinnlichen Welten, gewußt hätte? Niemand wird doch behaupten wollen, daß die Ideen über planetarische Systeme und höhere Welten den genannten Regierungsrat hätten davor bewahren können, eines Tages sich gestehen zu müssen, «daß es sich mit den unerfreulichsten Kategorien der Nationalökonomie am Studiertische ganz gut hantiere».» Der geisteswissenschaftlich Gesinnte kann nun wirklich — wie Lessing in einem bestimmten Falle-antworten: «Ich bin dieser ‹Niemand› ich behaupte es geradezu.» Nur muß man das nicht so verstehen, als ob jemand mit der Lehre von der «Wiederverkörperung», oder dem Wissen vom «Karma» sich sozial richtig betätigen könne. Das wäre natürlich naiv. Die Sache geht selbstverständlich nicht so, daß man diejenigen, welche zu Regierungsräten bestimmt sind, statt sie zu Schmoller, Wagner oder Brentano auf die Universität zu schicken, auf die «Geheimlehre» der Blavatsky verweist. - Worauf es ankommt, ist aber dieses: wird eine nationalökonomische Theorie, welche von einem geisteswissenschaftlich Gesinnten herrührt, eine solche sein, mit der sich am Studiertische gut hantieren läßt, die aber dem wirklichen Leben gegenüber versagt? Und das eben wird sie nicht sein. Wann hält eine Theorie dem Leben gegenüber nicht stand? Wenn sie durch ein Denken hervorgebracht ist, das nicht für das Leben geschult ist. Nun sind aber die Lehren der Geisteswissenschaft ebenso die wirklichen Gesetze des Lebens, wie die Lehren der Elektrizität diejenigen einer Fabrik für elektrische Apparate sind. Wer eine solche Fabrik einrichten will, muß zuerst wahre Elektrizitätslehre sich aneignen. Und wer im Leben wirken will, der muß die Gesetze des Lebens kennenlernen. So fern aber scheinbar die Lehren der Geisteswissenschaft dem Leben stehen, $o nahe sind sie ihm in Wahrheit. Dem oberflächlichen Blick erscheinen sie weltfremd; dem wahren Verständnis erschließen sie das Leben. Man zieht sich nicht aus bloßer Neugierde zurück in «geisteswissenschaftliche Zirkel», um da allerlei «interessante» Aufschlüsse über jenseitige Welten zu erhalten, sondern man trainiert da sein Denken, Fühlen und Wollen an den «ewigen Gesetzen des Daseins», um herauszutreten in das Leben, und mit hellem, klarem Blick dieses Leben zu verstehen. Die geisteswissenschaftlichen Lehren sind ein Umweg zu einem lebensvollen Denken, Urteilen und Empfinden. — Die geisteswissenschaftliche Bewegung wird erst in ihrem rechten Geleise sein, wenn man das voll einsehen wird. Rechtes Handeln entspringt aus rechtem Denken; und unrechtes Handeln entspringt aus verkehrtem Denken oder aus der Gedankenlosigkeit. Wer überhaupt daran glauben will, daß auf sozialem Gebiete etwas Gutes gewirkt werden kann, der muß zugeben, daß es von den menschlichen Fähigkeiten abhängt, solches Gute zu wirken. Durch die Ideen der Geisteswissenschaft hindurch sich arbeiten, bedeutet Steigerung der Fähigkeiten zu sozialem Wirken. Es handelt sich in dieser Beziehung nicht allein darum, welche Gedanken man durch die Geisteswissenschaft aufnimmt, sondern darum, was man aus seinem Denken durch sie macht.

[ 7 ] Gewiß muß zugegeben werden, daß innerhalb der Kreise selbst, die sich der Geisteswissenschaft widmen, noch nicht allzuviel von einer Arbeit gerade in dieser Hinsicht zu merken ist. Und ebensowenig kann geleugnet werden, daß gerade deshalb die der Geisteswissenschaft Fernstehenden noch allen Grund haben, die obigen Behauptungen zu bezweifeln. Aber es darf auch nicht außer acht gelassen werden, daß die geisteswissenschaftliche Bewegung in gegenwärtiger Auffassung erst im Anfange ihrer Wirksamkeit steht. Ihr weiterer Fortschritt wird darinnen bestehen, daß sie sich einführt in allepraktischen Gebiete des Lebens. Dann wird sich beispielsweise für die «soziale Frage» zeigen, daß an Stelle von Theorien, «mit denen sich am Studiertische ganz gut hantieren» läßt, solche treten werden, welche die Einsicht befähigen, unbefangen das Leben zu beurteilen, und dem Willen die Richtung zu solchem Handeln geben, daß Heil und Segen für die Mitmenschen entspringt. Gar mancher wird sagen, gerade am Falle Kolb zeige es sich, daß der Hinweis auf die Geisteswissenschaft überflüssig sei. Es wäre nur notwendig, daß die Leute, die sich für irgendeinen Beruf vorbereiten, ihre "Theorien nicht bloß in der Studierstube lernten, sondern daß sie mit dem Leben zusammengebracht würden, daß sie neben der theoretischen auch eine praktische Anleitung erhielten. Denn sobald Kolb sich das Leben ansah, genügte doch auch das, was er gelernt hatte, um zu einer anderen Meinung zu kommen, als er früher hatte. — Nein, es genügt nicht, weil der Mangel tiefer liegt. Wenn einer sieht, daß er mit einer mangelhaften Vorbildung nur Brücken bauen kann, die einstürzen, so hat er sich damit noch lange nicht die Fähigkeit erworben, solche zu bauen, die nicht einstürzen. Er muß sich zu letzterem erst eine wirklich fruchtbare Vorbildung aneignen. Sicherlich braucht man nichts weiter, als sich die sozialen Verhältnisse nur anzusehen, auch wenn man eine noch so unzulängliche Theorie hat über die Grundgesetze des Lebens, und man wird nicht mehr jedem gegenüber, der nicht arbeitet, sagen: «warum arbeitet der Lump nicht?». Man kann dann aus den Verhältnissen heraus verstehen, warum ein solcher nicht arbeitet. Aber hat man damit schon gelernt, wie die Verhältnisse zum Gedeihen der Menschen zu gestalten sind? Zweifellos haben alle die gutwilligen Menschen, welche ihre Pläne aufgetischt haben über Verbesserung des Menschenloses, nicht geurteilt wie der Regierungsrat Kolb vor seiner Amerikafahrt. Sie waren alle doch wohl auch vor solcher Expedition der Überzeugung, daß nicht jeder, dem es schlecht geht, abzufertigen sei mit der Phrase «warum arbeitet der Lump nicht? ». Sind deshalb alle ihre sozialen Reformvorschläge fruchtbar? Nein, das können sie schon deshalb nicht sein, weil sie so vielfach einander widersprechen. Und man wird deshalb ein Recht haben, zu sagen, daß wohl auch des Regierungsrates Kolb positive Reformpläne nach seiner Bekehrung nicht sonderlich viel Wirkung haben können. Das eben ist der Irrtum unserer Zeit in dieser Beziehung, daß sich ein jeder für befähigt hält, das Leben zu verstehen, auch wenn er sich nichts mit den Grundgesetzen des Lebens zu schaffen gemacht hat, wenn er sein Denken nicht erst geschult hat, um die wahren Kräfte des Lebens zu sehen. Und Geisteswissenschaft ist Schulung für eine gesunde Beurteilung des Lebens, weil sie dem Leben auf den Grund geht. Es hilft gar nichts, zu sehen, daß die Verhältnisse den Menschen in ungünstige Lebenslagen bringen, in denen er verkommt: man muß die räfte kennen lernen, durch welche günstige Verhältnisse geschaffen werden. Und das können unsere nationalökonomisch Gebildeten aus einem ähnlichen Grunde nicht, aus dem keiner rechnen kann, der nichts vom Einmaleins weiß. Stellet einen solchen vor noch so viele Zahlenreihen hin: das Anschauen wird ihm nichts nützen, Stellt den, dessen Denken nichts versteht von den Grundkräften des sozialen Lebens, vor die Wirklichkeit: er mag noch so eindringlich beschreiben, was er sieht; wie sich die sozialen Kräfte verschlingen zum Wohl oder zum Unheil der Menschen, darüber kann er doch nichts ausmachen.

[ 8 ] In unserer Zeit ist eine Lebensauffassung notwendig, welche zu den wahren Quellen des Lebens hinführt. Und eine solche Lebensauffassung kann die Geisteswissenschaft sein. Wenn alle diejenigen, welche sich eine Meinung bilden wollen über das, was «sozial nottut», zuerst durch die Lebenslehre der Geisteswissenschaft gehen wollten, dann kämen wir weiter. — Der Einwand, daß diejenigen, die sich der Geisteswissenschaft widmen, heute bloß «reden» und nicht «handeln», kann ebensowenig gelten, wie derjenige, daß sich ja auch die geisteswissenschaftlichen Meinungen noch nicht erprobt haben, sich also vielleicht ebenso als graue "Theorie entpuppen könnten, wie die Nationalökonomie des Herrn Kolb. Der erste Einwand bedeutet aus dem Grunde nichts, weil man «handeln» selbstverständlich so lange nicht kann, als einem die Wege zum Handeln versperrt sind. Lasset einen Seelenkenner noch so gut wissen, was ein Vater tun müsse in der Erziehung seiner Kinder; er kann nicht «handeln», wenn ihn der Vater nicht zum Erzieher bestellt. In dieser Beziehung muß in Geduld gewartet werden, bis das «Reden » der geisteswissenschaftlich Arbeitenden denen, welche die Macht zum «Handeln» haben, die Einsicht gebracht hat. Und das wird geschehen. Der andere Einwand ist nicht minder belanglos. Und er kann überhaupt nur von solchen erhoben werden, die unbekannt sind mit dem Grundwesen der geisteswissenschaftlichen Wahrheiten. Wer sie kennt, der weiß, daß sie gar nicht so zustande kommen, wie etwas, das man «ausprobiert». Die Gesetze des Menschenheiles sind nämlich ebenso sicher in die Urgrundlage der Menschenseele gelegt, wie das Einmaleins da hineingelegt ist. Man muß nur tief genug hinuntersteigen in diese Urgrundlage der menschlichen Seele. Gewiß, man kann anschaulich machen, was so eingezeichnet ist in die Seele, wie man anschaulich machen kann, daß zweimal zwei vier ist, wenn man vier Bohnen in zwei Gruppen nebeneinander legt. Aber wer wollte behaupten, daß sich die Wahrheit «Zweimal zwei ist vier» erst an den Bohnen «erproben» muß. Es verhält sich nämlich durchaus so: wer die geisteswissenschaftliche Wahrheit bezweifelt, der hat sie noch nicht erkannt, wie nur ein solcher bezweifeln könnte, daß «zweimal zwei vier ist», der es noch nicht erkannt hat. So sehr sich auch beides unterscheidet, weil das letztere so einfach, das erstere so kompliziert ist: die Ähnlichkeit in anderer Beziehung ist doch vorhanden. — Allerdings kann das nicht eingesehen werden, solange man nicht in die Geisteswissenschaft selbst eindringt. Deshalb kann auch für den Nichtkenner der Geisteswissenschaft kein «Beweis» für diese Tatsache erbracht werden. Man kann nur sagen: lernet die Geisteswissenschaft erst kennen, und ihr werdet auch über all das klar sein.

[ 9 ] Der wichtige Beruf der Geisteswissenschaft in unserer Zeit wird sich zeigen, wenn sie ein Sauerteig in allem Leben geworden sein wird. Solange dieser Weg ins Leben noch nicht im vollen Sinne des Wortes betreten werden kann, sind die geisteswissenschaftlich Gesinnten erst im Anfang ihres Wirkens. Und solange werden sie wohl auch den Vorwurf hören müssen, daß ihre Lehren lebensfeindlich seien. Ja, sie sind, wie die Eisenbahn feindlich war einem Leben, das nur die Postkutsche als das «Lebenswahre» anzusehen vermochte. Sie sind so feindlich, wie die Zukunft feindlich der Vergangenheit ist.

[ 10 ] Im folgenden soll auf einiges Besondere in dem Verhältnis von «Geisteswissenschaft und soziale Frage» eingegangen werden.—

[ 11 ] Zwei Ansichten stehen einander gegenüber in bezug auf die «soziale Frage». Die eine sieht die Ursachen des Guten und Schlimmen im sozialen Leben mehr in den Menschen, die andere hauptsächlich in den Verhältnissen, innerhalb welcher die Menschen leben. Die Vertreter der ersteren Meinung werden dadurch den Fortschritt fördern wollen, daß sie die geistige und physische Tüchtigkeit der Menschen und ihr moralisches Fühlen zu heben trachten; diejenigen, welche zur zweiten Anschauung neigen, werden dagegen vor allem darauf bedacht sein, die Lebenslage zu heben, denn sie sagen sich, wenn die Menschen auskömmlich leben können, dann wird ihre Tüchtigkeit und ihr sittliches Empfinden von selbst auf einen höheren Stand sich bringen. Man kann wohl kaum leugnen, daß die zweite Ansicht heute stetigan Boden gewinnt. In vielen Kreisen gilt es als der Ausdruck eines ganz rückständigen Denkens, wenn man die erstere Anschauung noch besonders betont. Es wird da gesagt: wer vom frühen Morgen bis zum späten Abend mit der bittersten Not zu kämpfen hat, der kann zu einer Entwickelung seiner geistigen und moralischen Kräfte nicht kommen. Gebet einem solchen erst Brot, bevor ihr ihm von geistigen Angelegenheiten redet.

[ 12 ] Insbesondere einem solchen Streben wie dem geisteswissenschaftlichen gegenüber spitzt sich die letztere Behauptung leicht zu einem Vorwurfe zu. Und es sind nicht die Schlechtesten in unserer Zeit, welche dergleichen Vorwürfe erheben. Solche sagen wohl: «Der waschechte Theosoph steigt sehr ungern von den devachanischen und kamischen Ebenen auf diese Erde herab. Man kaut lieber zehn Sanskritworte, ehe man sich darüber unterrichtet, was die Grundtente ist.» So ist zu lesen in einem vor kurzem erschienenen interessanten Buche «Die kulturelle Lage Europas beim Wiedererwachen des modernen Okkultismus» von G. L. Dankmar (Leipzig, Oswald Mutze, 1905).

[ 13 ] Naheliegend ist es, den Vorwurf in der folgenden Form zu erheben. Man weist darauf hin, daß in unserer Zeit oftmals Familien von acht Köpfen in einer einzigen Stube zusammengepfercht sind, daß solchen Luft und Licht selbst fehlen, daß sie ihre Kinder zur Schule in einem Zustande schicken müssen, so daß Schwäche und Hunger sie zusammenbrechen lassen. Dann sagt man: müssen diejenigen, welche auf den Massenfortschritt bedacht sind, nicht vor allem ihr ganzes Streben darauf verwenden, in solchen Verhältnissen Abhilfe zu schaffen? Statt ihr Denken auf die Lehren der höheren Geisteswelten sollten sie es auf die Frage lenken: wie sind die sozialen Notstände zu heben? «Steige die Theosophie aus ihrer eisigen Einsamkeit hinab unter Menschen, unter das Volk; stelle sie im Ernste und in Wahrheit die ethische Forderung der allgemeinen Brüderlichkeit an die Spitze ihres Programms, und handle sie, unbekümmert um alle Konsequenzen, danach; mache sie das Wort Christi von der Nächstenliebe zur sozialen Tat und sie wird köstlich unverlierbares Menschheitseigentum werden und bleiben.» So heißt es in obengenanntem Buche weiter.

[ 14 ] Diejenigen, welche einen solchen Einwand gegen die Geisteswissenschaft erheben, meinen es gut. Ja, essollihnen sogar zugestanden werden, daß sie gegenüber vielen recht haben, die sich mit den geisteswissenschaftlichen Lehren beschäftigen. Zweifellos sind unter den letzteren solche, die nur für ihre eigenen geistigen Bedürfnisse sorgen wollen, die nur etwas wissen wollen über das «höhere Leben», über das Schicksal der Seele nach dem Tode usw. —- Und man hat gewiß auch nicht untecht, wenn man sagt, in der gegenwärtigen Zeit erscheint es nötiger, in gemeinnützigem Wirken, in den Tugenden der Nächstenliebe und Menschenwohlfahrt sich zu entfalten, als in weltfremder Einsamkeit irgendwelche in der Seele schlummernden höheren Fähigkeiten zu pflegen. Die letzteres vor allem wollen, könnten als Menschen von einer verfeinerten Selbstsucht gelten, denen das eigene Seelenwohl über den allgemeinen menschlichen Tugenden steht. Nicht minder kann man hören, wie darauf hingewiesen wird, daß für ein geistiges Streben, wie es das geisteswissenschaftliche ist, doch nur Menschen Interesse haben können, denen es «gut geht», und welche daher ihre «müßige Zeit» solchen Dingen widmen können. Wer aber vom Morgen bis zum Abend für elenden Lohn seine Hände rühren muß, den soll man nicht abspeisen wollen mit Redensatten von allgemeiner Menscheneinheit, von «höherem Leben» und ähnlichen Dingen.

[ 15 ] Gewiß ist, daß in der angedeuteten Richtung auch von geisteswissenschaftlich Strebenden mancherlei gesündigt wird. Aber nicht minder richtig ist, daß gut verstandenes geisteswissenschaftliches Leben den Menschen auch als Einzelnen zu den Tugenden der opferwilligen Arbeit und des gemeinnützigen Wirkens führen muß, Jedenfalls wird die Geisteswissenschaft niemand bindern können, ein ebenso guter Mensch zu sein wie andere es sind, die nichts von Geisteswissenschaft wissen oder wissen wollen. - Aber das alles berührt ja in bezug auf die «soziale Frage» gar nicht die Hauptsache. Um zu dieser Hauptsache vorzudtingen, isteeben durchaus mehr notwendig, als die Gegner des geisteswissenschaftlichen Strebens zugeben wollen. Ohne weiteres soll diesen Gegnern ja zugestanden werden, daß mit den Mitteln, welche von mancher Seite zur Verbesserung der sozialen Menschenlage vorgeschlagen werden, viel zu erreichen ist. Die eine Partei will das, die andere jenes. Mancherlei von solchen Parteiforderungen erweist sich dem klar Denkenden bald als Hirngespinst; manches aber enthält gewiß auch den allerbesten Kern. |

[ 16 ] Owen, der 1771 bis 1858 lebte, gewiß einer der edelsten Sozialreformatoren, hat immer wieder und wieder betont, daß der Mensch durch die Umgebung bestimmt werde, in welcher er aufwächst, daß des Menschen Charakter nicht durch ihn selbst gebildet werde, sondern durch die Lebensverhältnisse, in denen er gedeiht. Durchaus soll nicht das blendend Richtige bestritten werden, das solche Sätze haben. Und noch weniger sollen sie mit geringschätzigem Achselzucken behandelt werden, obgleich sie mehr oder weniger selbstverständlich sind. Vielmehr soll ohne weiteres zugestanden werden, daß vieles besser werden kann, wenn man im öflentlichen Leben sich nach solchen Erkenntnissen richtet. Deshalb wird aber auch die Geisteswissenschaft niemand hindern, sich an denjenigen Werken des Menschenfortschrittes zu beteiligen, die im Sinne solcher Erkenntnisse ein besseres Los der gedrückten und notleidenden Menschheitsklassen herbeiführen wollen.

[ 17 ] Nur muß die Geisteswissenschaft tiefer gehen. Ein durchgreifender Fortschritt kann nämlich durch alle solche Mittel nimmermehr bewirkt werden. Wer das nicht zugibt, der hat sich niemals klar gemacht, woher die Lebensverhältnisse kommen, innerhalb welcher die Menschen sich befinden. So weit nämlich des Menschen Leben von diesen Verhältnissen abhängig ist, sind diese selbst von Menschen bewirkt. Oder wer hat denn die Einrichtungen getroffen, durch die der eine arm, der andere reich ist? Doch andere Menschen. Das ändert doch wahrlich nichts an dieser Sachlage, daß diese «anderen Menschen» zumeist vor denen gelebt haben, die unter den Verhältnissen gedeihen oder nicht gedeihen. Die Leiden, die dem Menschen die Natur selbst auferlegt, kommen für die soziale Lage doch nur mittelbar in Betracht. Diese Leiden müssen eben durch das menschliche Handeln gelindert, oder ganz beseitigt werden. Geschieht das nicht, was in dieser Richtung notwendig ist, so fehlt es also doch nur an den menschlichen Einrichtungen. — Ein gründliches Erkennen der Dinge lehrt, daß alle Übel, von denen mit Recht als von sozialen gesprochen werden kann, auch von den menschlichen Taten herrühren. Gewiß ist in dieser Beziehung nicht der einzelne Mensch, sicher aber die ganze Menschheit der «Schmied des eigenen Glückes».

[ 18 ] So gewiß aber dieses ist, so wahr ist auch, daß in größerem Umfange kein beträchtlicher Teil der Menschheit, keine Kaste oder Klasse das Leid eines anderen Teiles in böswilliger Absicht bewirkt. Alles, was in dieser Richtung behauptet wird, beruht auf bloßem Mangel an Einsicht. Trotzdem auch dies eigentlich eine selbstverständliche Wahrheit ist, muß sie doch ausgesprochen werden. Denn wenn auch solche Dinge mit dem Verstande leicht durchschaut werden, so verhält man sich doch im praktischen Leben nicht in ihrem Sinne. Jedem Ausbeuter seiner Mitmenschen wäre natürlich das liebste, wenn die Opfer seiner Ausbeutung nicht zu leiden hätten. Man käme weit, wenn man das nicht bloß selbstverständlich fände, sondern auch seine Empfindungen und Gefühle darnach einrichtete.

[ 19 ] Ja, aber was soll man mit solchen Behauptungen anfangen? So wird zweifellos mancher «sozial Denkende» einwenden. Soll etwa gar der Ausgebeutete dem Ausbeuter mit wohlwollenden Gefühlen gegenüberstehen? Ist es nicht zu begreiflich, wenn der erstere den letzteren haßt und aus dem Hasse heraus zu seiner Parteistellung geführt wird? Es wäre doch wahrlich ein schlechtes Rezept - so wird man weiter einwenden -, wenn der Bedrückte dem Bedrücker gegenüber an dieMenschenliebe gemahnt würde, etwa im Sinne des Satzes vom großen Buddha: «Haß wird nicht durch Haß, sondern allein durch Liebe überwunden.»

[ 20 ] Dennoch führt die Erkenntnis, die an diesen Punkt anknüpft, allein in der gegenwärtigen Zeit zu einem wirklichen «sozialen Denken». Und hier ist es eben, wo geisteswissenschaftliche Gesinnung einsetzt. Diese kann nämlich nicht an der Oberfläche des Verständnisses haften, sondern muß in die Tiefe dringen. Deshalb kann sie nicht dabei stehen bleiben, zu zeigen, daß durch diese oder jene Verhältnisse Elend geschaffen wird, sondern sie muß zu der allein fruchtbaren Erkenntnis vordringen, wodurch diese Verhältnisse geschaffen worden sind und noch fortwährend geschaffen werden. Und gegenüber diesen tieferen Fragen erweisen sich die meisten sozialen Theorien eben nur als «graue Theorien», wenn nicht gar als bloße Redensarten.

[ 21 ] Solange man mit seinem Denken an der Oberfläche bleibt, solange schreibt man den Verhältnissen, überhaupt dem Äußerlichen eine ganz falsche Macht zu. Diese Verhältnisse sind nämlich nur der Ausdruck eines inneren Lebens. Und so wie nur derjenige den menschlichen Körper versteht, der weiß, daß dieser der Ausdruck der Seele ist, so kann auch nur derjenige die äußeren Einrichtungen im Leben richtig beurteilen, der sich klar macht, daß diese nichts anderes sind als das Geschöpf der Menschenseelen, die ihre Empfindungen, Gesinnungen und Gedanken darin verkörpern. Die Verhältnisse, in denen man lebt, sind von den Mitmenschen geschaffen; und man wird niemals selbst bessere schaffen, wenn man nicht von anderen Gedanken, Gesinnungen und Empfindungen ausgeht, als jene Schöpfer hatten.

[ 22 ] Man betrachte solche Dinge im einzelnen. Äußerlich wird leicht derjenige als Bedrücker erscheinen, der einen prunkvollen Haushalt führen, in der Eisenbahn die erste Klasse benützen kann usw. Und als der Bedrückte wird erscheinen, wer einen schlechten Rock tragen und vierter Klasse fahren muß. Man braucht aber kein mitleidloses Individuum, auch kein Reaktionär oder dergleichen zu sein, um mit klarem Denken doch das folgende zu verstehen. Niemand wird dadurch bedrückt und ausgebeutet, daß ich diesen oder jenen Rock trage, sondern allein dadurch, daß ich den Arbeiter, der für mich den Rock anfertigt, zu wenig entlohne. Der arme Arbeiter, der sich seinen schlechten Rock für weniges Geld erwirbt, ist nun gegenüber seinem Mitmenschen in dieser Beziehung in genau der gleichen Lage wie der Reiche, der sich den besseren Rock machen läßt. Ob ich arm bin oder reich: ich beute aus, wenn ich Dinge erwerbe, die nicht genügend bezahlt werden. Eigentlich dürfte heute keiner irgendeinen andern einen Bedrücker nennen, denn er sehe sich nur einmal selbst an. Tut er das letztere genau, so wird er in sich bald auch den «Bedrücker» entdecken. Wird denn die Arbeit, die du an den Wohlhabenden liefern mußt, nur an diesen zu dem schlechten Lohn geliefert? Nein, derjenige, der neben dir sitzt, und mit dir über Bedrückung klagt, verschafft sich deiner Hände Arbeit zu genau den gleichen Bedingungen wie der Wohlhabende, gegen den ihr euch beide wendet. Man denke das einmal durch, und man wird andere Anhaltpunkte zu «sozialem Denken» finden, als die gebräuchlichen sind.

[ 23 ] Man wird vor allem durch ein in dieser Richtung gehendes Nachdenken darüber klar werden, daß man die Begriffe «Reich» und «Ausbeuter» vollkommen trennen muß. Ob man heute reich oder arm ist, das hängt von der persönlichen Tüchtigkeit oder von derjenigen seiner Vorfahren ab, oder von ganz anderen Dingen. Daß man Ausbeuter der Arbeitskraft anderer ist, das aber hat gar nichts mit diesen Dingen zu tun. Wenigstens nicht unmittelbar. Aber mit anderem hat es sehr viel zu tun. Nämlich damit, daß unsere Einrichtungen oder die uns umgebenden Verhältnisse auf den persönlichen Eigennutz aufgebaut sind. Man muß darüber ganz klar denken, sonst wird man zu der verkehrtesten Auffassung dessen kommen, was gesagt wird. Wenn ich heute einen Rock erwerbe, so erscheint es, nach den bestehenden Verhältnissen, ganz natürlich, daß ich ihn so billig wie nur möglich erwerbe. Das heißt: ich habe dabei nur mich im Auge. Damit ist aber der Gesichtspunkt angedeutet, welcher unser ganzes Leben beherrscht. Nun wird man leicht mit einem Einwande zur Stelle sein können. Man kann sagen: bestreben sich denn nicht eben die sozial denkenden Parteien und Persönlichkeiten, diesem Übel abzuhelfen? Bemüht man sich nicht, die «Arbeit» zu schützen? Fordern nicht die arbeitenden Klassen und ihre Vertreter Lohnverbesserungen und Arbeitszeiteinschränkungen? Schon oben ist gesagt worden, daß von dem Standpunkte der Gegenwart auch nicht das geringste gegen solche Forderungen und Maßnahmen eingewendet werden soll. Natürlich soll damit auch nicht irgendeiner der bestehenden Parteiforderungen das Wort geredet werden. Im einzelnen kommt von dem Gesichtspunkte aus, um den es sich hier handelt, keine Parteinahme, weder «für» noch «gegen» in Betracht. Solches liegt zunächst ganz außerhalb der geisteswissenschaftlichen Betrachtungsweise.

[ 24 ] Man mag noch so viele Verbesserungen zum Schutze irgendeiner Arbeitsklasse einführen, und damit gewiß viel zur Hebung der Lebenslage dieser oder jener Menschengruppe beitragen: Das Wesen der Ausbeutung wird dadurch nicht gemildert. Denn dieses hängt davon ab, daß ein Mensch unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Eigennutzes sich die Arbeitsprodukte des anderen erwirbt. Ob ich viel oder wenig habe: bediene ich mich dessen, was ich habe zur Befriedigung meines Eigennutzes, so muß dadurch der andere ausgebeutet werden. Selbst wenn ich bei Aufrechterhaltung dieses Gesichtspunktes seine Arbeit schütze, so ist damit nur scheinbar etwas getan. Bezahle ich die Arbeit des anderen teurer, so muß er dafür auch die meine teurer bezahlen, wenn nicht durch die Besserstellung des einen die Schlechterstellung des anderen bewirkt werden soll.

[ 25 ] Ein anderes Beispiel soll zur Erläuterung hier angeführt werden. Wenn ich eine Fabrik kaufe, um durch dieselbe möglichst viel für mich zu erwerben, so werde ich sehen, die Arbeitskräfte so billig wie nur möglich zu erhalten usw. Alles, was geschieht, wird unter dem Gesichtspunkt des persönlichen Eigennutzes stehen. — Kaufe ich dagegen die Fabrik mit dem Gesichtspunkte, zweihundert Menschen möglichst gut zu versorgen, so werden alle meine Maßnahmen eine andere Färbung annehmen. — Praktisch wird sich heute gewiß der zweite Fall von dem ersten nicht gerade viel unterscheiden können. Das hängt aber lediglich daran, daß der einzelne Selbstlose nicht allzu viel vermag innerhalb einer Gemeinschaft, die im übrigen auf den Eigennutz aufgebaut ist. Ganz anders aber würde sich die Sache stellen, wenn die uneigennützige Arbeit eine allgemeine wäre.

[ 26 ] Ein «praktisch» Denkender wird natürlich meinen, daß durch die bloße «gute Gesinnung» sich doch niemand die Möglichkeit verschaffen könne, seinen Arbeitern zu besseren Lohnverhältnissen zu verhelfen. Denn man steigere doch durch Wohlwollen nicht das Erträgnis für seine Waren, und ohne das könne man auch für den Arbeiter keine besseren Bedingungen schaffen. - Und gerade darauf kommt es an, einzusehen, daß dieser Einwand ein vollkommener Irrtum ist. Alle Interessen und damit alle Lebensverhältnisse ändern sich, wenn man bei der Erwerbung einer Sache nicht mehr sich, sondern die anderen im Auge hat. Auf was muß jemand sehen, der nur seinem Eigenwohle dienen kann? Doch darauf, daß er möglichst viel erwerbe. Wie die anderen arbeiten müssen, um seine Bedürfnisse zu befriedigen, darauf kann er keine Rücksicht nehmen. Er muß also dadurch seine Kräfte im Kampfe ums Dasein entfalten. Begründe ich eine Unternehmung, die mir möglichst viel einbringen soll, so frage ich nicht, auf welche Art die Arbeitskräfte in Bewegung gesetzt werden, die für mich arbeiten. Komme ich aber gar nicht in Frage, sondern nur der Gesichtspunkt: wie dient meine Arbeit den anderen? so ändert sich alles. Nichts nötigt mich dann, irgend etwas zu unternehmen, was einem anderen abträglich sein kann. Ich stelle dann meine Kräfte nicht in meinen Dienst, sondern in den der anderen. Und das hat eine ganz andere. Entfaltung der Kräfte und Fähigkeiten der Menschen zur Folge. Wie das die Lebensverhältnisse praktisch ändert, davon im Schluß des Aufsatzes. —

[ 27 ] Robert Owen darf in einem gewissen Sinne als ein Genie der praktischen sozialen Wirksamkeit bezeichnet werden. Zwei Eigenschaften waren bei ihm vorhanden, welche diese Bezeichnung wohl rechtfertigen mögen: ein umsichtiger Blick für sozialnützliche Einrichtungen und eine edle Menschenliebe. Man braucht nur zu betrachten, was er durch diese beiden Fähigkeiten zustande gebracht hat, um deren ganze Bedeutung richtig zu würdigen. Er schuf in New Lanark must er volle industrielle Einrichtungen, und beschäftigte die Arbeiter dabei in einer Weise, daß sie nicht nur ein menschenwürdiges Dasein in materieller Beziehung hatten, sondern daß sie auch innerhalb moralisch befriedigender Verhältnisse lebten. Die Personen, welche da zusammengebracht wurden, waren zum Teil herabgekommen, dem Trunk ergeben. Er stellte bessere Elemente zwischen solche ein, die durch ihr Beispiel auf die andern wirkten. Und so wurden die denkbar günstigsten Ergebnisse zustande gebracht. Was Owen da gelang, macht es unmöglich, ihn mit anderen mehr oder weniger phantastischen «Weltverbesserern» - sogenannten Utopisten — auf eine Stufe zu stellen. Er hielt sich eben im Rahmen praktisch ausführbarer Einrichtungen, von denen auch jeder aller Träumerei abgeneigte Mensch voraussetzen kann, daß sie zunächst auf einem gewissen beschränkten Gebiete das menschliche Elend aus der Welt schaffen würden. Auch ist es nicht unpraktisch gedacht, wenn man den Glauben hegt, daß solch ein kleines Gebiet als Muster wirken und von ihm allmählich eine gesunde Entwickelung des Menschenloses in sozialer Richtung angeregt werden könnte.

[ 28 ] Owen selbst dachte wohl so. Deshalb wagte er sich auf der betretenen Bahn noch einen weiteren Schritt vorwärts. Im Jahre 1824 ging er daran, im Gebiete Indiana in Nordamerika eine Art kleinen Musterstaates zu schaffen. Er erwarb ein Landgebiet, auf dem er eine auf Freiheit und Gleichheit gebaute menschliche Gemeinschaft begründen wollte. Alle Einrichtungen wurden so getroffen, daß Ausbeutung und Knechtung Unmöglichkeit waren. Wer an eine solche Aufgabe herantritt, muß die schönsten sozialen Tugenden mitbringen: die Sehnsucht, seine Mitmenschen glücklich zu machen, und den Glauben an die Güte der Menschennatur. Er muß der Ansicht sein, daß sich ganz von selbst innerhalb dieser Menschennatur die Lust zu arbeiten entwickeln werde, wenn der Segen dieser Arbeit durch entsprechende Einrichtungen gesichert erscheint.

[ 29 ] In Owen war dieser Glaube so stark vorhanden, daß es schon recht schlimme Erfahrungen sein mußten, die ihn in demselben wankend werden ließen.

[ 30 ] Und - diese schlimmen Erfahrungen traten wirklich ein. Owen mußte nach langen edlen Bemühungen zu dem Bekenntnis kommen, daß «man mit der Verwirklichung solcher Kolonien stets scheitern müsse, wenn man nicht vorher die allgemeine Sitte umgewandelt; und daß es mehr wert wäre, auf die Menschheit auf dem theoretischen Wege einzuwirken, als auf dem der Praxis». - Zu solcher Meinung ist dieser Sozialreformer durch die Tatsache gedrängt worden, daß sich Arbeitsunlustige genug fanden, welche die Arbeit auf ihre Mitmenschen abladen wollten, wodurch Streit, Kampf und zuletzt der Bankerott der Kolonie folgen mußten.

[ 31 ] Owens Erfahrung kann lehrreich sein für alle, die wirklich lernen wollen. Sie kann hinüberleiten von allen künstlich geschaffenen und künstlich ausgedachten Einrichtungen zum Heile der Menschheit zu fruchtbarer, mit der wahren Wirklichkeit rechnenden sozialen Arbeit.

[ 32 ] Gründlich geheilt konnte Owen sein durch seine Erfahrung von dem Glauben, daß alles Menschenelend nur bewirkt werde durch die «schlechten Einrichtungen», in denen die Menschen leben, und daß die Güte der Menschennatur schon von selbst zutage treten werde, wenn man diese Einrichtungen verbessert. Er mußte sich davon überzeugen, daß gute Einrichtungen überhaupt nur aufrecht zu erhalten sind, wenn die daran beteiligten Menschen ihrer inneren Natur nach dazu geneigt sind, sie zu erhalten, wenn diese mit warmem Anteile an ihnen hängen.

[ 33 ] Man könnte nun zunächst daran denken, es sei notwendig, die Menschen, denen man solche Einrichtungen verschaffen will, theoretisch darauf vorzubereiten. Etwa dadurch, daß man ihnen das Richtige und Zweckentsprechende der Maßnahmen klar machte. Es liegt für einen Unbefangenen gar nicht so ferne, aus Owens Bekenntnis so etwas herauszulesen. Und dennoch kann man zu einem wirklich praktischen Ergebnis nur dadurch gelangen, daß man tiefer in die Sache eindringt. Man muß von dem bloßen Glauben an die Güte der Menschennatur, der Owen getäuscht hat, zu wirklicher Menschenkenntnis vorschreiten. — Alle Klarheit, welche die Menschen jemals darüber sich aneignen könnten, daß irgendwelche Einrichtungen zweckmäßig sind und der Menschheit zum Segen gereichen können - alle solche Klarheit kann auf die Dauer nicht zum gewünschten Ziele führen. Denn durch solch eine klare Einsicht wird der Mensch nicht die inneren Antriebe zur Arbeit gewinnen können, wenn auf der anderen Seite sich bei ihm die im Egoismus begründeten Triebe geltend machen. Dieser Egoismus ist einmal zunächst ein Teil der Menschennatur. Und das führt dazu, daß er sich im Gefühl des Menschen regt, wenn dieser innerhalb der Gesellschaft mit anderen zusammen leben und arbeiten soll. Mit einer gewissen Notwendigkeit führt dies dazu, daß in der Praxis die meisten eine solche gesellschaftliche Einrichtung für die beste halten werden, durch welche der einzelne seine Bedürfnisse am besten befriedigen kann. So bildet sich unter dem Einfluß der egoistischen Gefühle ganz naturgemäß die soziale Frage in der Form heraus: welche gesellschaftlichen Einrichtungen müssen getroffen werden, damit ein jeder für sich das Erträgnis seiner Arbeit haben kann? Und besonders in unserer materialistisch denkenden Zeit rechnen nur wenige mit einer anderen Voraussetzung. Wie oft kann man es wie eine selbstverständliche Wahrheit aussprechen hören, daß eine soziale Ordnung ein Unding sei, welche auf Wohlwollen und Menschenmitgefühl sich aufbauen will. Man rechnet vielmehr damit, daß das Ganze einer menschlichen Gemeinschaft am besten gedeihen könne, wenn der einzelne den «vollen» oder den größtmöglichen Ertrag seiner Arbeit auch einheimsen kann.

[ 34 ] Genau das Gegenteil davon lehrt nun der Okkultismus, der auf eine tiefere Erkenntnis des Menschen und der Welt begründet ist. Er zeigt gerade, daß alles menschliche Elend lediglich eine Folge des Egoismus ist, und daß in einer Menschengemeinschaft ganz notwendig zu irgendeiner Zeit Elend, Armut und Not sich einstellen müssen, wenn diese Gemeinschaft in irgendeiner Art auf dem Egoismus beruht. Um das einzus&hen, dazu gehören allerdings tiefere Erkenntnisse, als es diejenigen sind, welche da und dort unter der Flagge der sozialen Wissenschaft segeln. Diese «soziale Wissenschaft» rechnet eben nur mit der Außenseite des Menschenlebens, nicht aber mit den tiefer liegenden Kräften desselben. Ja, es ist sogar sehr schwierig, bei der Mehrzahl der gegenwärtigen Menschen in ihnen auch nur ein Gefühl davon zu erwecken, daß von solchen tiefer liegenden Kräften die Rede sein könne. Sie betrachten denjenigen als einen unpraktischen Phantasten, der ihnen mit solchen Dingen irgendwie kommt. Nun kann aber auch hier gar nicht einmal der Versuch gemacht werden, eine auf tiefer liegende Kräfte gebaute soziale Theorie zu entwickeln. Denn dazu wäre ein ausführliches Werk nötig. Nur eines kann geleistet werden: auf die wahren Gesetze des menschlichen Zusammenarbeitens kann hingewiesen und gezeigt werden, welche vernünftigen sozialen Erwägungen sich für den Kenner dieser Gesetze ergeben. Das volle Verständnis der Sache kann nur derjenige gewinnen, welcher sich eine auf den Okkultismus begründete Weltauffassung erwirbt. Und auf die Vermittelung einer solchen Weltauffassung arbeitet ja diese ganze Zeitschrift hin. Man kann sie nicht von einem einzelnen Aufsatz über die «soziale Frage» erwarten. Alles, was dieser sich zur Aufgabe machen kann, ist, vom okkulten Standpunkte aus ein Schlaglicht zu werfen auf diese Frage. Es wird ja immerhin Personen geben, welche das gefühlsmäßig in seiner Richtigkeit erkennen, was in aller Kürze vorgebracht werden soll, und welches unmöglich in aller Ausführlichkeit dargelegt werden kann.

[ 35 ] Nun, das soziale Hauptgesetz, welches durch den Okkultismus aufgewiesen wird, ist das folgende: «Das Heil einer Gesamtheit von zusammenarbeitenden Menschen ist um so größer, je weniger der einzelne die Erträgnisse seiner Leistungen für sich beansprucht, das heißt, je mehr er von diesen Erträgnissen an seine Mitarbeiter abgibt, und je mehr seine eigenen Bedürfnisse nicht aus seinen Leistungen, sondern aus den Leistungen der anderen befriedigt werden.» Alle Einrichtungen innerhalb einer Gesamtheit von Menschen, welche diesem Gesetz widersprechen, müssen bei längerer Dauer irgendwo Elend und Not erzeugen. — Dieses Hauptgesetz gilt für das soziale Leben mit einer solchen Ausschließlichkeit und Notwendigkeit, wie nur irgendein Naturgesetz in bezug auf irgendein gewisses Gebiet von Naturwirkungen gilt. Man darf aber nicht denken, daß es genüge, wenn man dieses Gesetz als ein allgemeines moralisches gelten läßt oder es etwa in die Gesinnung umsetzen wollte, daß ein jeder im Dienste seiner Mitmenschen arbeite. Nein, in der Wirklichkeit lebt das Gesetz nur so, wie es leben soll, wenn es einer Gesamtheit von Menschen gelingt, solche Einrichtungen zu schaffen, daß niemals jemand die Früchte seiner eigenen Arbeit für sich selber in Anspruch nehmen kann, sondern doch diese möglichst ohne Rest der Gesamtheit zugute kommen. Er selbst muß dafür wiederum durch die Arbeit seiner Mitmenschen erhalten werden. Worauf es also ankommt, das ist, daß für die Mitmenschen arbeiten und ein gewisses Einkommen erzielen zwei voneinander ganz getrennte Dinge seien.

[ 36 ] Diejenigen, welche sich einbilden, «praktische Menschen » zu sein, werden — darüber gibt sich der Okkultist keiner Täuschung hin — über diesen «haarsträubenden Idealismus » nur ein Lächeln haben. Und dennoch ist das obige Gesetz praktischer als nur irgendein anderes, das jemals von «Praktikern» ausgedacht oder in die Wirklichkeit eingeführt worden ist. Wer nämlich das Leben wirklich untersucht, der kann finden, daß eine jede Menschengemeinschaft, die irgendwo existiert, oder die nur jemals existiert hat, zweierlei Einrichtungen hat. Der eine dieser beiden Teile entspricht diesem Gesetze, der andere widerspricht ihm. So muß es nämlich überall kommen, ganz gleichgültig, ob die Menschen wollen oder nicht. Jede Gesamtheit zerfiele nämlich sofort, wenn nicht die Arbeit der einzelnen dem Ganzen zufließen würde. Aber der menschliche Egoismus hat auch von jeher dieses Gesetz durchkreuzt. Er hat für den einzelnen möglichst viel aus seiner Arbeit herauszuschlagen gesucht. Und nur dasjenige, was auf diese Art aus dem Egoismus hervorgegangen ist, hat von jeher Not, Armut und Elend zur Folge gehabt. Das heißt aber doch nichts anderes, als daß immer derjenige Teil der menschlichen Einrichtungen sich als unpraktisch erweisen muß, der von den «Praktikern» auf die Art zustande gebracht wird, daß dabei entweder mit dem eigenen oder dem fremden Egoismus gerechnet wird.

[ 37 ] Nun kann es sich aber natürlich nicht bloß darum handeln, daß man ein solches Gesetz einsieht, sondern die wirkliche Praxis beginnt mit der Frage: wie kann man es in die Wirklichkeit umsetzen? Es ist klar, daß dieses Gesetz nichts Geringeres besagt als dieses: Die Menschenwohlfahrt ist um so größer, je geringer der Egoismus ist. Man ist also bei der Umsetzung in die Wirklichkeit darauf angewiesen, daß man es mit Menschen zu tun habe, die den Weg aus dem Egoismus herausfinden. Das ist aber praktisch ganz unmöglich, wenn das Maß von Wohl und Wehe des einzelnen sich nach seiner Arbeit bestimmt. Wer für sich arbeitet, muß allmählich dem Egoismus verfallen. Nur wer ganz für die anderen arbeitet, kann nach und nach ein unegoistischer Arbeiter werden.

[ 38 ] Dazu ist aber eine Voraussetzung notwendig. Wenn ein Mensch für einen anderen arbeitet, dann muß er in diesem anderen den Grund zu seiner Arbeit finden; und wenn jemand für die Gesamtheit arbeiten soll, dann muß er den Wert, die Wesenheit und Bedeutung dieser Gesamtheit empfinden und fühlen. Das kann er nur dann, wenn die Gesamtheit noch etwas ganz anderes ist als eine mehr oder weniger unbestimmte Summe von einzelnen Menschen. Sie muß von einem wirklichen Geiste erfüllt sein, an dem ein jeder Anteil nimmt. Sie muß so sein, daß ein jeder sich sagt: sie ist richtig, und ich will, daß sie so ist. Die Gesamtheit muß eine geistige Mission haben; und jeder einzelne muß beitragen wollen, daß diese Mission erfüllt werde. All die unbestimmten, abstrakten Fortschrittsideen, von denen man gewöhnlich redet, können eine solche Mission nicht darstellen. Wenn nur sie herrschen, so wird ein einzelner da, oder eine Gruppe dort arbeiten, ohne daß diese übersehen, wozu sonst ihre Arbeit etwas nütze ist, als daß sie und die Ihrigen, oder etwa noch die Interessen, an denen gerade sie hängen, dabei ihre Rechnung finden. — Bis in den einzelsten herunter muß dieser Geist der Gesamtheit lebendig sein.

[ 39 ] Gutes ist von jeher nur dort gediehen, wo in irgendeiner Art ein solches Leben des Gesamtgeistes erfüllt war. Der einzelne Bürger einer griechischen Stadt des Altertums, ja auch derjenige einer freien Stadt im Mittelalter hatte so etwas wie wenigstens ein dunkles Gefühl von einem solchen Gesamtgeist. Es ist kein Einwand dagegen, daß zum Beispiel die entsprechenden Einrichtungen im alten Griechenland nur möglich waren, weil man ein Heer von Sklaven hatte, welche für die «freien Bürger» die Arbeit verrichteten und die dazu nicht von dem Gresamtgeist, sondern durch den Zwang ihrer Herren getrieben worden sind. - An diesem Beispiele kann man nur das eine lernen, daß das Menschenleben der Entwickelung unterliegt. Gegenwärtig ist die Menschheit eben auf einer Stufe angelangt, wo eine solche Lösung der Gesellschaftsfrage, wie sie im alten Griechenland herrschte, unmöglich ist. Selbst den edelsten Griechen galt die Sklaverei nicht als ein Unrecht, sondern als eine menschliche Notwendigkeit. Deshalb konnte zum Beispiel der große Plato ein Staatsideal aufstellen, in dem der Gesamtgeist dadurch in Erfüllung geht, daß die Mehrzahl der Arbeitsmenschen von den wenigen Einsichtsvollen zur Arbeit gezwungen werde. Die Aufgabe der Gegenwart aber ist, die Menschen in eine solche Lage zu bringen, daß ein jeder aus seinem innersten Antriebe heraus die Arbeit für die Gesamtheit leistet.

[ 40 ] Deshalb soll niemand daran denken, eine für alle Zeiten gültige Lösung der sozialen Frage zu suchen, sondern lediglich daran, wie sich sein soziales Denken und Wirken mit Rücksicht auf die unmittelbaren Bedürfnisse der Gegenwart gestalten muß, in welcher er lebt. - Es kann überhaupt kein einzelner heute irgend etwas theoretisch ausdenken oder in die Wirklichkeit umsetzen, was als solches die soziale Frage lösen könnte. Dazu müßte er die Macht haben, eine Anzahl von Menschen in die von ihm geschaffenen Verhältnisse hineinzuzwingen. Es kann ja gar kein Zweifel darüber bestehen: hätte Owen die Macht oder den Willen gehabt, all die Menschen seiner Kolonie zu der ihnen zukommenden Arbeit zu zwingen, dann hätte die Sache gehen müssen. Aber um solchen Zwang kann es sich gerade in der Gegenwart nicht handeln. Es muß die Möglichkeit herbeigeführt werden, daß ein jeder freiwillig tut, wozu er berufen ist nach dem Maß seiner Fähigkeiten und Kräfte. Aber gerade deshalb kann es sich nie und nimmer darum handeln, daß im Sinne des oben angeführten Owenschen Bekenntnisses so auf die Menschen «im theoretischen Sinne» einzuwirken sei, daß ihnen eine bloße Ansicht darüber vermittelt werde, wie sich die ökonomischen Verhältnisse am besten einrichten lassen. Eine nüchterne ökonomische Theorie kann niemals ein Antrieb gegen die egoistischen Mächte sein. Eine Zeitlang vermag eine solche ökonomische Theorie den Massen einen gewissen Schwung zu verleihen, der dem Scheine nach einem Idealismus ähnlich ist. Auf die Dauer aber kann eine solche Theorie niemandem nützen. Wer einer Menschenmasse eine solche Theorie einimpft, ohne ihr etwas anderes wirklich Geistiges zu geben, der versündigt sich an dem wahren Sinn der menschlichen Entwickelung.

[ 41 ] Das, was allein helfen kann, ist eine geistige Weltanschauung, welche durch sich selbst, durch das, was sie zu bieten vermag, sich in die Gedanken, in die Gefühle, in den Willen, kurz in die ganze Seele des Menschen einlebt. Der Glaube, den Owen gehabt hat an die Güte der Menschennatur, ist nur teilweise richtig, zum anderen Teile ist er aber eine der ärgsten Illusionen. Er ist insofern richtig, als in jedem Menschen ein «höheres Selbst » schlummert, das erweckt werden kann. Aber es kann aus seinem Schlummer nur erlöst werden durch eine Weltauffassung, welche die oben genannten Eigenschaften hat. Bringt man Menschen in Einrichtungen, wie sie von Owen erdacht waren, dann wird die Gemeinschaft im schönsten Sinne gedeihen. Führt man aber Menschen zusammen, die eine solche Weltauffassung nicht haben, dann wird das Gute der Einrichtungen sich ganz notwendig nach einer kürzeren oder längeren Zeit zum Schlechten verkehren müssen. Bei Menschen ohne eine auf den Geist sich richtende Weltauffassung müssen nämlich notwendig gerade diejenigen Einrichtungen, welche den materiellen Wohlstand befördern, auch eine Steigerung des Egoismus bewirken, und damit nach und nach Not, Elend und Armut erzeugen. — Es ist eben in des Wortes ureigenster Bedeutung richtig: nur dem einzelnen kann man helfen, wenn man ihm bloß Brot verschafft; einer Gesamtheit kann man nur dadurch Brot verschaffen, daß man ihr zu einer Weltauffassung verhilft. Es würde nämlich auch das gar nichts nützen, wenn man von einer Gesamtheit jedem einzelnen Brot verschaffen wollte. Nach einiger Zeit müßte sich dann doch die Sache so gestalten, daß viele wieder kein Brot haben.

[ 42 ] Die Erkenntnis dieser Grundsätze nimmt allerdings gewissen Leuten, die sich zu Volksbeglückern aufwerfen möchten, manche Illusion. Denn sie macht das Arbeiten am sozialen Wohle zu einer recht schwierigen Sache. Und noch dazu zu einer solchen, in der sich die Erfolge unter gewissen Verhältnissen nur aus ganz kleinen Teilerfolgen zusammensetzen lassen. Das meiste von dem, was heute ganze Parteien als Heilmittel im sozialen Leben ausgeben, verliert seinen Wert, erweist sich als eitel Täuschung und Reden, ohne genügende Kenntnis des Menschenlebens. Kein Parlament, keine Demokratie, keine Massenagitation, nichtsvonalledemkannfürdentieferBlickenden eine Bedeutung haben, wenn es das oben ausgesprochene Gesetz verletzt. Und alles Derartige kann dann günstig wirken, wenn es sich im Sinne dieses Gesetzes verhält. Es ist eine schlimme Illusion, zu glauben, daß irgendwelche Abgeordnete eines Volkes in irgendeinem Parlamente etwas beitragen können zum Heile der Menschheit, wenn ihr Wirken nicht im Sinne des sozialen Hauptgesetzes eingerichtet ist.

[ 43 ] Wo immer dieses Gesetz in die Erscheinung tritt, wo immer jemand in seinem Sinne wirkt, soweit es ihm möglich ist auf dem Platze, auf den er in der Menschengemeinschaft gestellt ist: da wird Gutes erzielt, und wenn es im einzelnen Falle auch in einem noch so geringen Maße der Fall ist. Und nur aus Einzelwirkungen, welche auf solche Art zustande kommen, setzt sich ein heilsamer sozialer Gesamtfortschritt zusammen. — Allerdings kommt es auch vor, daß in einzelnen Fällen größere Menschengemeinschaften eine besondere Anlage dazu besitzen, mit ihrer Hilfe in der angedeuteten Richtung einen größeren Erfolg auf einmal zu erzielen. Es gibt auch jetzt schon bestimmte Menschengemeinschaften, in deren Anlagen sich dergleichen vorbereitet. Sie werden es möglich machen, daß mit ihrer Hilfe die Menschheit gleichsam einen Ruck, einen Sprung in sozialer Entwickelung vollbringt. Dem Okkultismus sind solche Menschengemeinschaften bekannt; es kann aber nicht seine Aufgabe sein, über derlei Dinge öffentlich zu sprechen. — Und es gibt ja auch Mittel, größere Menschenmassen zu einem solchen Sprung, der wohl gar in absehbarer Zeit gemacht werden kann, vorzubereiten. Was aber jeder tun kann, das ist, im Sinne obigen Gesetzes in seinem Bereiche zu wirken. Es gibt keine Stellung eines Menschen in der Welt, innerhalb welcher man das nicht kann: sie möge anscheinend noch so unbedeutend oder noch so einflußreich sein.

[ 44 ] Das Wichtigste ist ja allerdings, daß ein jeglicher die Wege sucht zu einer Weltauffassung, die sich auf wahre Erkenntnis des Geistes richtet. Die anthroposophische Geistesrichtung kann sich zu einer solchen Auffassung für alle Menschen herausbilden, wenn sie sich immer mehr in der Art ausgestaltet, wie es ihrem Inhalte und den in ihr vorhandenen Anlagen entspricht. Durch sie kann der Mensch erfahren, daß er nicht zufällig an irgendeinem Orte und zu irgendeiner Zeit geboren ist, sondern daß er durch das geistige Ursachengesetz, das Karma, mit Notwendigkeit an den Ort hingestellt ist, an dem er sich befindet. Er kann einsehen, daß ihn sein wohlbegründetes Schicksal in die Menschengemeinschaft hineingestellt hat, innerhalb welcher er ist. Auch von seinen Fähigkeiten kann er gewahr werden, daß sie ihm nicht durch ein blindes Ohngefähr zugefallen sind, sondern daß sie einen Sinn haben innerhalb des Ürsachengesetzes.

[ 45 ] Und er kann das alles so einsehen, daß diese Einsicht nicht eine bloße nüchterne Vernunftsache bleibt, sondern daß sie allmählich seine ganze Seele mit innerem Leben erfüllt.

[ 46 ] Es wird ihm das Gefühl davon aufgehen, daß er einen höheren Sinn erfüllt, wenn er im Sinne seines Platzes in der Welt und im Sinne seiner Fähigkeiten arbeitet. Kein schattenhafter Idealismus wird aus dieser Einsicht folgen, sondern ein mächtiger Impuls aller seiner Kräfte, und er wird dieses Handeln in solcher Richtung als etwas so Selbstverständliches ansehen, wie in einer anderen Beziehung Essen und Trinken. Und ferner wird er den Sinn erkennen, welcher mit der Menschengemeinschaft verbunden ist, welcher er angehört. Er wird die Verhältnisse begreifen, in denen seine Menschengemeinschaft sich zu anderen stellt; und so werden sich die Einzelgeister dieser Gemeinschaften zusammenfügen zu einem geistig-zielvollen Bilde von der einheitlichen Mission des ganzen Menschengeschlechtes. Und von dem Menschengeschlecht wird seine Erkenntnis hinüberschweifen können zu dem Sinne des ganzen Erdendaseins. Nur wer sich nicht auf die in dieser Richtung angedeutete Weltauffassung einläßt, kann Zweifel daran hegen, daß sie so wirken muß, wie hier angegeben wird. In heutiger Zeit ist freilich bei den meisten Menschen wenig Neigung vorhanden, sich auf so etwas einzulassen. Aber es kann nicht ausbleiben, daß die richtige geisteswissenschaftliche Vorstellungsart immer weitere Kreise zieht. Und in dem Maße, als sie das tut, werden die Menschen das Richtige treffen, um den sozialen Fortschritt zu bewirken. Man kann nicht aus dem Grunde daran Zweifel hegen, weil angeblich bis jetzt keine Weltanschauung das Glück der Menschheit herbeigeführt hat. Nach den Gesetzen der Menschheitsentwickelung konnte in keinem früheren Zeitpunkte das eintreten, was von jetzt an allmählich möglich wird: eine Weltauffassung mit der Aussicht auf den angedeuteten praktischen Erfolg allen Menschen zu übermitteln.

[ 47 ] Die bisherigen Weltauffassungen waren nur einzelnen Gruppen von Menschen zugänglich. Aber was bisher im Menschengeschlecht an Gutem geschehen ist, rührt doch von den Weltauffassungen her. Zu einem allgemeinen Heil kann nur eine solche Weltauffassung führen, die alle Seelen ergreifen und das innere Leben in ihnen entzünden kann. Das aber wird die geisteswissenschaftliche Vorstellungsart überall imstande sein, wo sie ihren Anlagen wirklich entspricht. — Natürlich darf nicht einfach der Blick auf die Gestalt gerichtet werden, welche diese Vorstellungsart bereits angenommen hat; um das Gesagte als richtig anzuerkennen, ist notwendig, einzusehen, daß sich die Geisteswissenschaft zu ihrer hohen Kulturmission erst hinaufentwickeln muß.

[ 48 ] Bis heute kann sie das Antlitz, das sie einstmals zeigen wird, aus mehreren Gründen noch nicht aufweisen. Einer dieser Gründe ist der, daß sie erst irgendwo Fuß fassen muß. Sie muß sich deshalb an eine bestimmte Menschengruppe wenden. Das kann naturgemäß keine andere sein, als diejenige, welche durch die Eigenart ihrer Entwickelung nach einer neuen Lösung der Welträtsel Sehnsucht hat und welche durch die Vorbildung der in ihr vereinigten Personen einer solchen Lösung Verständnis und Anteil entgegenbringen kann. Selbstverständlich muß die Geisteswissenschaft ihre Verkündigungen vorläufig in eine solche Sprache kleiden, daß diese der gekennzeichneten Menschengruppe angepaßt ist. In dem Maße, als sich weiterhin die Bedingungen ergeben, wird die Geisteswissenschaft auch die Ausdrucksformen finden, um noch zu anderen Kreisen zu sprechen. Nur jemand, der durchaus fertige starre Dogmen haben will, kann glauben, daß die gegenwärtige Form der geisteswissenschaftlichen Verkündigung eine bleibende, oder etwa gar die einzig mögliche sei. — Gerade weil es sich der Geisteswissenschaft nicht darum handeln kann, bloß Theorie zu bleiben, oder bloß die Wißbegierde zu befriedigen, muß sie in dieser Art langsam arbeiten. Zu ihren Zielen gehört eben das charakterisierte Praktische des Menschheitsfortschrittes. Sie kann aber diesen Menschheitsfottschritt nur bewirken, wenn sie die wirklichen Bedingungen dazu schafft. Und diese Bedingungen können nicht anders herbeigeführt werden, als wenn Mensch nach Mensch erobert wird. Nur wenn die Menschen wollen, schreitet die Welt vorwärts. Daß sie aber wollen, dazu ist bei jedem die innere Seelenarbeit notwendig. Und diese kann nur Schritt für Schritt geleistet werden. Wäre das nicht der Fall, so würde auch die Theosophie auf sozialem Gebiete Hirngespinste aufführen und keine praktische Arbeit tun. Auf noch weiteres einzelne soll demnächst eingegangen werden.

[ 1 ] Anyone who is currently looking around them with open eyes will see the mighty rise of what is called the “social question” everywhere. Those who take life seriously must in some way or other give thought to what is connected with this question. And it must appear self-evident that such a way of thinking, which has made the highest ideals of humanity its task, must somehow or other gain a relationship to social demands. But such a way of thinking is what spiritual science wants to be for the present time. It is therefore only natural to ask for this relationship.

[ 2 ] At first it may seem as if spiritual science had nothing special to say in this direction. Its most prominent characteristic is the internalization of the life of the soul and the awakening of the eye for a spiritual world. Even those who are only superficially acquainted with the ideas that are disseminated by speakers and writers who are oriented towards spiritual science will be able to recognize this striving if they look at it with an open mind. However, it is more difficult to see that this striving currently has a practical significance. And in particular, its connection with the social question is not easy to understand. What, some will ask, can a doctrine that deals with “reincarnation”, “karma”, the “supernatural world”, the “origin of man” and so on do to help the social ills? Such a line of thought seems to fly away from all reality into distant cloud heights, while now everyone urgently needs to gather all their thoughts together in order to meet the challenges that earthly reality presents.

[ 3 ] Of all the different opinions that must necessarily arise at the present time in relation to spiritual science, two are listed here. One is that it is regarded as the expression of unbridled fantasy. It is quite natural that such a view should exist. And it should be least incomprehensible to the spiritual scientist. Every conversation in his environment, everything that goes on around him, everything that gives people pleasure and joy, can teach him that he is speaking a language that is downright foolish for many people. To understand his surroundings, however, he must have the absolute certainty that he is on the right path. Otherwise he could hardly stand upright when he realizes the conflict of his ideas with those of so many others who belong to the educated and thinking. If he has the right certainty, if he knows the truth and the strength of his view, then he says to himself: I know very well that I can be regarded as a dreamer at present, and it is clear to me why that is so; but the truth must work, even if it is laughed at and mocked, and its effect does not depend on the opinions that one has about it, but from its solid foundation.

[ 4 ] The other opinion that affects spiritual science is that its thoughts are beautiful and satisfying, but that they can only have value for the inner life of the soul, not for the practical struggle of life. Even those who, in order to satisfy their spiritual needs, demand spiritual-scientific nourishment, can only too easily be tempted to say to themselves: yes, but how can this world of thought give any enlightenment about social need, about material misery? But this opinion is based on a complete misjudgment of the real facts of life, and above all on a misunderstanding of the fruits of spiritual-scientific thought.

[ 5 ] The question is almost always: what does spiritual science teach? How can one prove what it claims? And then one seeks the fruit in the feeling of satisfaction that one can draw from the teachings. This is of course as self-evident as possible. One must first of all develop a feeling for the truth of the assertions that one is confronted with. The true fruit of spiritual science must not be sought in this. This fruit only shows itself when the spiritual scientist approaches the tasks of practical life. It depends on whether spiritual science helps him to grasp these tasks insightfully and to seek the means and ways to solve them with understanding. Anyone who wants to be effective in life must first understand life. This is the crux of the matter. As long as one stops at the question of what spiritual science teaches, one can find these teachings too “high” for practical life. But if one focuses on the training that thinking and feeling receive through these teachings, then one will stop making such an objection. However strange it may seem to the superficial mind, it is nevertheless true that spiritual-scientific thoughts, which appear to be floating in cloud-cuckoo-land, form the basis for a correct approach to everyday life. And spiritual science sharpens our understanding of social demands precisely by leading the spirit first into the light heights of the supersensible. As contradictory as this may seem, it is nevertheless true.

[ 6 ] Let us take an example to illustrate what is meant by this. A very interesting book has recently appeared: “Als Arbeiter in Amerika” (Berlin, K. Siegismund). The author is Regierungsrat Kolb, who undertook to spend months in America as an ordinary laborer. In this way he acquired a judgment of people and life that could obviously have been given to him just as little by the education that made him a government councilor, nor by the experiences he was able to gather in this position and in all the positions that one takes before becoming a government councilor. He had thus been in a relatively responsible position for years, and only when he left it and lived for a short time in a faraway country did he get to know life in such a way that he wrote the following thought-provoking sentence in his book: “How often had I previously, when I saw a healthy man begging, asked with moral indignation: Why doesn't the beggar work? Now I knew. In theory, things look different than in practice, and even the most unpleasant categories of economics are quite bearable at the study table.” Now, I do not want to cause the slightest misunderstanding here. The man who has managed to leave a comfortable life and work hard in a brewery or bicycle factory deserves the highest respect. This act should be emphasized as much as possible so as not to give the impression that the man should be subjected to derogatory criticism. But it is absolutely clear to anyone who wants to see that all the training and all the science that this man has undergone have not given him a judgment of life. Try to realize what is being admitted here: one can learn everything that enables one to occupy relatively leading positions at the present time, and one can be completely out of touch with the life that one is supposed to influence. — Is that not like being trained in some school to build bridges, and then, when faced with the task of building a bridge, not understanding anything about it? But no: it is not quite like that. Those who prepare themselves poorly for bridge-building will soon realize their shortcomings when they approach the practice. He will prove to be a botcher and be rejected everywhere. But those who are poorly prepared for social life will not be able to prove their shortcomings so quickly. Badly built bridges collapse; and then it is clear to even the most prejudiced that the bridge builder was a botcher. But what is botched in social work only shows itself in that fellow human beings suffer from it. And it is not so easy to see the connection between this suffering and botched work as it is to see the connection between the collapse of a bridge and an incompetent builder. “Yes, but,” one will say, “what has all this to do with spiritual science? Does the spiritual scientist believe that his teachings would have given Councillor Kolb a better understanding of life? What good would it have done him if he had known something about “reincarnation”, “karma” and all the “supernatural worlds”? No one will want to claim that the ideas about planetary systems and higher worlds could have saved the aforementioned government councilor from having to admit one day that “he was quite happy to deal with the most unpleasant categories of political economy at the study table.” The person with a spiritual orientation can now really answer, as Lessing did in a certain case: “I am this ‘nobody’; I claim it outright.” But one must not understand this as if someone with the doctrine of “reincarnation” or the knowledge of “karma” could engage in socially correct activity. That would be naive, of course. The matter does not, of course, go so far as to refer those who are destined to become government ministers to the “Secret Doctrine” of Blavatsky instead of sending them to Schmoller, Wagner or Brentano at the university. But what matters is this: will a national economic theory that comes from a spiritual scientist be one that can be handled well at the study table, but fails in real life? And that is precisely what it will not be. When does a theory fail to stand up to life? When it is produced by a way of thinking that is not schooled for life. Now, however, the teachings of spiritual science are just as much the real laws of life as the teachings of electricity are those of a factory for electrical appliances. Anyone who wants to set up such a factory must first acquire a true knowledge of electricity. And anyone who wants to work in life must get to know the laws of life. But as far as the teachings of spiritual science seem to be from life, so close they are to it in truth. To the superficial eye they appear to be unworldly; to the true understanding they open up life. One does not withdraw into “spiritual scientific circles” out of mere curiosity, in order to receive all kinds of “interesting” insights into otherworldly worlds, but one trains one's thinking, feeling and willing in the “eternal laws of existence”, in order to step out into life and to understand this life with a bright, clear view. The spiritual-scientific teachings are a detour to lively thinking, judging and feeling. The spiritual-scientific movement will only be on the right track when this is fully recognized. Right action arises from right thinking; and wrong action arises from wrong thinking or from thoughtlessness. Anyone who wants to believe at all that something good can be done in the social sphere must admit that it depends on human abilities to bring about such good. To work through the ideas of spiritual science means to increase one's abilities to work socially. In this respect, it is not only a matter of what thoughts one takes in through spiritual science, but also of what one makes of one's thinking through it.

[ 7 ] It must certainly be admitted that within the circles themselves that are devoted to spiritual science, not too much work can be seen in this regard. And it cannot be denied that those who are not familiar with spiritual science have every reason to doubt the above assertions. But it should also be borne in mind that the spiritual-scientific movement in its present form is only at the beginning of its effectiveness. Its further progress will consist in its introduction into all practical areas of life. Then, for example, it will become apparent that, in the case of the “social question”, theories that “can be handled quite well at the study table” will be replaced by those that enable insight to judge life impartially and give the will the direction for such action that salvation and blessing for one's fellow human beings will arise. Many a person will say that the Kolb case shows that the reference to spiritual science is superfluous. It would only be necessary for people preparing for any profession to learn their “theories not only in the study, but that they would be brought together with life, that they would receive practical as well as theoretical instruction. For as soon as Kolb looked at life, what he had learned was enough to make him change his opinion. No, it is not enough, because the problem lies deeper. If someone sees that with an inadequate education he can only build bridges that collapse, he has not yet acquired the ability to build bridges that do not collapse. He must first acquire a truly fruitful education for the latter. Surely one needs nothing more than to look at the social conditions, even if one has an inadequate theory about the basic laws of life, and one will no longer say to anyone who does not work: “Why doesn't the scoundrel work?” One can then understand from the circumstances why such a person does not work. But has one thereby already learned how to shape conditions so that people can thrive? No doubt all the well-meaning people who have presented their plans for improving the human condition have not judged as the government councilor Kolb did before his trip to America. Surely they were all convinced, even before such an expedition, that not everyone who is doing badly should be dismissed with the phrase “why doesn't that scoundrel work?”. Are all their social reform proposals therefore fruitful? No, they cannot be, because they contradict each other so often. And therefore one will have the right to say that even the positive reform plans of the government council Kolb cannot have much effect after his conversion. This is the error of our time in this respect, that everyone considers himself capable of understanding life, even if he has not concerned himself with the basic laws of life, if he has not first trained his thinking to see the true forces of life. And spiritual science is a training for a healthy judgment of life, because it gets to the bottom of life. It is of no use to see that circumstances bring people into unfavorable situations in which they degenerate: one must learn to know the forces through which favorable circumstances are created. And for a similar reason, our economically educated people cannot do this, for the same reason that no one who does not know the multiplication table can do arithmetic. Put such a person in front of as many rows of figures as you like: looking at them will be of no use to him. Put the person whose thinking understands nothing of the fundamental forces of social life in front of reality: he may describe what he sees as vividly as he likes; but he cannot make anything out about how the social forces intertwine for the good or the harm of humanity, he can make no difference to it.

[ 8 ] In our time, a view of life is necessary that leads to the true sources of life. And such a view of life can be spiritual science. If all those who want to form an opinion about what is “socially necessary” would first go through the life teaching of spiritual science, then we would make progress. The objection that those who devote themselves to spiritual science today merely “talk” and do not “act” is just as invalid as the objection that spiritual-scientific opinions have not yet been tested and might therefore turn out to be just as much a gray “theory” as Mr. Kolb's political economy. The first objection is irrelevant, because one cannot “act” as long as the paths to action are blocked. Let a spiritual scientist know as well as he can what a father should do in educating his children; he cannot “act” if the father does not appoint him as educator. In this respect, we must wait patiently until the “talking” of those who work in spiritual science has brought insight to those who have the power to “act”. And that will happen. The other objection is no less irrelevant. And it can only be raised by those who are unfamiliar with the fundamental nature of spiritual-scientific truths. Those who know them know that they do not come about in the same way as something that is “tried out”. The laws of human salvation are just as securely laid in the original foundation of the human soul as the multiplication table is laid in it. One must only descend deeply enough into this primal basis of the human soul. Certainly, one can illustrate what is so inscribed in the soul, just as one can illustrate that two times two is four, if one places four beans in two groups next to each other. But who would claim that the truth “two times two is four” must first be “tested” on the beans. It is quite the case that anyone who doubts spiritual-scientific truth has not yet recognized it, just as only someone who has not yet recognized that “two times two is four” could doubt it. However different the two may be, because the latter is so simple and the former so complicated, there is still a similarity in other respects. However, this cannot be understood unless one penetrates into spiritual science itself. Therefore, no “proof” of this fact can be provided for the non-expert in spiritual science. One can only say: first learn about spiritual science, and you will also be clear about all this.

[ 9 ] The important role of spiritual science in our time will become apparent when it has become a leaven in all life. As long as this path into life cannot be taken in the full sense of the word, those who are spiritually minded are only at the beginning of their work. And as long as this is the case, they will have to hear the reproach that their teachings are hostile to life. Yes, they are hostile, just as the railway was hostile to a life that could only see the stagecoach as the “truth of life”. They are as hostile as the future is hostile to the past.

[ 10 ] In the following, we will discuss some of the special aspects of the relationship between “spiritual science and the social question.”

[ 11 ] Two opposing views exist with regard to the “social question.” One sees the causes of good and evil in social life more in the people themselves, the other sees them mainly in the conditions within which people live. The advocates of the former opinion will seek to promote progress by endeavoring to raise the intellectual and physical efficiency of men and their moral feelings; those who incline to the latter view, on the other hand, will be above all anxious to raise the standard of living, for they say to themselves that if men can live decently, then their efficiency and their moral feelings will of themselves rise to a higher level. It is difficult to deny that the second view is steadily gaining ground today. In many circles, it is considered an expression of very backward thinking to emphasize the former view. It is said that those who have to struggle with the bitterest need from early morning to late evening cannot develop their spiritual and moral powers. Give such a person bread first, before you talk to him about spiritual matters.

[ 12 ] In particular, the latter assertion easily becomes an accusation when it is directed at endeavors such as those of spiritual science. And it is not the worst people of our time who make such accusations. They say: “The genuine theosophist is very reluctant to descend from the devachanic and kamic planes to this earth. He would rather chew ten Sanskrit words than inform himself about the basic tenet.” This is what we read in a recently published book, “The Cultural Situation of Europe at the Awakening of Modern Occultism” by G. L. Dankmar (Leipzig, Oswald Mutze, 1905).

[ 13 ] It is obvious to raise the following objection. It is pointed out that in our time families of eight heads are often crowded together in a single room, that such families lack air and light, that they have to send their children to school in a state in which weakness and hunger cause them to collapse. Then one says: must not those who are concerned about the progress of the masses devote all their efforts to remedying such conditions? Instead of thinking about the teachings of the higher spiritual worlds, they should direct their thoughts to the question: how can social emergencies be alleviated? “Let Theosophy descend from its icy solitude among people, among the people; let it seriously and truthfully place the ethical demand for universal brotherhood at the top of its program, and act on it regardless of all consequences; let it make the word of Christ about love of neighbor a social deed, and it will become and remain a deliciously inalienable possession of humanity.” This is what the above-mentioned book continues to say.

[ 14 ] Those who raise such an objection against spiritual science mean well. Indeed, it must be conceded that they are right in the face of many who occupy themselves with spiritual scientific teachings. Among the latter there are undoubtedly those who only want to care for their own spiritual needs, who only want to know something about the “higher life”, about the fate of the soul after death, etc. And one is certainly not wrong when it is more necessary in the present time to develop one's talents in the service of the community, in the virtues of love for one's neighbor and for the welfare of humanity, than to cultivate in a world-forsaken solitude some higher capacities slumbering in the soul. Those who want the latter above all could be considered as people of a refined selfishness, for whom their own soul's well-being is more important than general human virtues. No less can one hear how it is pointed out that only people who are “doing well” can have an interest in a spiritual pursuit such as spiritual science, and who can therefore devote their “idle time” to such things. But those who have to work from morning to night for miserable wages should not be fobbed off with empty talk about the unity of mankind, a “higher life” and similar things.

[ 15 ] It is certain that in the direction indicated, many a sin is also committed by those striving for spiritual knowledge. But it is no less true that a well-understood spiritual-scientific life must lead the individual to the virtues of self-sacrificing work and public-spirited activity. In any case, spiritual science will not bind anyone to be as good a person as others who know nothing or want to know nothing about spiritual science. But all this does not touch the main point in relation to the “social question”. In order to get at this main point, more is absolutely necessary than the opponents of spiritual scientific striving are willing to admit. It is quite right to concede to these opponents that much can be achieved with the means that are proposed from many sides for the improvement of the social situation of mankind. One party wants this, the other that. Many of such party demands soon prove to be chimeras to the clear thinker; but some certainly also contain the very best kernel.

[ 16 ] Owen, who lived from 1771 to 1858, certainly one of the noblest social reformers, emphasized again and again that a person is determined by the environment in which he grows up, that a person's character is not formed by himself, but by the circumstances in which he thrives. The fact that such sentences are so very true should not be denied. And they should be treated with even less contempt, although they are more or less self-evident. Rather, it should be readily admitted that much can be improved if we act on such insights in public life. But this does not prevent spiritual science from participating in those works of human progress that, in the spirit of such insights, seek to bring about a better fate for the oppressed and destitute classes of humanity.

[ 17 ] But spiritual science must go deeper. A radical advance can never be brought about by any such means. He who does not admit this has never clearly realized where the conditions of life come from, within which human beings find themselves. For as far as human life is dependent on these conditions, they themselves are brought about by human beings. Or who has made the arrangements by which one is poor and another rich? Other human beings, that is. The fact that these “other people” have mostly lived before those who thrive or do not thrive under the circumstances does not change this state of affairs. The suffering that nature itself inflicts on man is only indirectly relevant to the social situation. These sufferings must be alleviated or completely eliminated by human action. If what is necessary in this direction does not happen, then it is only a lack of human institutions. — A thorough understanding of things teaches that all evils that can rightly be called social also originate from human actions. In this respect, it is certainly not the individual person, but rather all of humanity, that is the “forger of its own fortune.”

[ 18 ] But just as this is true, so too is it true that, on a larger scale, no significant part of humanity, no caste or class, causes the suffering of another part with malicious intent. Everything that is asserted in this direction is based on a mere lack of insight. Nevertheless, even this is actually a self-evident truth, but it must be stated. For even if such things can easily be seen through with the mind, in practical life one does not act in accordance with them. Of course, every exploiter of his fellow human beings would prefer it if the victims of his exploitation did not suffer. We would get far if we not only found this to be self-evident, but also organized our feelings and emotions accordingly.

[ 19 ] Yes, but what are we to do with such assertions? So many a “socially minded” person will no doubt object. Should the exploited person have benevolent feelings towards the exploiter? Is it not too understandable if the former hates the latter and is led to his party position out of hatred? It would be a bad recipe indeed – so one will further object – if the oppressed were reminded of philanthropy towards the oppressor, for example in the sense of the great Buddha's saying: “Hatred is not overcome by hatred, but only by love.”

[ 20 ] Nevertheless, the realization that ties in with this point leads, in the present time alone, to a real “social thinking”. And this is precisely where the humanities come in. They cannot be satisfied with the surface of understanding, but must penetrate to the depths. Therefore, they cannot stop at showing that misery is created by this or that circumstance, but must penetrate to the only fruitful realization, whereby these circumstances have been created and are continually being created. And in the face of these deeper questions, most social theories prove to be nothing more than “gray theories,” if not mere empty phrases.

[ 21 ] As long as one's thinking remains on the surface, one attributes a completely false power to circumstances, to the external in general. These conditions are only the expression of an inner life. And just as only those who know that the human body is the expression of the soul can understand it, so only those who realize that external institutions in life are nothing other than the creations of human souls, which embody their feelings, attitudes and thoughts, can judge them correctly. The circumstances in which one lives are created by one's fellow human beings; and one will never create better ones oneself unless one starts out from thoughts, attitudes and feelings that are different from those of the creators.

[ 22 ] Let us consider such things in detail. On the surface, the oppressor is easily recognized as the one who can afford a magnificent household and travel first class on the train, etc. And the oppressed will appear to be the one who has to wear a bad coat and travel in the fourth class. But you don't have to be a merciless individual, a reactionary or the like, to understand the following with clear thinking. Nobody is oppressed and exploited by the fact that I wear this or that coat, but only by the fact that I pay the worker who makes the coat for me too little. The poor laborer who buys his poor coat for little money is now in exactly the same position in this respect as the rich man who has a better coat made for him. Whether I am poor or rich, I exploit others when I buy things that are not paid for adequately. Actually, no one should call anyone else an oppressor today, because he should just look at himself. If he does the latter accurately, he will soon discover the “oppressor” in himself. Is the work that you have to deliver to the wealthy only delivered to them for the poor wage? No, the person sitting next to you and complaining about oppression with you is getting your hands to work under exactly the same conditions as the wealthy person against whom you both turn. If you think about this, you will find other starting points for “social thinking” than the usual ones.

[ 23 ] Above all, thinking along these lines will make it clear that the concepts of “rich” and “exploiter” must be completely separated. Whether one is rich or poor today depends on one's personal ability or that of one's ancestors, or on completely different things. But being an exploiter of the labor of others has nothing to do with these things. At least not directly. But it has a great deal to do with other things. Namely, with the fact that our institutions or the circumstances surrounding us are based on personal self-interest. One must think about this very clearly, otherwise one will come to the most distorted understanding of what is being said. If I buy a skirt today, it seems quite natural, given the current situation, that I should buy it as cheaply as possible. That is to say, I am only thinking of myself. But this indicates the point of view that dominates our entire lives. Now, it is easy to come up with an objection. One can say: do not the socially-minded parties and personalities strive to remedy this evil? Are they not endeavoring to protect “labor”? Do not the working classes and their representatives demand wage improvements and reductions in working hours? It has already been said above that from the standpoint of the present, not the slightest objection should be raised against such demands and measures. Of course, this does not mean that any of the existing party demands should be supported. From the point of view under discussion here, no party position, either “for” or “against”, can be considered. Such a position is, in the first place, quite outside the spiritual-scientific point of view.

[ 24 ] No matter how many improvements are introduced for the protection of some class of laborers, and no matter how much these may contribute to the betterment of the condition of this or that group of people, the essence of exploitation will not be lessened thereby. For this depends on the fact that a person acquires the products of the labor of another from the point of view of self-interest. Whether I have much or little, if I use what I have to satisfy my self-interest, then the other person must be exploited. Even if I protect his labor while maintaining this point of view, it is only a superficial improvement. If I pay more for the labor of another, he must pay more for mine, unless the better position of one is to be achieved at the expense of the worse position of the other.

[ 25 ] Another example will serve to illustrate this. If I buy a factory in order to make as much profit as possible from it, I shall see to it that the laborers are paid as little as possible, etc. Everything that happens will be done with a view to personal advantage. If, on the other hand, I buy the factory with the intention of providing the best possible conditions for two hundred people, all my measures will take on a different color. In practice, today the second case will certainly not differ much from the first. However, this is only because the individual unselfish person is not able to achieve very much within a community that is otherwise built on self-interest. The situation would be quite different, however, if the unselfish work were general.

[ 26 ] A “practical” thinker will of course say that no one can create the possibility of helping their workers to better wage conditions through mere “good intentions”. For one cannot increase the earnings of one's goods by goodwill, and without that one cannot create better conditions for the worker either. And it is precisely here that it is important to realize that this objection is completely mistaken. All interests, and thus all living conditions, change when one no longer has oneself in mind when acquiring something, but others. What must someone who can only serve his own well-being look out for? But to acquire as much as possible. How others must work to satisfy his needs is something he cannot take into consideration. He must therefore develop his powers in the struggle for existence. If I found a business that is to bring me as much as possible, I do not ask how the workers who work for me are set in motion. But if I do not consider myself at all, but only the question: how does my work serve others? then everything changes. Nothing then compels me to undertake anything that could be detrimental to another. I then do not put my strength into my own service, but into that of others. And that results in a completely different development of the strengths and abilities of people. How this practically changes the conditions of life, will be explained at the end of the essay.

[ 27 ] Robert Owen may be called a genius of practical social activity in a certain sense. He had two qualities which may well justify this description: a careful eye for socially useful institutions and a noble love of humanity. One need only look at what he achieved through these two abilities to appreciate their full significance. He created in New Lanark must full industrial facilities, and employed the workers in such a way that they not only had a decent existence in material terms, but also lived within morally satisfying conditions. The people who were brought together there were partly degenerated, addicted to drink. He placed better elements between those who influenced others by their example. And in this way the most favorable results were achieved. What Owen achieved makes it impossible to put him on a level with other more or less fantastic “do-gooders” - so-called utopians. He kept within the bounds of practical realizable institutions, which even a person averse to daydreaming can assume would first eliminate human misery in a certain limited area. It is also not impractical to harbor the belief that such a small area could act as a model and gradually inspire a healthy development of the human lot in a social direction.

[ 28 ] Owen himself probably thought along these lines. That is why he ventured to take another step forward on the path he had already trodden. In 1824, he set about creating a kind of small model state in the area of Indiana in North America. He acquired a piece of land on which he wanted to establish a human community built on freedom and equality. All the institutions were set up in such a way that exploitation and subjugation were impossible. Anyone who takes on such a task must possess the most beautiful social virtues: the desire to make his fellow human beings happy and the belief in the goodness of human nature. He must believe that the desire to work will develop entirely of its own accord within this human nature if the blessing of this work appears to be secured by appropriate institutions.

[ 29 ] In Owen, this belief was so strong that it must have been very bad experiences that made him waver in this belief.

[ 30 ] And - these bad experiences did indeed occur. After long and noble efforts, Owen had to admit that “one would always fail in realizing such colonies if one did not first transform the general customs; and that it would be more worthwhile to influence humanity in the theoretical way than in the practical one”. This social reformer was forced to this opinion by the fact that there were enough people who did not want to work and wanted to unload the work onto their fellow human beings, which had to result in conflict, struggle and ultimately the bankruptcy of the colony.

[ 31 ] Owen's experience can be instructive for all those who really want to learn. It can lead from all artificially created and artificially devised institutions for the salvation of humanity to fruitful social work that reckons with true reality.

[ 32 ] Owen was thoroughly cured of his experience by the belief that all human misery is caused only by the “bad institutions” in which people live, and that the goodness of human nature will automatically come to light if these institutions are improved. He had to convince himself that good institutions can only be maintained if the people involved are inclined by their inner nature to preserve them, if they are attached to them with warm feelings.

[ 33 ] One might initially think that it is necessary to prepare the people to whom one wants to provide such institutions in theory. For example, by making it clear to them that the measures are correct and appropriate. It is not so difficult for an unbiased person to read something like that into Owen's confession. And yet the only way to achieve a truly practical result is to delve deeper into the matter. We must progress from the mere belief in the goodness of human nature, which has deceived Owen, to real knowledge of human nature. — All the clarity that people could ever acquire about the fact that any institutions are expedient and can be a blessing for humanity – all such clarity cannot in the long run lead to the desired goal. For such clear insight will not enable man to gain the inner incentive to work if, on the other hand, the instincts based on egoism assert themselves in him. This egoism is, in the first place, a part of human nature. And this leads to the fact that it stirs in the feelings of man when he is to live and work with others within society. It is therefore only natural that, in practice, most people will consider the social institution that best satisfies the needs of the individual to be the best. Thus, under the influence of egoistic feelings, the social question naturally arises in the form of: which social institutions must be established so that everyone can have the fruits of their labor for themselves? And especially in our materialistic age, few people reckon with any other premise. How often can one hear it said as a matter of course that a social order based on goodwill and human compassion is an absurdity. Rather, it is reckoned that the whole of a human community can best flourish when the individual can also reap the “full” or greatest possible reward from his labor.

[ 34 ] The exact opposite of this is taught by occultism, which is based on a deeper understanding of man and the world. It shows that all human misery is merely a consequence of egoism, and that in a human community, misery, poverty and need are bound to arise at some time if this community is based on egoism in any way. To see this, however, requires a deeper understanding than that of those who sail under the flag of social science. This “social science” only takes into account the external aspects of human life, but not the deeper forces that lie within it. Indeed, it is very difficult to awaken even a sense of these deeper forces in the majority of people today. They regard anyone who brings up such things as an impractical dreamer. But here, too, it is impossible to attempt to develop a social theory based on deeper forces. This would require a detailed work. Only one thing can be done: to point out the true laws of human cooperation and to show what reasonable social considerations arise for the connoisseur of these laws. The full understanding of the matter can only be gained by those who acquire a world view based on occultism. And this whole magazine is working towards the communication of such a world view. It cannot be expected to provide a single article on the “social question”. All that it can do is to throw light on this question from the occult point of view. There will, after all, be people who recognize the correctness of what is to be presented in brief, and which cannot be explained in detail.

[ 35 ] Now, the main social law that is revealed by occultism is the following: “The greater the good of a community of cooperating people, the less the individual claims the proceeds of his achievements for himself , that is, the more he gives of these earnings to his co-workers, and the more his own needs are not satisfied from his own earnings but from the earnings of others.» All institutions within a community of people that contradict this law must, in the long run, create misery and need somewhere. This fundamental law applies to social life with such exclusivity and necessity as only any natural law applies to any particular area of natural effects. However, one should not think that it is enough to recognize this law as a general moral principle or to try to implement it in the form of a belief that everyone works in the service of their fellow human beings. No, in reality the law only lives as it should live when a community of people succeeds in creating such institutions that no one can ever claim the fruits of his own labor for himself, but that these are used to benefit the community as a whole, as far as possible without any remainder. He himself must in turn be maintained by the labor of his fellow human beings. What matters, then, is that working for one's fellow human beings and achieving a certain income are two completely separate things.

[ 36 ] Those who imagine themselves to be “practical people” will, the occultist is in no doubt, only smile at this “hair-raising idealism”. And yet the above law is more practical than any other that has ever been thought up or introduced into reality by “practitioners”. Anyone who really examines life can find that every human community that exists or has ever existed has two types of institutions. One of these two parts corresponds to this law, the other contradicts it. This is how it has to be everywhere, regardless of whether people want it or not. Every community would immediately fall apart if the work of the individual did not flow into the whole. But human selfishness has always thwarted this law. It has sought to get as much as possible out of its work for the individual. And only that which has emerged from egoism in this way has always resulted in need, poverty and misery. But that means nothing other than that that part of human institutions that is brought about by the “practitioners” in such a way that either their own or someone else's egoism is taken into account must always prove to be impractical.

[ 37 ] Now, of course, it is not enough to recognize such a law; real practice begins with the question: how can it be put into practice? It is clear that this law means nothing less than this: the greater the welfare of the people, the less egoism there is. In putting it into practice, therefore, we are dependent on dealing with people who find their way out of egoism. But this is practically impossible if the measure of the weal and woe of the individual is determined by his work. Anyone who works for himself must gradually fall prey to egoism. Only those who work entirely for others can gradually become non-egoistic workers.

[ 38 ] But there is one prerequisite for this. If a person works for another, then he must find the reason for his work in this other person; and if someone is to work for the whole, then he must feel and sense the value, the essence and the significance of this whole. He can only do this if the whole is something quite different from a more or less undefined sum of individual people. It must be filled with a real spirit in which everyone participates. It must be such that each individual says to himself: it is right, and I want it to be so. The whole must have a spiritual mission; and each individual must want to contribute to the fulfillment of this mission. All the vague, abstract ideas of progress that are usually talked about cannot represent such a mission. If only they prevail, then an individual will work here, or a group there, without realizing that their work is useful for anything other than that they and their own, or perhaps even the interests to which they are attached, find their account in it. This spirit of the whole must be alive in the smallest detail.

[ 39 ] Good things have always flourished only where such a life of the collective spirit was fulfilled in some way. The individual citizen of an ancient Greek city, and even of a free city in the Middle Ages, had something like at least a dim feeling of such a collective spirit. It is no objection to this that, for example, the corresponding institutions in ancient Greece were only possible because they had an army of slaves who did the work for the “free citizens” and who were not driven by the collective spirit but by the compulsion of their masters. The only lesson to be learned from this example is that human life is subject to development. At present, humanity has reached a stage where a solution to the social question such as prevailed in ancient Greece is impossible. Even the noblest Greeks did not regard slavery as an injustice, but as a human necessity. That is why, for example, the great Plato could set up a state ideal in which the collective spirit is fulfilled by the fact that the majority of working people are forced to work by the few insightful people. But the task of the present is to bring people into a situation in which each one, out of his innermost impulses, does work for the whole.

[ 40 ] Therefore, no one should think of seeking a solution to the social question that will be valid for all time, but only of how his social thinking and actions must be shaped with regard to the immediate needs of the present in which he lives. - No individual can theoretically conceive or realize anything today that could solve the social question as such. To do so, he would have to have the power to force a number of people into the conditions he had created. There can be no doubt about it: if Owen had had the power or the will to force all the people in his colony to do the work that was theirs, then the thing would have worked. But such coercion is precisely what cannot be considered in the present day. It must be made possible for each individual to do voluntarily what he is called upon to do, according to the measure of his abilities and powers. But for this very reason it can never be a question of influencing people in the sense of Owen's above-mentioned confession, so that they are given a mere opinion of how economic conditions can best be established. A sober economic theory can never be a driving force against the egoistic powers. For a time such an economic theory may give the masses a certain impetus that seems to resemble idealism. But in the long run such a theory can be of no use to anyone. Anyone who instills such a theory into a mass of people without giving them anything else that is truly spiritual is sinning against the true meaning of human development.

[ 41 ] The only thing that can help is a spiritual worldview that, through itself, through what it has to offer, lives itself into the thoughts, feelings, will, in short, into the whole soul of man. The belief that Owen had in the goodness of human nature is only partly correct, but on the other hand it is one of the worst illusions. It is correct in that a “higher self” slumbers in every person, and this can be awakened. But it can only be released from its slumber by a world view that has the above-mentioned characteristics. If people are brought together in institutions such as those conceived by Owen, then the community will flourish in the most beautiful sense. But if people who do not have such a world view are brought together, then the good of the institutions will inevitably have to turn to the bad after a shorter or longer period of time. In the case of people without a world view that is directed towards the spirit, it is precisely those institutions that promote material prosperity that must also lead to an increase in selfishness, and thus gradually create need, misery and poverty. — It is true in the truest sense of the word: one can only help the individual if one merely provides him with bread; one can only provide a whole community with bread by helping it to develop a world view. It would not help at all if one wanted to provide bread for every individual. After a while, the situation would have to develop in such a way that many would again have no bread.

[ 42 ] The realization of these principles, however, takes away many illusions from certain people who would like to pose as people's benefactors. For it makes the work of social welfare a very difficult matter. And, what is more, it makes it a matter in which, under certain conditions, success can only be achieved by means of very small partial successes. Most of what entire parties today present as a panacea for social life loses its value, proves to be a vain deception and empty talk, without sufficient knowledge of human life. No parliament, no democracy, no mass agitation, none of these can have any significance for the discerning observer if they violate the law mentioned above. And all such things can have a favorable effect if they are in accord with this law. It is a terrible illusion to believe that any representatives of a people in any parliament can contribute anything to the welfare of humanity if their work is not in accord with the main social law.

[ 43 ] Wherever this law appears, wherever someone works in its sense, as far as it is possible for him in the place where he is placed in the human community: there good is achieved, even if it is only to a very small extent in the individual case. And only from individual effects that come about in this way is a salutary social progress composed. However, it also happens that in individual cases larger communities of people possess a special disposition to achieve a greater success in the indicated direction at once. There are already certain communities of people whose dispositions are preparing for such a thing. They will make it possible for humanity to accomplish a leap, a jump in social development, as it were, with their help. Such communities of people are known to occultism; but it cannot be its task to speak publicly about such things. And there are also means of preparing larger masses of people for such a leap, which can probably be made in the foreseeable future. But what everyone can do is to work in the spirit of the above law in their own sphere. There is no position in the world in which one cannot do this, however insignificant or influential it may appear to be.

[ 44 ] The most important thing, however, is that each person seeks the path to a world view that is based on a true knowledge of the spirit. The anthroposophical school of thought can develop into such a view for all people if it is increasingly shaped in the way that corresponds to its content and the inherent potential that it contains. Through it, the human being can experience that he is not born by chance at any place and at any time, but that he is placed by the spiritual law of cause and effect, karma, at the place where he is. He can see that his well-founded destiny has placed him in the human community within which he is. He can also realize that his abilities have not come to him by blind chance, but that they have a purpose within the law of causation.

[ 45 ] And he can understand all this in such a way that this understanding does not remain a mere matter of sober reason, but that it gradually fills his whole soul with inner life.

[ 46 ] He will feel that he fulfills a higher purpose when he works in accordance with his place in the world and his abilities. This insight will not lead to shadowy idealism, but to a powerful impulse of all his forces, and he will regard this action in such a direction as something so self-evident as eating and drinking in another respect. And further, he will recognize the meaning that is connected with the human community to which he belongs. He will understand the relationships in which his human community stands to others; and thus the individual spirits of these communities will join together to form a spiritually purposeful picture of the unified mission of the whole human race. And from the human race his knowledge will be able to wander over to the meaning of the whole earthly existence. Only those who do not engage in the world view indicated in this direction can harbor doubts that it must work as indicated here. In our time, of course, most people have little inclination to engage in such a thing. But it cannot be avoided that the correct spiritual scientific way of thinking will attract more and more people. And to the extent that it does, people will find the right way to bring about social progress. One cannot harbor doubts about this on the grounds that supposedly no world view has yet brought about the happiness of humanity. According to the laws of human development, what is now gradually becoming possible could not have occurred at any earlier point in time: to convey a world view with the prospect of the indicated practical success to all people.

[ 47 ] The world views that have existed up to now were only accessible to individual groups of people. But what has happened in the human race up to now, has come about through world views. Only a world view that can capture all souls and ignite the inner life in them can lead to universal salvation. But the spiritual scientific way of thinking will be able to do this wherever it truly corresponds to its nature. Of course, we must not simply look at the form that this way of thinking has already taken; in order to recognize what has been said as correct, it is necessary to see that spiritual science must first develop itself up to its high cultural mission.

[ 48 ] For several reasons, it is not yet able to show the face that it will one day present. One of these reasons is that it must first gain a foothold somewhere. It must therefore address a particular group of people. This can naturally be no other than the group of people who, by the nature of their development, long for a new solution to the world's riddles and who, through the education of the individuals united in this group, can understand and share such a solution. Of course, spiritual science must for the time being clothe its proclamations in a language that is adapted to the group of people it is addressing. As the conditions continue to develop, spiritual science will also find the forms of expression to speak to other circles. Only someone who wants completely finished, rigid dogmas can believe that the present form of spiritual scientific proclamation is a lasting one, or even the only possible one. — It is precisely because spiritual science cannot be concerned with remaining merely theoretical or with merely satisfying the thirst for knowledge that it must work slowly in this way. Its aims include the practical characterization of human progress. However, it can only bring about this human progress if it creates the real conditions for it. And these conditions cannot be brought about in any other way than by conquering person after person. The world only progresses when people want it to. But for people to want it, each one must work on their inner soul. And this can only be done step by step. If this were not the case, then Theosophy would also produce fantasies in the social sphere and not do any practical work. Further details will be discussed in the near future.