H. P. Blavatsky's, “The Key to Theosophy”
GA 41b
H. P. Blavatsky
[adapted from the online text provided by the Theosophical Society, Pasadena
II. Exoteric and Esoteric Theosophy
What the Modern Theosophical Society is Not
Enq. Your doctrines, then, are not a revival of Buddhism, nor are they entirely copied from the Neo-Platonic Theosophy?
Theo. They are not. But to these questions I cannot give you a better answer than by quoting from a paper read on "Theosophy" by Dr. J. D. Buck, F.T.S., before the last Theosophical Convention, at Chicago, America (April, 1889). No living theosophist has better expressed and understood the real essence of Theosophy than our honoured friend Dr. Buck: —
"The Theosophical Society was organized for the purpose of promulgating the Theosophical doctrines, and for the promotion of the Theosophic life. The present Theosophical Society is not the first of its kind. I have a volume entitled: 'Theosophical Transactions of the Philadelphian Society,' published in London in 1697; and another with the following title: 'Introduction to Theosophy, or the Science of the Mystery of Christ; that is, of Deity, Nature, and Creature, embracing the philosophy of all the working powers of life, magical and spiritual, and forming a practical guide to the sublimest purity, sanctity, and evangelical perfection; also to the attainment of divine vision, and the holy angelic arts, potencies, and other prerogatives of the regeneration,' published in London in 1855. The following is the dedication of this volume: —
"'To the students of Universities, Colleges, and schools of Christendom: To Professors of Metaphysical, Mechanical, and Natural Science in all its forms: To men and women of Education generally, of fundamental orthodox faith: To Deists, Arians, Unitarians, Swedenborgians, and other defective and ungrounded creeds, rationalists, and sceptics of every kind: To just-minded and enlightened Mohammedans, Jews, and oriental Patriarch-religionists: but especially to the gospel minister and missionary, whether to the barbaric or intellectual peoples, this introduction to Theosophy, or the science of the ground and mystery of all things, is most humbly and affectionately dedicated.'
"In the following year (1856) another volume was issued, royal octavo, of 600 pages, diamond type, of 'Theosophical Miscellanies.' Of the last-named work 500 copies only were issued, for gratuitous distribution to Libraries and Universities. These earlier movements, of which there were many, originated within the Church, with persons of great piety and earnestness, and of unblemished character; and all of these writings were in orthodox form, using the Christian expressions, and, like the writings of the eminent Churchman William Law, would only be distinguished by the ordinary reader for their great earnestness and piety. These were one and all but attempts to derive and explain the deeper meanings and original import of the Christian Scriptures, and to illustrate and unfold the Theosophic life. These works were soon forgotten, and are now generally unknown. They sought to reform the clergy and revive genuine piety, and were never welcomed. That one word, "Heresy," was sufficient to bury them in the limbo of all such Utopias. At the time of the Reformation John Reuchlin made a similar attempt with the same result, though he was the intimate and trusted friend of Luther. Orthodoxy never desired to be informed and enlightened. These reformers were informed, as was Paul by Festus, that too much learning had made them mad, and that it would be dangerous to go farther. Passing by the verbiage, which was partly a matter of habit and education with these writers, and partly due to religious restraint through secular power, and coming to the core of the matter, these writings were Theosophical in the strictest sense, and pertain solely to man's knowledge of his own nature and the higher life of the soul. The present Theosophical movement has sometimes been declared to be an attempt to convert Christendom to Buddhism, which means simply that the word 'Heresy' has lost its terrors and relinquished its power. Individuals in every age have more or less clearly apprehended the Theosophical doctrines and wrought them into the fabric of their lives. These doctrines belong exclusively to no religion, and are confined to no society or time. They are the birthright of every human soul. Such a thing as orthodoxy must be wrought out by each individual according to his nature and his needs, and according to his varying experience. This may explain why those who have imagined Theosophy to be a new religion have hunted in vain for its creed and its ritual. Its creed is Loyalty to Truth, and its ritual 'To honour every truth by use.'
"How little this principle of Universal Brotherhood is understood by the masses of mankind, how seldom its transcendent importance is recognised, may be seen in the diversity of opinion and fictitious interpretations regarding the Theosophical Society. This Society was organized on this one principle, the essential Brotherhood of Man, as herein briefly outlined and imperfectly set forth. It has been assailed as Buddhistic and anti-Christian, as though it could be both these together, when both Buddhism and Christianity, as set forth by their inspired founders, make brotherhood the one essential of doctrine and of life. Theosophy has been also regarded as something new under the sun, or at best as old mysticism masquerading under a new name. While it is true that many Societies founded upon, and united to support, the principles of altruism, or essential brotherhood, have borne various names, it is also true that many have also been called Theosophic, and with principles and aims as the present society bearing that name. With these societies, one and all, the essential doctrine has been the same, and all else has been incidental, though this does not obviate the fact that many persons are attracted to the incidentals who overlook or ignore the essentials."
No better or more explicit answer — by a man who is one of our most esteemed and earnest Theosophists — could be given to your questions.
Enq. Which system do you prefer or follow, in that case, besides Buddhistic ethics?
Theo. None, and all. We hold to no religion, as to no philosophy in particular: we cull the good we find in each. But here, again, it must be stated that, like all other ancient systems, Theosophy is divided into Exoteric and Esoteric Sections.
Enq. What is the difference?
Theo. The members of the Theosophical Society at large are free to profess whatever religion or philosophy they like, or none if they so prefer, provided they are in sympathy with, and ready to carry out one or more of the three objects of the Association. The Society is a philanthropic and scientific body for the propagation of the idea of brotherhood on practical instead of theoretical lines. The Fellows may be Christians or Mussulmen, Jews or Parsees, Buddhists or Brahmins, Spiritualists or Materialists, it does not matter; but every member must be either a philanthropist, or a scholar, a searcher into Aryan and other old literature, or a psychic student. In short, he has to help, if he can, in the carrying out of at least one of the objects of the programme. Otherwise he has no reason for becoming a "Fellow." Such are the majority of the exoteric Society, composed of "attached" and "unattached" members. [An "attached member" means one who has joined some particular branch of the T. S. An "unattached," one who belongs to the Society at large, has his diploma, from the Headquarters (Adyar, Madras), but is connected with no branch or lodge.] These may, or may not, become Theosophists de facto. Members they are, by virtue of their having joined the Society; but the latter cannot make a Theosophist of one who has no sense for the divine fitness of things, or of him who understands Theosophy in his own — if the expression may be used — sectarian and egotistic way. "Handsome is, as handsome does" could be paraphrased in this case and be made to run: "Theosophist is, who Theosophy does."
Theosophists and Members of the "T. S."
Enq. This applies to lay members, as I understand. And what of those who pursue the esoteric study of Theosophy; are they the real Theosophists?
Theo. Not necessarily, until they have proven themselves to be such. They have entered the inner group and pledged themselves to carry out, as strictly as they can, the rules of the occult body. This is a difficult undertaking, as the foremost rule of all is the entire renunciation of one's personality — i. e., a pledged member has to become a thorough altruist, never to think of himself, and to forget his own vanity and pride in the thought of the good of his fellow-creatures, besides that of his fellow-brothers in the esoteric circle. He has to live, if the esoteric instructions shall profit him, a life of abstinence in everything, of self-denial and strict morality, doing his duty by all men. The few real Theosophists in the T. S. are among these members. This does not imply that outside of the T. S. and the inner circle, there are no Theosophists; for there are, and more than people know of; certainly far more than are found among the lay members of the T. S.
Enq. Then what is the good of joining the so-called Theosophical Society in that case? Where is the incentive?
Theo. None, except the advantage of getting esoteric instructions, the genuine doctrines of the "Wisdom-Religion," and if the real programme is carried out, deriving much help from mutual aid and sympathy. Union is strength and harmony, and well-regulated simultaneous efforts produce wonders. This has been the secret of all associations and communities since mankind existed.
Enq. But why could not a man of well-balanced mind and singleness of purpose, one, say, of indomitable energy and perseverance, become an Occultist and even an Adept if he works alone?
Theo. He may; but there are ten thousand chances against one that he will fail. For one reason out of many others, no books on Occultism or Theurgy exist in our day which give out the secrets of alchemy or mediaeval Theosophy in plain language. All are symbolical or in parables; and as the key to these has been lost for ages in the West, how can a man learn the correct meaning of what he is reading and studying? Therein lies the greatest danger, one that leads to unconscious black magic or the most helpless mediumship. He who has not an Initiate for a master had better leave the dangerous study alone. Look around you and observe. While two-thirds of civilized society ridicule the mere notion that there is anything in Theosophy, Occultism, Spiritualism, or in the Kabala, the other third is composed of the most heterogeneous and opposite elements. Some believe in the mystical, and even in the supernatural (!), but each believes in his own way. Others will rush single-handed into the study of the Kabala, Psychism, Mesmerism, Spiritualism, or some form or another of Mysticism. Result: no two men think alike, no two are agreed upon any fundamental occult principles, though many are those who claim for themselves the ultima thule of knowledge, and would make outsiders believe that they are full-blown adepts. Not only is there no scientific and accurate knowledge of Occultism accessible in the West — not even of true astrology, the only branch of Occultism which, in its exoteric teachings, has definite laws and a definite system — but no one has any idea of what real Occultism means. Some limit ancient wisdom to the Kabala and the Jewish Zohar, which each interprets in his own way according to the dead-letter of the Rabbinical methods. Others regard Swedenborg or Boehme as the ultimate expression of the highest wisdom; while others again see in mesmerism the great secret of ancient magic. One and all of those who put their theory into practice are rapidly drifting, through ignorance, into black magic. Happy are those who escape from it, as they have neither test nor criterion by which they can distinguish between the true and the false.
Enq. Are we to understand that the inner group of the T. S. claims to learn what it does from real initiates or masters of esoteric wisdom?
Theo. Not directly. The personal presence of such masters is not required. Suffice it if they give instructions to some of those who have studied under their guidance for years, and devoted their whole lives to their service. Then, in turn, these can give out the knowledge so imparted to others, who had no such opportunity. A portion of the true sciences is better than a mass of undigested and misunderstood learning. An ounce of gold is worth a ton of dust.
Enq. But how is one to know whether the ounce is real gold or only a counterfeit?
Theo. A tree is known by its fruit, a system by its results. When our opponents are able to prove to us that any solitary student of Occultism throughout the ages has become a saintly adept like Ammonius Saccas, or even a Plotinus, or a Theurgist like Iamblichus, or achieved feats such as are claimed to have been done by St. Germain, without any master to guide him, and all this without being a medium, a self-deluded psychic, or a charlatan — then shall we confess ourselves mistaken. But till then, Theosophists prefer to follow the proven natural law of the tradition of the Sacred Science. There are mystics who have made great discoveries in chemistry and physical sciences, almost bordering on alchemy and Occultism; others who, by the sole aid of their genius, have rediscovered portions, if not the whole, of the lost alphabets of the "Mystery language," and are, therefore, able to read correctly Hebrew scrolls; others still, who, being seers, have caught wonderful glimpses of the hidden secrets of Nature. But all these are specialists. One is a theoretical inventor, another a Hebrew, i. e., a Sectarian Kabalist, a third a Swedenborg of modern times, denying all and everything outside of his own particular science or religion. Not one of them can boast of having produced a universal or even a national benefit thereby, not even to himself. With the exception of a few healers — of that class which the Royal College of Physicians or Surgeons would call quacks — none have helped with their science Humanity, nor even a number of men of the same community. Where are the Chaldees of old, those who wrought marvellous cures, "not by charms but by simples"? Where is an Apollonius of Tyana, who healed the sick and raised the dead under any climate and circumstances? We know some specialists of the former class in Europe, but none of the latter — except in Asia, where the secret of the Yogi, "to live in death," is still preserved.
Enq. Is the production of such healing adepts the aim of Theosophy?
Theo. Its aims are several; but the most important of all are those which are likely to lead to the relief of human suffering under any or every form, moral as well as physical. And we believe the former to be far more important than the latter. Theosophy has to inculcate ethics; it has to purify the soul, if it would relieve the physical body, whose ailments, save cases of accidents, are all hereditary. It is not by studying Occultism for selfish ends, for the gratification of one's personal ambition, pride, or vanity, that one can ever reach the true goal: that of helping suffering mankind. Nor is it by studying one single branch of the esoteric philosophy that a man becomes an Occultist, but by studying, if not mastering, them all.
Enq. Is help, then, to reach this most important aim, given only to those who study the esoteric sciences?
Theo. Not at all. Every lay member is entitled to general instruction if he only wants it; but few are willing to become what is called "working members," and most prefer to remain the drones of Theosophy. Let it be understood that private research is encouraged in the T. S., provided it does not infringe the limit which separates the exoteric from the esoteric, the blind from the conscious magic.
The Difference Between Theosophy and Occultism
Enq. You speak of Theosophy and Occultism; are they identical?
Theo. By no means. A man may be a very good Theosophist indeed, whether in or outside of the Society, without being in any way an Occultist. But no one can be a true Occultist without being a real Theosophist; otherwise he is simply a black magician, whether conscious or unconscious.
Enq. What do you mean?
Theo. I have said already that a true Theosophist must put in practice the loftiest moral ideal, must strive to realize his unity with the whole of humanity, and work ceaselessly for others. Now, if an Occultist does not do all this, he must act selfishly for his own personal benefit; and if he has acquired more practical power than other ordinary men, he becomes forthwith a far more dangerous enemy to the world and those around him than the average mortal. This is clear.
Enq. Then is an Occultist simply a man who possesses more power than other people?
Theo. Far more — if he is a practical and really learned Occultist, and not one only in name. Occult sciences are not, as described in Encyclopaedias, "those imaginary sciences of the Middle Ages which related to the supposed action or influence of Occult qualities or supernatural powers, as alchemy, magic, necromancy, and astrology," for they are real, actual, and very dangerous sciences. They teach the secret potency of things in Nature, developing and cultivating the hidden powers "latent in man," thus giving him tremendous advantages over more ignorant mortals. Hypnotism, now become so common and a subject of serious scientific inquiry, is a good instance in point. Hypnotic power has been discovered almost by accident, the way to it having been prepared by mesmerism; and now an able hypnotizer can do almost anything with it, from forcing a man, unconsciously to himself, to play the fool, to making him commit a crime — often by proxy for the hypnotizer, and for the benefit of the latter. Is not this a terrible power if left in the hands of unscrupulous persons? And please to remember that this is only one of the minor branches of Occultism.
Enq. But are not all these Occult sciences, magic, and sorcery, considered by the most cultured and learned people as relics of ancient ignorance and superstition?
Theo. Let me remind you that this remark of yours cuts both ways. The "most cultured and learned" among you regard also Christianity and every other religion as a relic of ignorance and superstition. People begin to believe now, at any rate, in hypnotism, and some — even of the most cultured — in Theosophy and phenomena. But who among them, except preachers and blind fanatics, will confess to a belief in Biblical miracles? And this is where the point of difference comes in. There are very good and pure Theosophists who may believe in the supernatural, divine miracles included, but no Occultist will do so. For an Occultist practises scientific Theosophy, based on accurate knowledge of Nature's secret workings; but a Theosophist, practising the powers called abnormal, minus the light of Occultism, will simply tend toward a dangerous form of mediumship, because, although holding to Theosophy and its highest conceivable code of ethics, he practises it in the dark, on sincere but blind faith. Anyone, Theosophist or Spiritualist, who attempts to cultivate one of the branches of Occult science — e.g., Hypnotism, Mesmerism, or even the secrets of producing physical phenomena, etc. — without the knowledge of the philosophic rationale of those powers, is like a rudderless boat launched on a stormy ocean.
The Difference Between Theosophy and Spiritualism
Enq. But do you not believe in Spiritualism?
Theo. If by "Spiritualism" you mean the explanation which Spiritualists give of some abnormal phenomena, then decidedly we do not. They maintain that these manifestations are all produced by the "spirits" of departed mortals, generally their relatives, who return to earth, they say, to communicate with those they have loved or to whom they are attached. We deny this point blank. We assert that the spirits of the dead cannot return to earth — save in rare and exceptional cases, of which I may speak later; nor do they communicate with men except by entirely subjective means. That which does appear objectively, is only the phantom of the ex-physical man. But in psychic, and so to say, "Spiritual" Spiritualism, we do believe, most decidedly.
Enq. Do you reject the phenomena also?
Theo. Assuredly not — save cases of conscious fraud.
Enq. How do you account for them, then?
Theo. In many ways. The causes of such manifestations are by no means so simple as the Spiritualists would like to believe. Foremost of all, the deus ex machina of the so-called "materializations" is usually the astral body or "double" of the medium or of some one present. This astral body is also the producer or operating force in the manifestations of slate-writing, "Davenport"-like manifestations, and so on.
Enq. You say "usually"; then what is it that produces the rest?
Theo. That depends on the nature of the manifestations. Sometimes the astral remains, the Kamalokic "shells" of the vanished personalities that were; at other times, Elementals. "Spirit" is a word of manifold and wide significance. I really do not know what Spiritualists mean by the term; but what we understand them to claim is that the physical phenomena are produced by the reincarnating Ego, the Spiritual and immortal "individuality." And this hypothesis we entirely reject. The Conscious Individuality of the disembodied cannot materialize, nor can it return from its own mental Devachanic sphere to the plane of terrestrial objectivity.
Enq. But many of the communications received from the "spirits" show not only intelligence, but a knowledge of facts not known to the medium, and sometimes even not consciously present to the mind of the investigator, or any of those who compose the audience.
Theo. This does not necessarily prove that the intelligence and knowledge you speak of belong to spirits, or emanate from disembodied souls. Somnambulists have been known to compose music and poetry and to solve mathematical problems while in their trance state, without having ever learnt music or mathematics. Others, answered intelligently to questions put to them, and even, in several cases, spoke languages, such as Hebrew and Latin, of which they were entirely ignorant when awake — all this in a state of profound sleep. Will you, then, maintain that this was caused by "spirits"?
Enq. But how would you explain it?
Theo. We assert that the divine spark in man being one and identical in its essence with the Universal Spirit, our "spiritual Self" is practically omniscient, but that it cannot manifest its knowledge owing to the impediments of matter. Now the more these impediments are removed, in other words, the more the physical body is paralyzed, as to its own independent activity and consciousness, as in deep sleep or deep trance, or, again, in illness, the more fully can the inner Self manifest on this plane. This is our explanation of those truly wonderful phenomena of a higher order, in which undeniable intelligence and knowledge are exhibited. As to the lower order of manifestations, such as physical phenomena and the platitudes and common talk of the general "spirit," to explain even the most important of the teachings we hold upon the subject would take up more space and time than can be allotted to it at present. We have no desire to interfere with the belief of the Spiritualists any more than with any other belief. The onus probandi must fall on the believers in "spirits." And at the present moment, while still convinced that the higher sort of manifestations occur through the disembodied souls, their leaders and the most learned and intelligent among the Spiritualists are the first to confess that not all the phenomena are produced by spirits. Gradually they will come to recognise the whole truth; but meanwhile we have no right nor desire to proselytize them to our views. The less so, as in the cases of purely psychic and spiritual manifestations we believe in the intercommunication of the spirit of the living man with that of disembodied personalities.1We say that in such cases it is not the spirits of the dead who descend on earth, but the spirits of the living that ascend to the pure Spiritual Souls. In truth there is neither ascending nor descending, but a change of state or condition for the medium. The body of the latter becoming paralyzed, or "entranced," the spiritual Ego is free from its trammels, and finds itself on the same plane of consciousness with the disembodied spirits. Hence, if there is any spiritual attraction between the two they can communicate, as often occurs in dreams. The difference between a mediumistic and a non-sensitive nature is this: the liberated spirit of a medium has the opportunity and facility of influencing the passive organs of its entranced physical body, to make them act, speak, and write at its will. The Ego can make it repeat, echo-like, and in the human language, the thoughts and ideas of the disembodied entity, as well as its own. But the non-receptive or non-sensitive organism of one who is very positive cannot be so influenced. Hence, although there is hardly a human being whose Ego does not hold free intercourse, during the sleep of his body, with those whom it loved and lost, yet, on account of the positiveness and non-receptivity of its physical envelope and brain, no recollection, or a very dim, dream-like remembrance, lingers in the memory of the person once awake.
Enq. This means that you reject the philosophy of Spiritualism in toto?
Theo. If by "philosophy" you mean their crude theories, we do. But they have no philosophy, in truth. Their best, their most intellectual and earnest defenders say so. Their fundamental and only unimpeachable truth, namely, that phenomena occur through mediums controlled by invisible forces and intelligences — no one, except a blind materialist of the "Huxley big toe" school, will or can deny. With regard to their philosophy, however, let me read to you what the able editor of Light, than whom the Spiritualists will find no wiser nor more devoted champion, says of them and their philosophy. This is what "M. A. Oxon," one of the very few philosophical Spiritualists, writes, with respect to their lack of organization and blind bigotry: —
It is worth while to look steadily at this point, for it is of vital moment. We have an experience and a knowledge beside which all other knowledge is comparatively insignificant. The ordinary Spiritualist waxes wroth if anyone ventures to impugn his assured knowledge of the future and his absolute certainty of the life to come. Where other men have stretched forth feeble hands groping into the dark future, he walks boldly as one who has a chart and knows his way. Where other men have stopped short at a pious aspiration or have been content with a hereditary faith, it is his boast that he knows what they only believe, and that out of his rich stores he can supplement the fading faiths built only upon hope. He is magnificent in his dealings with man's most cherished expectations. "You hope," he seems to say, "for that which I can demonstrate. You have accepted a traditional belief in what I can experimentally prove according to the strictest scientific method. The old beliefs are fading; come out from them and be separate. They contain as much falsehood as truth. Only by building on a sure foundation of demonstrated fact can your superstructure be stable. All round you old faiths are toppling. Avoid the crash and get you out.
"When one comes to deal with this magnificent person in a practical way, what is the result? Very curious and very disappointing. He is so sure of his ground that he takes no trouble to ascertain the interpretation which others put upon his facts. The wisdom of the ages has concerned itself with the explanation of what he rightly regards as proven; but he does not turn a passing glance on its researches. He does not even agree altogether with his brother Spiritualist. It is the story over again of the old Scotch body who, together with her husband, formed a "kirk." They had exclusive keys to Heaven, or, rather, she had, for she was "na certain aboot Jamie." So the infinitely divided and subdivided and re-subdivided sects of Spiritualists shake their heads, and are "na certain aboot" one another. Again, the collective experience of mankind is solid and unvarying on this point that union is strength, and disunion a source of weakness and failure. Shoulder to shoulder, drilled and disciplined, a rabble becomes an army, each man a match for a hundred of the untrained men that may be brought against it. Organization in every department of man's work means success, saving of time and labour, profit and development. Want of method, want of plan, haphazard work, fitful energy, undisciplined effort — these mean bungling failure. The voice of humanity attests the truth. Does the Spiritualist accept the verdict and act on the conclusion? Verily, no. He refuses to organize. He is a law unto himself, and a thorn in the side of his neighbours." — Light, June 22, 1889.
Enq. I was told that the Theosophical Society was originally founded to crush Spiritualism and belief in the survival of the individuality in man?
Theo. You are misinformed. Our beliefs are all founded on that immortal individuality. But then, like so many others, you confuse personality with individuality. Your Western psychologists do not seem to have established any clear distinction between the two. Yet it is precisely that difference which gives the key-note to the understanding of Eastern philosophy, and which lies at the root of the divergence between the Theosophical and Spiritualistic teachings. And though it may draw upon us still more the hostility of some Spiritualists, yet I must state here that it is Theosophy which is the true and unalloyed Spiritualism, while the modern scheme of that name is, as now practised by the masses, simply transcendental materialism.
Enq. Please explain your idea more clearly.
Theo. What I mean is that though our teachings insist upon the identity of spirit and matter, and though we say that spirit is potential matter, and matter simply crystallized spirit (e.g., as ice is solidified steam), yet since the original and eternal condition of all is not spirit but meta-spirit, so to speak, (visible and solid matter being simply its periodical manifestation,) we maintain that the term spirit can only be applied to the true individuality.
Enq. But what is the distinction between this "true individuality" and the "I" or "Ego" of which we are all conscious?
Theo. Before I can answer you, we must argue upon what you mean by "I" or "Ego." We distinguish between the simple fact of self-consciousness, the simple feeling that "I am I," and the complex thought that "I am Mr. Smith" or "Mrs. Brown." Believing as we do in a series of births for the same Ego, or re-incarnation, this distinction is the fundamental pivot of the whole idea. You see "Mr. Smith" really means a long series of daily experiences strung together by the thread of memory, and forming what Mr. Smith calls "himself." But none of these "experiences" are really the "I" or the Ego, nor do they give "Mr. Smith" the feeling that he is himself, for he forgets the greater part of his daily experiences, and they produce the feeling of Egoity in him only while they last. We Theosophists, therefore, distinguish between this bundle of "experiences," which we call the false (because so finite and evanescent) personality, and that element in man to which the feeling of "I am I" is due. It is this "I am I" which we call the true individuality; and we say that this "Ego" or individuality plays, like an actor, many parts on the stage of life. (Vide infra, "On Individuality and Personality.") Let us call every new life on earth of the same Ego a night on the stage of a theatre. One night the actor, or "Ego," appears as "Macbeth," the next as "Shylock," the third as "Romeo," the fourth as "Hamlet" or "King Lear," and so on, until he has run through the whole cycle of incarnations. The Ego begins his life-pilgrimage as a sprite, an "Ariel," or a "Puck"; he plays the part of a super, is a soldier, a servant, one of the chorus; rises then to "speaking parts," plays leading roles, interspersed with insignificant parts, till he finally retires from the stage as "Prospero," the magician.
Enq. I understand. You say, then, that this true Ego cannot return to earth after death. But surely the actor is at liberty, if he has preserved the sense of his individuality, to return if he likes to the scene of his former actions?
Theo. We say not, simply because such a return to earth would be incompatible with any state of unalloyed bliss after death, as I am prepared to prove. We say that man suffers so much unmerited misery during his life, through the fault of others with whom he is associated, or because of his environment, that he is surely entitled to perfect rest and quiet, if not bliss, before taking up again the burden of life. However, we can discuss this in detail later.
Why is Theosophy Accepted?
Enq. I understand to a certain extent; but I see that your teachings are far more complicated and metaphysical than either Spiritualism or current religious thought. Can you tell me, then, what has caused this system of Theosophy which you support to arouse so much interest and so much animosity at the same time?
Theo. There are several reasons for it, I believe; among other causes that may be mentioned is, firstly, the great reaction from the crassly materialistic theories now prevalent among scientific teachers. Secondly, general dissatisfaction with the artificial theology of the various Christian Churches, and the number of daily increasing and conflicting sects. Thirdly, an ever-growing perception of the fact that the creeds which are so obviously self — and mutually — contradictory cannot be true, and that claims which are unverified cannot be real. This natural distrust of conventional religions is only strengthened by their complete failure to preserve morals and to purify society and the masses. Fourthly, a conviction on the part of many, and knowledge by a few, that there must be somewhere a philosophical and religious system which shall be scientific and not merely speculative. Finally, a belief, perhaps, that such a system must be sought for in teachings far antedating any modern faith.
Enq. But how did this system come to be put forward just now?
Theo. Just because the time was found to be ripe, which fact is shown by the determined effort of so many earnest students to reach the truth, at whatever cost and wherever it may be concealed. Seeing this, its custodians permitted that some portions at least of that truth should be proclaimed. Had the formation of the Theosophical Society been postponed a few years longer, one half of the civilized nations would have become by this time rank materialists, and the other half anthropomorphists and phenomenalists.
Enq. Are we to regard Theosophy in any way as a revelation?
Theo. In no way whatever — not even in the sense of a new and direct disclosure from some higher, supernatural, or, at least, superhuman beings; but only in the sense of an "unveiling" of old, very old, truths to minds hitherto ignorant of them, ignorant even of the existence and preservation of any such archaic knowledge.2It has become "fashionable," — especially of late, to deride the notion that there ever was, in the mysteries of great and civilized peoples, such as the Egyptians, Greeks, or Romans, anything but priestly imposture. Even the Rosicrucians were no better than half lunatics, half knaves. Numerous books have been written on them; and tyros, who had hardly heard the name a few years before, sallied out as profound critics and Gnostics on the subject of alchemy, the fire-philosophers, and mysticism in general. Yet a long series of the Hierophants of Egypt, India, Chaldea, and Arabia are known, along with the greatest philosophers and sages of Greece and the West, to have included under the designation of wisdom and divine science all knowledge, for they considered the base and origin of every art and science as essentially divine. Plato regarded the mysteries as most sacred, and Clemens Alexandrinus, who had been himself initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries, has declared "that the doctrines taught therein contained in them the end of all human knowledge." Were Plato and Clemens two knaves or two fools, we wonder, or — both?
Enq. You spoke of "Persecution." If truth is as represented by Theosophy, why has it met with such opposition, and with no general acceptance?
Theo. For many and various reasons again, one of which is the hatred felt by men for "innovations," as they call them. Selfishness is essentially conservative, and hates being disturbed. It prefers an easy-going, unexacting lie to the greatest truth, if the latter requires the sacrifice of one's smallest comfort. The power of mental inertia is great in anything that does not promise immediate benefit and reward. Our age is pre-eminently unspiritual and matter of fact. Moreover, there is the unfamiliar character of Theosophic teachings; the highly abstruse nature of the doctrines, some of which contradict flatly many of the human vagaries cherished by sectarians, which have eaten into the very core of popular beliefs. If we add to this the personal efforts and great purity of life exacted of those who would become the disciples of the inner circle, and the very limited class to which an entirely unselfish code appeals, it will be easy to perceive the reason why Theosophy is doomed to such slow, up-hill work. It is essentially the philosophy of those who suffer, and have lost all hope of being helped out of the mire of life by any other means. Moreover, the history of any system of belief or morals, newly introduced into a foreign soil, shows that its beginnings were impeded by every obstacle that obscurantism and selfishness could suggest. "The crown of the innovator is a crown of thorns" indeed! No pulling down of old, worm-eaten buildings can be accomplished without some danger.
Enq. All this refers rather to the ethics and philosophy of the T. S. Can you give me a general idea of the Society itself, its objects and statutes?
Theo. This was never made secret. Ask, and you shall receive accurate answers.
Enq. But I heard that you were bound by pledges?
Theo. Only in the Arcane or "Esoteric" Section.
Enq. And also, that some members after leaving did not regard themselves bound by them. Are they right?
Theo. This shows that their idea of honour is an imperfect one. How can they be right? As well said in the Path, our theosophical organ at New York, treating of such a case: "Suppose that a soldier is tried for infringement of oath and discipline, and is dismissed from the service. In his rage at the justice he has called down, and of whose penalties he was distinctly forewarned, the soldier turns to the enemy with false information, — a spy and traitor — as a revenge upon his former Chief, and claims that his punishment has released him from his oath of loyalty to a cause." Is he justified, think you? Don't you think he deserves being called a dishonourable man, a coward?
Enq. I believe so; but some think otherwise.
Theo. So much the worse for them. But we will talk on this subject later, if you please.
Rudolf Steiner's Translation into German
II. Exoterische und Esoterische Theosophie
Was die gegenwärtige Theosophische Gesellschaft nicht ist.
Frag.: Es sind also die theosophischen Lehren der Gegenwart weder eine Wiederbelebung des Buddhismus, noch sind sie eine bloße Wiedergabe der neuplatonischen Theosophie?
Theos.: Das sind sie nicht. Es kann auf diese Frage keine bessere Antwort gegeben werden als durch Anführung eines Vortrages über «Theosophie» von Dr. J. D. Buck. Derselbe wurde bei der letzten theosophischen Generalversammlung in Chicago (April 1889) gehalten. Kein lebender Theosophist hat es besser verstanden auszudrücken, was Theosophie dem Wesen nach ist, als unser verehrter Freund Dr. Buck:
«Die Theosophische Gesellschaft ist gegründet worden zum Zwecke der Ausbreitung theosophischer Lehren und zur Förderung des theosophischen Lebens. Die gegenwärtige Theosophische Gesellschaft ist nicht die erste in ihrer Art. Es liegt mir ein Buch vor mit dem Titel: «Theosophische Mitteilungen der Philadelphian Gesellschaft, veröffentlicht in London 1697; und ein anderes mit dem Titel: «Einleitung in die Theosophie oder «Wissenschaft vom Mysterium Christ»; das ist vom Göttlichen, von der Natur und Schöpfung, umfassend auch die schaffenden Kräfte des Lebens, sowohl die magischen wie die spirituellen und bildend einen praktischen Führer zur erhabensten Reinheit, Heiligkeit und evangelischen Vollkommenheit; auch zur Erreichung des übersinnlichen Schauens, der verborgenen Künste und Fähigkeiten und anderer Gaben der Wiedergeburt; veröffentlicht in London 1855. Das Werk trägt folgende Widmung: «Allen Studenten der Universitäten, den Collegien und Schulen des Christentums; den Professoren der Metaphysik, Mechanik und Naturwissenschaft in jeder Richtung; den Männern und Frauen mit allgemeiner Bildung sowohl des orthodoxen Glaubens wie auch den Deisten, Arianern, Unitariern, Swedenborgianern und anderer unbestimmter und unbegründeter Glaubensrichtungen, den Rationalisten und Skeptikern jeder Art, den rechtdenkenden und erleuchteten Mohammedanern, Juden und orientalischen Kirchenanhängern; besonders aber den Dienern des Evangeliums und Missionaren sowohl der barbarischen wie der gebildeten Völker, sei diese Einleitung in die Theosophie oder Wissenschaft vom Grunde aller Geheimnisse ergebenst und liebevoll gewidmet.»
Im folgenden Jahre (1856) ist ein anderes Buch erschienen, in Groß-Oktav, 600 Seiten stark, glänzend ausgestattet: «Miscellen zur Theosophie. Von diesem Werke sind allerdings nur 500 Exemplare gedruckt worden, die aber unentgeltlich an Bibliotheken und Universitäten verteilt wurden. — Diese früheren Bewegungen, deren es viele gab, entstanden innerhalb der kirchlichen Kreise, durch Personen von großer Frömmigkeit und Sittenstrenge und von unanfechtbarem Charakter. All solche Schriften waren in einer orthodoxen Form gehalten; sie bedienten sich der christlichen Ausdrucksweise und waren gleich den Schriften des ausgezeichneten Kirchenschriftstellers William Law für den gewöhnlichen Leser durch nichts auffallend als durch großen Ernst und wahre Frömmigkeit. Sie hatten alle nur das eine Ziel, in die tieferen Lehren und ursprünglichen Absichten des christlichen Schrifttumes einzuführen und eine Vorstellung sowie ein Gefühl vom theosophischen Leben zu geben. Diese Werke sind bald vergessen worden und heute ganz unbekannt. Sie versuchten eine Reform innerhalb der Geistlichkeit und die Herbeiführung echter Frömmigkeit, und waren darum nicht besonders beliebt. Es genügte das eine Wort «ketzerisch», um sie in der Hölle all solcher Utopien zu verbrennen. Zur Zeit der Reformation machte Johannes Reuchlin einen ähnlichen Versuch mit demselben Erfolg, obgleich er der vertraute und gläubige Freund Luthers war. Die Orthodoxie wünscht niemals unterrichtet und erleuchtet zu werden. Diesen Reformatoren wurde — gleich Paulus von Festus — bedeutet, dass zu viele Gelehrsamkeit sie verrückt machen könnte und dass es gefährlich sei, weiter zu gehen. Indem wir an der Ausdrucksweise vorübergehen, welche durch die religiösen Grenzen der Zeitmächte bedingt war, und an den Kern der Sache herantreten, finden wir diese Schriften im strengsten Sinne theosophisch und einzig auf des Menschen Erkenntnis seiner höheren Natur und seines Seelenlebens bezüglich. Die gegenwärtige theosophische Bewegung hat man zuweilen als einen Versuch bezeichnet, das Christentum in Buddhismus überzuführen, was nur bezeugt, dass das Wort
seinen Schrecken und seine Macht eingebüßt hat. Einzelne Personen haben in jedem Zeitalter mehr oder weniger die theosophischen Lehren verstanden und sie in die Führung ihres Lebens aufgenommen. Diese Lehren gehören nicht einer Religion ausschließlich an, noch sind sie auf eine Menschengruppe oder Zeit beschränkt. Sie sind das Heimatrecht jeder menschlichen Seele. Was man Orthodoxie nennt, muss von jedem Einzelnen überwunden werden, je nach seiner Natur und seinen Fähigkeiten und in Übereinstimmung mit seiner Erfahrung. Das mag erklärlich machen, warum diejenigen, welche in der Theosophie eine neue Religion suchen, vergeblich fragen nach ihrem Bekenntnis und Ritual. Ihr Bekenntnis ist die Hingabe an die Wahrheit und ihr Ritual: «eine jede Wahrheit dahin zu schätzen, dass man sie ins Leben umsetzt.» Wie wenig man in größeren Kreisen der Menschheit den Grundsatz der Brüderlichkeit verstanden hat, und wie selten man seine außerordentliche Wichtigkeit erfasst hat, das kann man aus der Verschiedenheit der Meinungen und den rein erfundenen Erklärungen über die Theosophische Gesellschaft entnehmen. Diese Gesellschaft ist auf dem einzigen Grundsatz aufgebaut worden, einen wahren Bruderbund der Menschheit zu schaffen, wie bereits kurz und unvollkommen angedeutet worden ist. Sie wurde als buddhistisch und antichristlich angeschwärzt, wie wenn sie beides auf einmal sein könnte, da doch sowohl der Buddhismus wie das Christentum im Sinne ihrer Stifter die Brüderlichkeit zum Wesentlichen ihrer Lehre und ihres Lebens gemacht haben. Auch hat man Theosophie als etwas völlig Neues unter der Sonne angesehen oder bestenfalls als alten Mystizismus in der Maske eines neuen Namens. Ebenso wie es wahr ist, dass mancherlei Gesellschaften gegründet worden sind mit der Aufgabe, die Selbstlosigkeit und wahre Brüderlichkeit zu pflegen und verschiedene Namen getragen haben, ebenso wahr ist es, dass viele theosophisch genannt worden sind, welche mit der gegenwärtigen gleiche Ziele und Grundsätze haben. Bei allen solchen Gesellschaften ist das Wesentliche gleich gewesen und alles andere ist unwesentlich gewesen, obgleich nicht geleugnet werden soll, dass viele Menschen gerade durch das Unwesentliche angezogen worden sind und das Wesentliche außer Acht gelassen haben.»
Es könnte keine bessere und eindringlichere Antwort auf obige Frage gegeben werden, die von einer Persönlichkeit herrührt, welche zu den geschätztesten und ernstesten Theosophisten zählt.
Frag.: Welcher Lebensansicht huldigt die Theosophie oder befolgt sie außer der buddhistischen Lehre?
Theos.: Keiner und allen. Sie huldigt keiner einzelnen Religion oder Philosophie im Besonderen; sie sucht in jeder das Gute zu finden. Aber auch hier wieder muss gesagt werden, dass wie alle andern alten Lebensansichten Theosophie in exoterische und esoterische Glieder zerfällt.
Frag.: Welches ist zwischen beiden der Unterschied?
Theos.: Die Mitglieder der Theosophischen Gesellschaft im Allgemeinen sind darinnen völlig frei, zu welcher Religion oder Philosophie sie sich bekennen oder ob zu gar keiner, falls sie solches vorziehen, vorausgesetzt, dass sie eines oder mehrere der drei Ziele der Gesellschaft zu befolgen geneigt sind. Die Gesellschaft ist eine philanthropische und wissenschaftliche, welche die Idee der Brüderlichkeit in praktischer statt in theoretischer Art zu verbreiten sucht. Die Anhänger mögen Christen oder Muselmänner, Juden oder Perser, Buddhisten oder Brahmanen, Spiritualisten oder Materialisten sein, das tut nichts zur Sache; aber jedes Mitglied muss entweder Philanthrop oder Schüler, Forscher in der arischen oder einer andern Literatur sein, oder ein solcher auf psychischem Gebiete. Kurz gesagt, er soll sich bestreben, so viel er kann, an der Verwirklichung wenigstens eines der Ziele der Gesellschaft zu arbeiten. Im andern Falle liegt kein Grund vor, Mitglied zu werden. In dieser Weise verhält es sich mit der Mehrzahl der Mitglieder der exoterischen Gesellschaft, die aus «angeschlossenen» und «nicht angeschlossenen» Mitgliedern besteht.1Unter einem «angeschlossenen» Mitglied versteht man ein solches, welches einem besonderen Zweig der Theosophischen Gesellschaft angehört. Unter einem «nicht angeschlossenen» aber ein solches, das zur Gesellschaft im Allgemeinen gehört, das sein Diplom unmittelbar vom Hauptquartier (Adyar, Madras) hat, aber mit keinem Zweige oder keiner Loge in Verbindung steht. Diese mögen nun wirkliche Theosophisten werden oder auch nicht; Mitglieder sind sie kraft ihres Eintrittes in die Gesellschaft. Aber die letztere kann aus jemand keinen Theosophisten machen, der keinen Sinn hat für die göttliche Grundlage der Dinge, oder der die Theosophie nur von seinem eigenen sektiererischen und egoistischen Standpunkte aus versteht. «Schön ist, wer Schönes treibt», könnte in diesem Falle umgewandelt werden in «Theosophist ist, wer die Theosophie treibt».
Theosophisten und Mitglieder der Theosophischen Gesellschaft.
Frag.: Dies hat für die Laien-Mitglieder Bedeutung, wenn ich richtig verstehe. Was gilt nun von denen, welche das esoterische Studium der Theosophie verfolgen; sind dies wirkliche Theosophisten?
Theos.: Nicht notwendig, bis sie sich selbst als solche erwiesen haben. Sie sind in die innere Gruppe eingetreten und haben sich verpflichtet, die Regeln der okkulten Körperschaft so gut zu befolgen, als sie nur irgend können. Dies ist ein schwieriges Unterfangen, da die allererste Regel in der vollkommenen Entäußerung von der eigenen Persönlichkeit besteht, das heißt, ein verpflichtetes Mitglied muss ein vollkommener Altruist werden, nimmer an sich selbst denken, und seine eigenen Eitelkeiten und allen Stolz vergessen gegenüber dem Gedanken an die Wohlfahrt seiner Mitgeschöpfe, nicht nur seiner Mitbrüder im esoterischen Kreise. Sollen die esoterischen Anleitungen ihm nützen, so muss er ein Leben der Selbstentsagung nach jeder Richtung üben, ein solches der Selbstverleugnung und strengen Moralität, indem er seine Pflichten allen Menschen gegenüber tut. Die geringe Anzahl wirklicher Theosophisten in der Theosophischen Gesellschaft sind unter diesen Mitgliedern. Damit soll aber durchaus nicht behauptet werden, dass außerhalb der Theosophischen Gesellschaft und des inneren Kreises nicht auch Theosophisten wären; es gibt deren, und mehr als man gewöhnlich weiß; gewiss mehr als unter den Laien-Mitgliedern der Theosophischen Gesellschaft gefunden werden können.
Frag.: Was hat dann der Beitritt zur Theosophischen Gesellschaft für eine Bedeutung? Warum schließt man sich ihr an?
Theos.: Aus keinem anderen Grunde, als weil man esoterische Belehrungen empfangen kann und die ursprünglichen Wahrheiten der esoterischen Philosophie, und ferner, falls das wirkliche Programm ausgeführt wird, weil man gefördert wird durch wechselseitigen Beistand und gegenseitige Sympathie. In der Vereinigung liegt Kraft und Harmonie und gut geregelte gemeinsame Anstrengungen können Wunder wirken. Das ist das Geheimnis aller Vereinigungen und Gesellschaften gewesen, seit es eine Menschheit gibt.
Frag.: Aber warum sollte ein Mensch von wohlgebildetem Geist und strenger Zielsicherheit, einer, sagen wir, von tüchtiger Energie und Standhaftigkeit nicht Okkultist und selbst Adept werden, auch wenn er allein arbeitet?
Theos.: Er kann es; aber in tausend Fällen gegenüber einem wird er in Irrtum verfallen. Denn, um nur einen der vielen Gründe zu nennen: es gibt in unseren Tagen kein Buch, welches die Geheimnisse der Alchemie und mittelalterlichen Theosophie in vollkommener Sprache zur Darstellung bringt. Sie sprechen alle in Sinnbildern und Gleichnissen; und da der Schlüssel dazu vor unserm Zeitalter im Westen verloren gegangen ist, wie kann ein Mensch die richtige Bedeutung dessen erfahren, was er liest oder studiert? Darin liegt die größte Gefahr, und zwar eine solche, die entweder zur unbewussten schwarzen Magie oder zur mehr oder weniger hilflosen Mediumschaft führt. Wer nicht einen Eingeweihten zum Meister haben kann, der sollte sich an das gefährliche Studium nicht heranmachen. Man blicke nur einmal mit Aufmerksamkeit um sich. Während zwei Drittel der «zivilisierten» Gesellschaft sich lustig macht über eine jede Bemerkung, dass Theosophie, Okkultismus, Spiritualismus oder Kabbala etwas in Betracht Kommendes sei, ist das letzte Drittel aus den verschiedenartigsten und einander entgegengesetztesten Elementen zusammengesetzt. Einige glauben an das Mystische, selbst an das Übernatürliche (!), aber ein jeder glaubt in seiner Weise. Andere stürzen sich auf eigene Art in das Studium der Kabbala, des Psychismus, des Mesmerismus, Spiritualismus oder in andere Formen des Mystizismus. Daraus ergibt sich dann, dass nicht zwei Menschen in gleicher Art denken, dass nicht zwei über irgend einen Grundsatz des Okkultismus einig sind, und dass dennoch so viele den Gipfel der Weisheit erklommen zu haben glauben und der Welt die Meinung beibringen möchten, dass sie vollgültige Adepten seien. Nicht nur, dass man im Westen keine wissenschaftliche und richtige Kenntnis von Okkultismus hat — selbst nicht von wahrer Astrologie, dem einzigen Gebiet des Okkultismus, das in seinen exoterischen Lehren bestimmte Gesetze und ein ausgebildetes System hat — sondern es hat keiner auch nur eine Ahnung davon, was wirklicher Okkultismus bedeutet. Einige begrenzen die alte Weisheit durch die Kabbala und den jüdischen Zohar, aber ein jeder erklärt diese in seiner eigenen Art gemäß dem toten Buchstaben nach rabbinischer Methode. Andere sehen in Swedenborg oder Böhme die höchsten Ausdrucksformen für die Weisheit; während wieder andere in dem Mesmerismus das große Geheimnis der alten Magie zu erkennen vorgeben. Alle diejenigen, welche auf solche Voraussetzungen hin ihre Theorie in die Praxis umsetzen, treiben durch ihre Unwissenheit der schwarzen Magie zu. Glücklich sind diejenigen, welche diesem Geschick entgehen, trotzdem weder Mittel und Wege vorhanden sind, um das Wahre von dem Falschen zu unterscheiden.
Frag.: Ist es richtig gedacht, dass der innere Kreis der Theosophischen Gesellschaft behauptet, seine Unterweisungen von wirklichen Eingeweihten oder Meistern der esoterischen Weisheit zu empfangen?
Theos.: Nicht unmittelbar. Die persönliche Gegenwart solcher Meister ist nicht erforderlich. Es genügt, wenn sie denjenigen Unterweisungen geben, die jahrelang unter ihrer Führung studiert haben, und die sich ganz ihrem Dienst geweiht haben. Solche können dann ihre so empfangene Erkenntnis auf die anderen übertragen, die eine solche Gelegenheit nicht haben. Ein Teil der wahren Wissenschaft ist besser als eine Fülle von unverarbeiteten und missverstandenen Lehren. Eine Unze Gold ist wertvoller als eine Tonne von Staub.
Frag.: Aber wie kann man erkennen, ob die Unze wirkliches Gold oder nur eine Nachahmung ist?
Theos.: Ein Baum ist an seinen Früchten, eine Lebensauffassung an ihren Resultaten zu erkennen. Wenn unsere Gegner im Stande sind zu beweisen, dass ein einsamer Student des Okkultismus zu irgend einer Zeit ein heiliger Adept gleich dem Ammonius Saccas oder Plotin geworden ist, oder ein Theurg gleich Jamblichus, oder dass er Dinge vollbracht habe, wie sie von St. Germain behauptet werden, ohne einen ihn führenden Meister, und all dies ohne ein Medium zu sein, ein in Selbsttäuschung befangener oder ein Scharlatan — dann werden wir zugeben, dass wir uns selbst missverstehen. Bis dahin aber werden die Theosophisten lieber den gut bewiesenen Gesetzen der überlieferten heiligen Wissenschaft folgen. Es gibt Mystiker, welche große Entdeckungen in der chemischen oder physikalischen Wissenschaft gemacht haben, die fast in Alchemie und Okkultismus hinübergreifen, und andere, die durch alleinige Hilfe ihres Genius Teile, wenn nicht das Ganze des verlorenen Alphabetes der «Mysteriensprache» wieder entdeckt haben, und die daher fähig sind, hebräische Pergamentrollen richtig zu lesen; und wieder andere, welche Seher sind und wundervolle Lichtblicke in die verborgenen Geheimnisse der Natur getan haben. Aber alles dieses sind Spezialisten. Der eine ist theoretischer Erfinder, ein anderer hebräischer Gelehrter, das ist ein Kenner der Kabbala, ein dritter ein Swedenborg in neuer Form, die alle Dinge verleugnen, welche außerhalb ihrer eigenen besonderen Wissenschaft oder Religion liegen. Nicht einer von diesen kann behaupten, einen allgemein menschlichen oder einen nationalen Nutzen gestiftet zu haben, ja kaum einen für sich selbst. Mit Ausnahme einiger «Heiler» — von der Klasse derjenigen, welche das königliche Kollegium der Ärzte und Chirurgen Quacksalber nennen würde — hat keiner mit seiner Wissenschaft der Menschheit geholfen, ja ist auch nur einer Anzahl von Menschen nützlich gewesen. Wo sind die Chaldäer der Alten, von denen uns wunderbare Heilungen berichtet werden, nicht «durch Zaubersondern durch Heilmittel»? Wo ist ein Apollonius von Tyana, welcher die Siechen heilt und die Toten unter einem jeglichen Klima und in allen Umständen erweckt? Man kennt einige Spezialisten der vorbesprochenen Art in Europa, aber von den letzteren gibt es welche nur in Asien, wo sich das Geheimnis des Yogi bewahrt hat, der «im Tode lebt».
Frag.: Ist die Hervorbringung solcher Heiler die Absicht der Theosophie?
Theos.: Ihre Absichten sind mehrere; aber die wichtigsten darunter sind diejenigen, welche zur Erleichterung des menschlichen Leidens in irgendeiner Form führen, in der moralischen oder physischen. Und wir halten die ersteren für weitaus wichtiger als die letztern. Theosophie soll der Menschheit ein neues Geistesleben bringen; sie soll die Seele reinigen und das wird zu einer Gesundung des physischen Körpers führen, dessen Krankheiten, mit Ausnahme der durch Unfälle bewirkten, alle durch Vererbung erworben sind. Der Okkultismus soll nicht um irgendwelcher selbstischer Zwecke studiert werden, denn durch die Förderung von persönlichem Ehrgeiz, Hochmut, Eitelkeit kann man niemals auf den Weg geführt werden, der leidenden Menschheit zu helfen. Auch kann man keineswegs durch das Studium eines einzelnen Zweiges der esoterischen Philosophie ein Okkultist werden, sondern dadurch, dass man sie alle bemeistert.
Frag.: Kommt nur denjenigen in der Erreichung dieses wichtigen Zieles Hilfe zu, welche die esoterischen Wissenschaften studieren?
Theos.: Ganz und gar nicht. Ein jedes Laien-Mitglied ist zum Empfange derjenigen Belehrungen berechtigt, welche es nötig hat; aber es sind nur wenige bereit, «arbeitende Mitglieder» zu werden; die meisten ziehen vor, die «Drohnen» der Theosophie zu bleiben. Es sollte richtig begriffen werden, dass auch Untersuchungen, welche der Einzelne macht, durch die Theosophische Gesellschaft gefördert werden, insoweit sie die Grenzen nicht verwischen, welche das esoterische von dem exoterischen, das «blinde» von dem «bewussten» trennen.
Der Unterschied zwischen Theosophie und Okkultismus.
Frag.: Es ist von Theosophie und Okkultismus gesprochen worden. Sind diese ein und dasselbe?
Theos.: Nach keiner Richtung hin. Jemand kann ein sehr guter Theosoph sein, entweder in oder außerhalb der Theosophischen Gesellschaft, ohne in irgendeiner Art ein Okkultist zu sein. Aber niemand kann ein wahrer Okkultist sein, ohne Theosoph zu sein; denn er wäre sonst ein schwarzer Magier, ob bewusst oder unbewusst. Frag.: Wie ist das gemeint?
Theos.: Es ist bereits gesagt worden, dass der wahre Theosoph das höchste moralische Ideal ausüben muss, dass er danach streben muss, seine Einheit mit dem ganzen Menschengeschlecht zu verwirklichen, und dass er unaufhörlich für andere arbeiten muss. Wenn nun ein Okkultist dies alles nicht tun würde, so würde er selbstsüchtig zum Nutzen seiner eigenen Person handeln, und wenn er mehr wirksame Macht als andere Menschen erlangen würde, so würde er dadurch ein viel gefährlicherer Feind für die Welt als andere Sterbliche um ihn herum. Das ist klar.
Frag.: Dann ist ein Okkultist einfach ein Mensch, der im Besitze von mehr Kräften ist als andere Menschen?
Theos.: Weit mehr, falls er ein praktischer und wirklicher gelernter Okkultist ist, und nicht nur einer dem Namen nach. Die okkulte Wissenschaft ist nicht, wie in Enzyklopädien beschrieben wird, «jene eingebildete Wissenschaft des Mittelalters, welche Bezug hatte auf verborgene Eigenschaften oder übernatürliche Kräfte wie Alchemie, Magie, Nekromantie, und Astrologie», denn sie ist vielmehr eine wirkliche, tätige und sehr gefährliche Wissenschaft. Sie lehrt die geheime Macht der Naturdinge, entwickelt und kultiviert die verborgenen Kräfte, die im Menschen «latent» sind und gibt ihm auf diese Art einen bedeutsamen Vorsprung über andere unwissende Sterbliche. Der Hypnotismus, der nun ein allgemeiner Betrachtungsgegenstand und ein solcher geworden ist, der ernstlicher wissenschaftlicher Untersuchung unterworfen wird, ist etwas, was in dieser Hinsicht gut als Beispiel angeführt werden kann. Die Kraft des Hypnotismus ist beinahe durch Zufall entdeckt worden, nachdem der Weg dazu durch den Mesmerismus vorbereitet worden ist; und nunmehr ist ein befähigter Hypnotiseur im Stande alles mögliche damit zu tun; er kann einen Menschen zu sich hinzwingen, ohne dass diesem das bewusst ist; er kann ihn veranlassen, ein Verbrechen zu begehen, zum Nutzen des Hypnotiseurs, und an dessen Stelle. Ist dies nicht eine schreckliche Kraft, wenn sie in die Hände von gewissenlosen Menschen gegeben wird? Und es ist notwendig sich daran zu erinnern, dass dies nur ein kleines Gebiet des Okkultismus ist.
Frag.: Aber bezeichnen nicht die gebildetsten und gelehrtesten Menschen diese okkulten Wissenschaften, wie Magie und Ähnliches, als Reste einer alten Unwissenheit und eines alten Aberglaubens?
Theos.: Es sei daran erinnert, dass diese Bemerkung nach zwei Richtungen hin betrachtet werden muss. Die «gebildetsten und gelehrtesten» unter den gegenwärtigen Zeitgenossen betrachten auch das Christentum und jede andere Religion als einen Überrest der Unwissenheit und des Aberglaubens. Man beginnt nunmehr an den Hypnotismus zu glauben, und einige der fortgeschrittensten glauben sogar an übersinnliche Erscheinungen. Aber wer von all diesen, mit Ausnahme von Priestern oder blinden Fanatikern, will sich zum Glauben an Wunder bekennen? Und hier ist es, wo ein wichtiger Unterscheidungspunkt vorliegt. Es mag sehr gute und reine Theosophisten geben, die an das Übernatürliche, an göttliche Wunder sogar, glauben; aber kein Okkultist kann einen solchen Glauben haben. Denn ein Okkultist übt wissenschaftliche Theosophie, begründet auf eine intime Erkenntnis der verborgenen Naturwirkungen; aber ein Theosoph, der sogenannte abnorme Kräfte in Ausübung bringen wollte, könnte nur, wenn er dies ohne das Licht des Okkultismus tut, einer gefährlichen Form des Mediumnismus zusteuern; denn obgleich er sich zur Theosophie und ihren hohen geistigen Lehren bekennt, übt er diese Kräfte im Dunkel, wenn auch in gutem Glauben aus. Jeder, ob er nun Theosophist oder Spiritualist ist, der irgend ein Gebiet der okkulten Wissenschaft zu bearbeiten anstrebt, z.B. Hypnotismus, Mesmerismus oder selbst das Feld, die unoffenbaren physischen Erscheinungen hervorzubringen, ist ohne die Kenntnis der philosophischen Urgründe dieser Kräfte wie ein steuerloses Boot, das auf sturmbewegtem Ozean dahinirrt.
Der Unterschied zwischen Theosophie und Spiritualismus.
Frag.: Glauben die Theosophisten nicht an den Spiritualismus?
Theos.: Wenn man unter Spiritualismus die Erklärung versteht, die von den Spiritualisten den übersinnlichen Erscheinungen gegeben wird, dann ist mit Entschiedenheit zu erwidern: Nein. Denn diese behaupten, dass solche Erscheinungen alle durch die «Geister» der hingegangenen Toten hervorgebracht werden, die, nach ihrer Meinung, zur Erde zurückkehren um mit denen zu verkehren welche sie geliebt haben oder zu denen sie sich hingezogen fühlen. Dies ist vom theosophischen Standpunkt zu verneinen. Vielmehr ist zu sagen, dass die Geister der Toten nicht zur Erde zurückkehren können, — außer in seltenen und ausnahmsweisen Fällen, die später zu besprechen sein werden — noch dass sie mit Menschen verkehren können, ausgenommen durch ganz subjektive Mittel. Das, was objektiv erscheint, ist nur das Phantom des ehemals physischen Menschen. Aber an dem psychischen und dem sozusagen spirituellen Spiritualismus ist ganz entschieden festzuhalten.
Frag.: Sind auch die übersinnlichen Erscheinungen abzulehnen?
Theos.: Sicherlich nicht, ausgenommen in den Fällen des beabsichtigten Betruges.
Frag.: Wie können dieselben erklärt werden?
Theos.: In verschiedener Art. Die Ursachen solcher Offenbarungen sind in keiner Hinsicht so einfach wie die Spiritualisten annehmen. Bei den meisten ist der «deus ex machina» in den sogenannten «Materialisationen» einfach der «Astralkörper» oder die «Doublette» des Mediums oder eines anderen der Anwesenden. Dieser Astralkörper ist auch gewöhnlich der Erzeuger der Offenbarungen mit der Schreibtafel und aller ähnlichen Erscheinungen.
Frag.: Es wird da «gewöhnlich» gesagt; was ist der Erzeuger in den übrigen Fällen?
Theos.: Das ist verschieden, je nach der Art der Offenbarungen. Bisweilen hat man es mit den astralen Überbleibseln, den in «Kamaloca» befindlichen «Hüllen» der dahingeschiedenen Personen zu tun; in andern Fällen aber mit Elementarwesen. «Geist» ist ein Wort von mannigfaltiger und in sich unklarer Bedeutung. Es ist nicht leicht zu sagen, was die Spiritualisten darunter verstehen; aber man kann annehmen, dass sie der Meinung sind, es handle sich darum, dass die physischen Erscheinungen von dem sich immer wieder verkörpernden «Ich» herrühren, von der unsterblichen, spirituellen Individualität. Aber diese Hypothese ist völlig zu verwerfen. Die bewusste Individualität des Entkörperten kann nicht sich materialisieren, noch kann sie aus der devachanischen Welt in diejenige der irdischen Objektivität zurückkehren.
Frag.: Aber in manchen der Mitteilungen, welche von «Geistern» empfangen werden, findet man nicht nur Intelligenz, sondern auch ein Wissen von Tatsachen, welche dem Medium unbekannt sind, ja die oft nicht einmal dem Geist der Nachforschenden oder eines der Anwesenden bekannt sind?
Theos.: Dies ist nicht notwendig ein Beweis davon, dass die Intelligenz und die Kenntnis, die in Betracht kommen, den «Geistern» angehören oder von entkörperten Seelen herrühren. Es ist von Somnambulen bekannt, dass sie in ihrer Ekstase Musikalisches oder Poetisches komponieren oder mathematische Probleme lösen, ohne dass sie gelernte Musiker oder Mathematiker wären. Andere antworten verständig auf Fragen, die an sie gestellt werden in Sprachen selbst wie hebräisch oder lateinisch, von denen sie im wachen Zustande keine Kenntnis haben — dies alles vollbringen sie im Zustande tiefen Schlafes. Kann man da etwa noch behaupten, dass solches von «Geistern» herrührt?
Frag.: Aber wie ist das alles zu erklären?
Theos.: Es ist daran festzuhalten, dass der göttliche Funke im Menschen Eins ist und identisch in seinem Wesen mit dem Universal-Geist; unser «geistiges Selbst» ist praktisch allwissend; aber es kann seine Erkenntnis nicht offenbaren, infolge der Beschränkungen des Stoffes. Nun, je mehr diese Hindernisse entfernt werden oder mit andern Worten, je mehr der physische Körper außer Kraft gesetzt wird was seine eigene unabhängige Tätigkeit und sein Bewusstsein anbetrifft, wie im tiefen Schlaf oder im tiefen Trance oder wohl auch in der Krankheit, umso mehr kann das innere Selbst auf dieser Welt sich offenbaren. Dies ist unsere Erklärung jener wahrhaft wunderbaren Erscheinungen einer höheren Art, in denen unleugbar Intelligenz und Kenntnis zu Tage treten. Was nun die niedere Art von Offenbarungen, die physischen Erscheinungen und die Gemeinplätze des gewöhnlichen «Geistes» anbetrifft, so gehörte mehr Zeit und Raum dazu, als wir gegenwärtig anwenden können, um die wichtigsten Lehren über sie vorzubringen. Es fehlt uns der Wunsch, uns tiefer mit dem Glauben der Spiritisten als mit einem andern Glauben einzulassen. Die Beweislast obliegt denen, welche Anhänger dieses Glaubens sind. Gegenwärtig sind die Führer der Spiritisten, und zwar die erfahrensten und verständigsten unter ihnen, zwar überzeugt, dass die höhere Art von Offenbarungen von entkörperten Seelen bewirkt werden, dass aber doch nicht alle Erscheinungen von Geistern herrühren. Stufenweise werden sie die ganze Wahrheit erkennen lernen; aber bis dahin haben wir weder ein Recht noch auch den Wunsch, sie zu Bekennern unserer Gesichtspunkte zu machen. Dies umso weniger, als wir im Falle von reinen psychischen und spirituellen Offenbarungen an den Verkehr der Geister der Lebenden mit denen Entkörperter glauben.
Wir sagen, dass in solchen Fällen nicht die Geister der Toten zu den Lebenden herabsteigen, sondern dass die Geister der Lebenden zu den rein spirituellen Seelen hinaufsteigen. In Wahrheit hat man es weder mit einem Hinauf-, noch mit einem Herabsteigen zu tun, sondern nur mit einem Wechsel im Zustand des Mediums. Der Körper des letzteren wird außer Kraft gesetzt oder in eine Art Schlafzustand gebracht, das spirituelle Ich wird dadurch von seinen Fesseln frei und befindet sich dann selbst in derselben Bewusstseinswelt wie die entkörperten Geister. Daher können diese beiden in Verkehr treten, wenn eine geistige Anziehung zwischen ihnen besteht, wie es sich öfters in Träumen ereignet. Der Unterschied zwischen einer mediumistischen und einer nicht sensitiven Natur ist dieser: der befreite Geist des Mediums hat die Möglichkeit und Fähigkeit einer Beeinflussung der auffassungsfähigen Organe seines in Schlafzustand versetzten Körpers, so dass er sie zum Handeln, Sprechen, Schreiben seinem Willen gemäß bringen kann. Das Ich kann, echoartig, die Gedanken und Ideen entkörperter Wesen in menschlicher Sprache zum Vorschein bringen wie seine eigenen. Aber der nicht zu beeinflussende und nicht sensitive Organismus einer sehr positiven Persönlichkeit kann in dieser Art nicht beeinflusst werden. Daher kommt es, dass, obwohl es kaum ein menschliches Wesen gibt, dessen Ich nicht während des Schlafes frei verkehrte mit denen, die es liebt und verloren hat, doch nur wenige dies in die Erinnerung zurückrufen können, wenn sie erwachen, wegen ihres positiven und nicht auffassungsfähigen Wesens.
Frag.: Ist demnach die Anschauung des Spiritismus im Ganzen zu verwerfen?
Theos.: Wenn unter «Anschauung» die unvollkommenen Theorien verstanden werden, so ist dies der Fall. Aber in Wahrheit gibt es eine solche Anschauung gar nicht. Die besten, die verständigsten und ernstesten Verteidiger des Spiritismus geben das zu. Ihre Grundwahrheit, die nicht anzuzweifeln ist, nämlich, dass Erscheinungen sich ereignen durch Medien, die von unsichtbaren Kräften und Mächten geleitet werden, kann niemand leugnen, außer ein blinder Materialist der Huxley’schen Schule. Was aber ihre Anschauung anbetrifft, so wollen wir anführen, was der Herausgeber des «Light» darüber ausspricht. Denn die Spiritisten können keinen vernünftigeren und ergebeneren Verfechter anführen. Das folgende schreibt M. A. Oxon, einer der weniger spiritistischen Philosophen, mit Bezug auf Mangel an Umsicht und blinde Gläubigkeit der Spiritisten:
«Es ist wertvoll, ruhig diesen Punkt ins Auge zu fassen, denn er ist der Lebenspunkt. Wir haben eine Erfahrung und ein Wissen, dem gegenüber alles andere Wissen unbedeutend ist. Der gewöhnliche Spiritist gerät außer sich, wenn irgendjemand anzweifelt seine sichere Kenntnis von der Zukunft und seine unbedingte Gewissheit eines kommenden Lebens. Während andere Menschen mit tastenden Händen sich in die Zukunft bewegen, geht er kühnlich vor wie einer, der eine Landkarte hat und den Weg kennt. Während andere Menschen sich bei einem frommen Sehnen begnügen oder mit dem überlieferten Glauben zufrieden sind, behauptet er, dass er weiß, was sie nur glauben, und dass er aus seiner reichen Schatzkammer den schwankenden nur auf die Hoffnung begründeten Glauben stützen könne. Er fühlt sich mächtig durch seine Behandlungsart der Dinge, die dem Menschen am wertvollsten sind. «Ihr hoffv, scheint er zu sagen, «auf das, was ich beweisen kann. Ihr habt einen überlieferten Glauben an das, was ich erfahrungsgemäß beweisen kann in Übereinstimmung mit der genauesten wissenschaftlichen Methode. Die alten Glaubensbekenntnisse kommen ins Wanken: Kommet von ihnen ab. Sie enthalten ebenso viel Falsches wie Wahres. Nur wenn es auf einem sicheren Grund der Beweise aufgebaut wird, kann Euer Gebäude feststehen. Alle alten Bekenntnisse sind wankend. Vermeidet den Zusammensturz und entfernt euch von ihnen.
Wenn nun irgendjemand mit einer sich solcher Macht rühmenden Persönlichkeit sich auseinandersetzen will, was kommt zum Vorschein? Etwas sehr sonderbares und enttäuschendes. Sie ist so sicher in Bezug auf ihre Begründungen, dass sie sich um die Erklärungen der Tatsachen durch andere nicht bekümmert. Die Weisheit ganzer Zeitalter hat sich mit der Erklärung dessen befasst, was sie einfach für bewiesen hält; sie aber würdigt das alles keiner Aufmerksamkeit. Sie befindet sich nicht einmal mit ihrem Bruder Spiritist im Einklange. Es ist immer wieder die Geschichte von der alten zerspaltenen Gesellschaft, wo Einer mit seiner Gattin eine «Kirche» bildete. Sie hatten jedes ausschließlich den Schlüssel zum Himmelreich oder vielmehr, sie hatte, denn sie war bezüglich «Jimies nicht sicher». So sind die ins Unendliche geteilten und weiter geteilten und abermals geteilten Sekten der Spiritisten, welche die Köpfe übereinander schütteln und keine der andern sicher ist. Aber die gemeinsame Erfahrung der Menschheit ist feststehend und unerschütterlich in Bezug auf den Punkt, dass Einigkeit stark macht und Uneinigkeit die Quelle von Schwäche und Fehlern ist. Schulter an Schulter, geschult und diszipliniert wird eine ungeordnete Masse zu einer Armee, jeder Mensch wird so viel wert wie hundert von unerzogenen Menschen, die gegen ihn auftreten. Organisation verbürgt auf jedem Gebiet menschlicher Tätigkeit den Erfolg, indem sie Arbeit, Nutzen und Entfaltung möglich macht. Der Mangel an Methode, an Plan, das Treiben aufs Geratewohl, die Zerstreuung von Kraft, undisziplinierte Anstrengungen — das alles bewirkt Fehlschlagen des Erstrebten. Die Stimme der Menschheit bestätigt diese Wahrheit. Berücksichtigt der Spiritist diese Erfahrung und handelt er danach? Wahrhaftig, er tut es nicht. Er lehnt es ab, sich zu organisieren. Er will sich selbst Gesetz sein und wird dadurch ein Dorn an der Seite seines Nächsten.» (Light. Juni 1889.)
Frag.: Es wird gesagt, dass die Theosophische Gesellschaft ursprünglich gegründet worden ist um den Glauben an den Spiritualismus und das Überleben einer Individualität des Menschen zu zerstören?
Theos.: Das ist ein Missverständnis. Unser Glaube ist auf die unsterbliche Individualität begründet. Aber man verwechselt Persönlichkeit und Individualität. Die westlichen Psychologen stellen keinen genauen Unterschied der beiden fest. Aber gerade dieser Unterschied liefert den Schlüssel um die Philosophie des Ostens zu verstehen; und hier liegt eben auch die Scheidung zwischen Theosophie und Spiritismus. Und wenn dadurch auch der Ärger einiger Spiritisten noch mehr erregt wird, so muss doch gesagt werden, dass die Theosophie der wahre unverfälschte Spiritualismus ist, während die Art wie der Name augenblicklich gebraucht wird nichts weiter ist als transzendentaler Materialismus.
Frag.: Kann das nicht deutlicher erklärt werden?
Theos.: Die Meinung der Theosophen ist, dass, obgleich ihre Lehren auf der Einheit von Geist und Stoff beruhen, und obgleich sie sagen, dass der Geist die höhere Form des Stoffes ist und der Stoff einfach krystallisierter Geist, gerade wie Eis verdichteter Dampf ist, so ist für sie doch die ursprüngliche und ewige Bedeutung des «All» nicht Geist, sondern «Übergeist»; es ist so zu sagen der sichtbare und feste Stoff einfach eine periodische Offenbarung des Geistes. Die Theosophie hält daran fest, dass der Ausdruck «Geist» nur auf die «wahre Individualität» angewendet werden kann.
Frag.: Aber welches ist der Unterschied zwischen der «wahren Individualität» und dem «Ich» oder «Ego», dessen wir uns bewusst sind? Theos.: Bevor ich darauf antworten kann, müssen wir darüber uns einigen, was unter «Ich» oder «Ego» zu verstehen ist. Man hat zu unterscheiden zwischen dem einfachen Selbstbewusstsein, dem einfachen Gefühl, das sich ausdrückt in dem «Ich bin Ich» und dem zusammengesetzten Gedanken «Ich bin Herr Schmidt oder Frau Braun». Da wir an eine Folge von Geburten desselben «Ego» oder an eine Wiederverkörperung glauben, so muss die ganze Idee auf diesem Grundunterschied aufgebaut werden. Es muss doch einleuchten, dass «Herr Schmidt» in Wirklichkeit eine lange Reihe von täglichen Erfahrungen bedeutet, die am Faden des Gedächtnisses aufgereiht werden und die dasjenige bedeuten, was «Herr Schmidt» «sich selbst» nennt. Aber keine von diesen «Erfahrungen» ist in Wirklichkeit das «Ich» oder «Ego», noch gibt sie dem «Herrn Schmidt» das Gefühl, dass er «er selbst» sei, denn er vergisst den größten Teil dieser Erfahrungen, und sie erzeugen das Gefühl der Selbstheit nur so lange in ihm als er sie hat. Die Theosophen unterscheiden daher zwischen diesem «Bündel» von «Erfahrungen», die wir die «falsche (weil sie endlich und unwesentlich ist) Persönlichkeit» nennen und jenem Element im Menschen, das in ihm das Gefühl «Ich bin Ich» hervorbringt. Dieses «Ich bin Ich» nennt man die «wahre Individualität». Und man sagt, dass dieses «Ego» oder diese Individualität gleich einem Schauspieler verschiedene Rollen auf der Lebensbühne spielt. (Vergl. später Abschrift VII: «Über Individualität und Persönlichkeit».) Man kann ein jedes neue Leben auf Erden, welches das «Ego» durchmacht, einen Abend auf der Lebensbühne nennen. Einen Abend erscheint der Schauspieler oder das «Ego» als Macbeth, am nächsten als König Lear und so weiter, bis er durch den ganzen Cyklus von «Wiederverkörperungen» hindurchgeschritten ist. Das «Ego» beginnt seine Lebenspilgerschaft als ein Geist, als Ariel oder Puck; er spielt dann die Rolle als Soldat, Diener im Chor, es geht dann zu «sprechenden Partien» über, spielt Hauptrollen, die von unbedeutenden unterbrochen werden, bis es sich endlich als «Prospero» der Magier von der Bühne zurückzieht.
Frag.: Das kann man verstehen. Es wird also behauptet, dass das wahre Ego nicht nach dem Tode zur Erde zurückkehren kann. Aber es steht sicherlich dem Schauspieler frei, wenn er sich das Gefühl für seine Individualität bewahrt hat, auf dem Schauplatz seiner früheren Wirksamkeit zurückzukehren, wenn er solches wünscht?
Theos.: Das muss verneint werden; einfach weil eine solche Rückkehr auf die Erde unvereinbar wäre mit dem Glückseligkeitszustande nach dem Tode, was bewiesen werden kann. Es muss gesagt werden, dass der Mensch so vielem unverdienten Elend während seines Lebens unterliegt, durch die Fehler anderer, mit denen er verbunden ist, oder durch seine Umgebung, dass er auf vollkommene Ruhe Anspruch hat, bevor er die Last des Lebens wieder einmal auf sich nimmt. Darüber soll später gesprochen werden.
Warum man sich zur Theosophie bekennt?
Frag.: Das alles ist in gewisser Weise zu verstehen; aber ich sehe, dass die theosophischen Lehren komplizierter und metaphysischer sind als der Spiritismus oder die im Umlauf befindlichen religiösen Vorstellungen. Kann man mir sagen, warum diese theosophische Anschauung, die hier verteidigt wird, ebenso viel Interesse wie Feindschaft gleichzeitig hervorbringt?
Theos.: Dafür gibt es mehrere Gründe. Unter anderem mögen die folgenden erwähnt werden: 1) Der Widerstand der groben materialistischen Theorien, die nun in allen wissenschaftlichen Vorstellungen zu Grunde liegen. 2) Die allgemeine Unzufriedenheit mit der künstlichen Theologie der verschiedenen christlichen Kirchen, und die täglich wachsende Zahl mit einander in Widerspruch stehenden Sekten. 3) Die immer deutlicher hervortretende Erkenntnis, dass Bekenntnisse, die auf die Selbstsucht und den Widerspruch gebaut sind, doch nicht wahr sein können, und dass Behauptungen, die nicht zu beweisen sind, ebenso wenig auf Wahrheit Anspruch erheben können. Dieses naturgemäße Misstrauen gegenüber den konventionellen Religionen muss noch gesteigert werden durch ihre Misserfolge im Bewahren der Moral und der gesellschaftlichen Reinheit bei den Volksmassen. 4) Eine Überzeugung Vieler, und ein Wissen Weniger, dass es eine Weltansicht irgendwo geben muss, welche wissenschaftlich und nicht bloß erdacht ist. 5) Zuletzt, dass eine solche Weltanschauung in Ideen gesucht werden müsse, die unserem modernen Glauben vorangegangen sind. Frag.: Wie kommt es, dass diese Weltanschauung gerade jetzt auftritt?
Theos.: Weil man die Zeit dafür reif befunden hat, — eine Tatsache, welche dadurch sich erweist, dass so viele ernste Forscher bestrebt sind, die Wahrheit zu suchen, was es auch koste und wo immer sie auch verborgen sein mag. Da die Hüter der Wahrheit dieses sahen, haben sie erlaubt, dass einige Teile derselben veröffentlicht werden dürfen. Wäre die Theosophische Gesellschaft noch einige Jahre später begründet worden, so wäre die eine Hälfte der gebildeten Nationen in die Reihe der Materialisten, die andere in jene der Anthropomorphisten und Phänomenalisten eingetreten.
Frag.: Ist die Theosophie in irgendeiner Art als Offenbarung zu betrachten?
Theos.: Das ist sie in keiner Art — nicht einmal in dem Sinne, dass sie eine Enthüllung einiger höherer, übernatürlicher Wesen wäre, oder wenigstens «übermenschlicher» Wesen: sondern allein in dem Sinne, dass durch sie alte, sehr alte Wahrheiten entschleiert werden denen, die bisher damit unbekannt waren, die nicht einmal von der Existenz einer solchen alten Weisheit etwas wussten.
Es ist heute zum guten Ton gehörig, zu sagen, dass in den Mysterien der großen und gebildeten Völker, wie in denen der Ägypter, der Griechen und Römer nichts enthalten sei als Priesterbetrug. Ebenso behandelt man die Rosenkreuzer halb als Irrsinnige, halb als Schelme. Viele Bücher sind über sie geschrieben worden; und Anfänger, die kaum den Namen davon vor wenigen Jahren kennen gelernt haben, gebärden sich als gründliche Kenner der Alchemie, der Philosophie, des Lebensfeuers und der Mystik im Allgemeinen. Und doch hat eine lange Reihe von Eingeweihten der Ägypter, der Inder, der Chaldäer, der Araber im Verein mit den Weisen des Westens diese Dinge als Weisheit und göttliche Wissenschaft bezeichnet; denn sie betrachten Ursprung und Grundlage einer jeden Wissenschaft als wirklich «göttlich». Plato betrachtete die Mysterien als durchaus heilig und Clemens von Alexandrien, der selbst in die eleusinischen Mysterien eingeweiht war, hat erklärt, dass die in ihnen enthaltenen Lehren das Endziel alles menschlichen Erkennens umfassen. Waren Plato und Clemens zwei Schelme oder zwei Narren, oder waren sie etwa beides?
Frag.: Es wurde von Feindseligkeit gesprochen. Wenn es Wahrheit ist, was von der Theosophie dargestellt wird, warum begegnete sie so vielem Widerspruch und fand nicht vielmehr Zustimmung?
Theos.: Dafür sind viele und mannigfaltige Gründe vorhanden. Einer davon ist, dass die Menschen dem abgeneigt sind, was sie «Neuerungen» nennen. Selbstsucht ist konservativ in ihrem Wesen und missbilligt jede Störung. Sie zieht eine behagliche, unexakte Lüge der größten Wahrheit vor, wenn die letztere fordert, dass auch nur eine geringfügige Bequemlichkeit geopfert werde. Die Kraft geistiger Trägheit ist groß in allem was nicht unmittelbar Vorteil und Lohn verspricht. Unser Zeitalter ist vor allen Dingen ungeistig und dem Stofffanatismus ergeben. Darüber hinaus kommt noch in Betracht, dass die theosophischen Lehren den gewohnten Vorstellungen zuwiderlaufen, dass sie phantastisch erscheinen und dass einige von ihnen den Unklarheiten widersprechen, welche von einigen Sekten gepflegt werden und die doch vielfach in die menschlichen Seelen sich eingelebt haben. Wird noch hinzugefügt, dass von denen, welche dem innern Kreis angehören wollen, persönliche Anstrengungen und Reinheit des Lebens verlangt wird, dass außerdem der Kreis derer nur klein ist, denen ein selbstloses Ideal zusagt: dann wird es genügend begreiflich erscheinen, dass Theosophie zu einem nur langsamen Hinanklimmen auf den Berg verurteilt ist. Sie ist im Wesentlichen die Weltansicht derjenigen welche leiden und welche die Hoffnung verloren haben, dass ihnen durch andere Mittel aus dem Elend des Lebens herausgeholfen werde. Außerdem zeigt doch die Geschichte irgendeines Bekenntnisses oder einer Ansicht, die in fremdem Bereich neu eingepflanzt worden ist, dass sie im Beginne auf die Hindernisse des Dunkelmännertums und der Selbstsucht stieß. Es ist durchaus richtig, dass «die Krone aller Neuerer eine Dornenkrone» ist. Kein Umreißen alter, wurmstichiger Gebäude kann ohne Gefahr ausgeführt werden.
Frag.: Alles dieses ist mehr auf die Lebensansicht und Philosophie der Theosophie bezüglich. Kann nicht aber eine allgemeine Idee von den Zielen und Einrichtungen der Theosophischen Gesellschaft gegeben werden? Theos.: Diese hat man nie geheim gehalten. Man erkundige sich nach denselben und man wird genugsame Auskünfte erhalten. Frag.: Aber es wird gesagt, dass man an ein Gelöbnis gebunden wird.
Theos.: Nur in der geheimen oder esoterischen Abteilung.
Frag.: Auch ist gesagt worden, dass einige Mitglieder nach dem Austritte sich nicht mehr zum Schweigen verbunden hielten. Ist das richtig?
Theos.: Das zeigt nur, dass sie unvollkommene Ansichten von Ehre hatten. Wie kann so etwas richtig sein? Ganz richtig wird über einen solchen Fall im «Path», unserem theosophischen Organ in New-York, gesagt: «Man nehme an, ein Soldat werde wegen Eidbruch und Disziplinverachtung verurteilt und vom Dienste entfernt. In seiner Rache über das Urteil, das er selbst heraufbeschworen hat, und dessen Wirkungen ihm vorher bekannt gegeben worden sind, wendet sich der Soldat an den Feind mit falschen Mitteilungen, als Spion und Verräter, als Rächer an seinen früheren Vorgesetzten und behauptet dabei, er sei wegen seiner Verurteilung von dem Gelöbnis entbunden und aller Loyalität ledig. Kann man von einem solchen sagen, dass er berechtigt handelt? Muss man ihn nicht vielmehr einen unehrenhaften Menschen nennen?
Frag.: Das muss zugegeben werden. Und doch denken manche anders.
Theos.: Umso schlimmer von ihnen. Doch soll, nach Erfordernis, von diesem Gegenstande später gesprochen werden.
Automated Retranslation
II. Exoteric and Esoteric Theosophy
What the present-day Theosophical Society is not.
Frag.: You are saying, then, that the theosophical teachings of the present day are neither a revival of Buddhism nor a mere reproduction of Neoplatonic theosophy?
Theos.: They are not. There is no better answer to this question than to quote from a lecture on “Theosophy” by Dr. J. D. Buck. It was delivered at the last Theosophical General Assembly in Chicago (April 1889). No living Theosophist has expressed the essence of Theosophy better than our esteemed friend Dr. Buck:
"The Theosophical Society was founded for the purpose of spreading the Theosophical teachings and promoting Theosophical life. The present Theosophical Society is not the first of its kind. I have before me a book entitled: “Theosophical Communications of the Philadelphian Society, published in London 1697; and another entitled: ‘Introduction to Theosophy or ’Science of the Mystery of Christ”; this is about the divine, about nature and creation, also including the creative powers of life , both magical and spiritual, and forming a practical guide to the most exalted purity, holiness, and evangelical perfection; also to the attainment of supersensible vision, hidden arts and abilities, and other gifts of rebirth; published in London in 1855. The work bears the following dedication: “To all students of the universities, colleges and schools of Christendom; professors of metaphysics, mechanics and natural philosophy in every direction; men and women of general education, of the orthodox faith as well as deists, Arians, Unitarians, Swedenborgians, and other indefinite and unfounded sectarians; rationalists and skeptics of every kind, to right-thinking and enlightened Mohammedans, Jews and Oriental churchmen; but especially to the servants of the Gospel and missionaries of both the barbarian and the educated peoples, this introduction to theosophy or science of the foundation of all secrets is most humbly and lovingly dedicated.
The following year (1856) saw the publication of another book, in large octavo, 600 pages long, sumptuously illustrated: “Miscellaneous on Theosophy.” Only 500 copies of this work were printed, but they were distributed free of charge to libraries and universities. These earlier movements, of which there were many, originated within ecclesiastical circles, through individuals of great piety and strict morals and of unimpeachable character. All such writings were orthodox in form; they used Christian terminology and, like the writings of the excellent ecclesiastical writer William Law, were conspicuous to the ordinary reader for nothing more than their great seriousness and true piety. They had but one aim, to introduce the deeper teachings and original intentions of Christian literature and to give an idea and a feeling of theosophical life. These works were soon forgotten and are completely unknown today. They tried to reform the clergy and to bring about genuine piety, and were therefore not particularly popular. The word “heretical” was enough to consign them to the hell of all such utopias. At the time of the Reformation, Johannes Reuchlin made a similar attempt with the same result, although he was a trusted and faithful friend of Luther. Orthodoxy never wants to be taught and enlightened. These reformers were told, as Paul was by Festus, that too much learning might make them mad, and that it was dangerous to go further. Passing by the phraseology, which was conditioned by the religious limitations of the times, and coming at the matter in hand, we find these writings strictly theosophical and unique in man's knowledge of his higher nature and of the life of his soul. The present Theosophical movement has sometimes been characterized as an attempt to convert Christianity into Buddhism, which only goes to show that the word 'heresy' has lost its terror and power. Individuals in every age have more or less understood the theosophical teachings and incorporated them into their lives. These teachings do not belong exclusively to any religion, nor are they limited to any group of people or time. They are the birthright of every human soul. What is called orthodoxy must be overcome by each individual, according to his or her nature and abilities and in accordance with his or her experience. This may explain why those who seek a new religion in Theosophy inquire not in vain for its creed and ritual. Its creed is devotion to truth, and its ritual, “to cherish every truth into life's realization.”
How little the principle of brotherhood has been understood in larger circles of humanity, and how rarely its extraordinary importance has been grasped, can be seen from the diversity of opinions and the purely invented explanations about the Theosophical Society. This society was founded on the sole principle of creating a true brotherhood of humanity, as already briefly and imperfectly indicated. It was defamed as Buddhist and anti-Christian, as if it could be both at once, since both Buddhism and Christianity, in the sense of their founders, have made brotherhood the essence of their teaching and their life. Theosophy, too, has been looked upon as something entirely new under the sun, or at best as an old mysticism in the garb of a new name. Just as it is true that many societies have been formed for the purpose of cultivating unselfishness and true brotherhood and have had various names, it is equally true that many have been called theosophical which have the same aims and tenets as the present one. In all such societies the essential has been the same and everything else has been inessential, although it is not to be denied that many people have been attracted precisely by the inessential and have disregarded the essential."
There could be no better or more emphatic answer to the above question, coming from a personality who is one of the most esteemed and earnest Theosophists.
Frag.: What view of life does Theosophy follow or adhere to besides the Buddhist teachings?
Theos.: None, and all. It does not pay homage to any one religion or philosophy in particular; it seeks to find the good in each. But here again it must be said that, like all other ancient views of life, Theosophy falls into exoteric and esoteric parts.
Frag.: What is the difference between the two?
Theos.: The members of the Theosophical Society are generally free to profess any religion or philosophy or none at all, if they so prefer, provided that they are willing to follow one or more of the three aims of the Society. The Society is a philanthropic and scientific one that seeks to spread the idea of brotherhood in a practical rather than a theoretical way. The followers may be Christians or Moslems, Jews or Persians, Buddhists or Brahmins, spiritualists or materialists, that does not matter; but each member must either be a philanthropist or a disciple, a researcher in Aryan or other literature, or in the psychic field. In short, he should strive to work as much as he can towards realizing at least one of the Society's goals. Otherwise, there is no reason to become a member. This is the case with the majority of members of the exoteric society, which consists of “affiliated” and “non-affiliated” members.1An “affiliated member” is one who belongs to a particular branch of the Theosophical Society. A “non-affiliated” member, on the other hand, is one who belongs to the Society in general, who has received his diploma directly from the headquarters (Adyar, Madras), but is not affiliated with any branch or lodge. These may or may not become true Theosophists; they are members by virtue of their entry into the Society. But the latter cannot make a Theosophist out of someone who has no sense of the divine foundation of things, or who understands Theosophy only from his own sectarian and selfish point of view. “He who does beautiful things is beautiful” could be transformed in this case into “A Theosophist is one who does Theosophy”.
Theosophists and members of the Theosophical Society.
Question: This has significance for the lay members, if I understand correctly. What then applies to those who pursue the esoteric study of Theosophy; are these true Theosophists?
Theos.: Not necessarily, until they have proved themselves as such. They have entered the inner group and have pledged themselves to follow the rules of the occult body as best they can. This is a difficult undertaking, as the very first rule is the complete renunciation of one's own personality, that is, a committed member must become a complete altruist, never thinking of himself, forgetting his own vanities and all pride for the sake of the welfare of his fellow creatures, not only his fellow brothers in the esoteric circle. If the esoteric instructions are to benefit him, he must practice a life of self-renunciation in every way, one of self-denial and strict morality, by doing his duty to all people. The small number of real Theosophists in the Theosophical Society are among these members. But this is not to say that there are no Theosophists outside the Theosophical Society and its inner circle; there are, and more than is usually known; certainly more than can be found among the lay members of the Theosophical Society.
Frag.: What, then, is the significance of joining the Theosophical Society? Why do people join it?
Theos.: For no other reason than to be able to receive esoteric instruction and the original truths of esoteric philosophy, and furthermore, if the real program is carried out, because one is supported by mutual assistance and sympathy. There is strength and harmony in unity, and well-regulated joint efforts can work wonders. This has been the secret of all associations and societies since the existence of mankind.
Frag.: But why should not a man of well-trained mind and strict aim, one, let us say, of vigorous energy and steadfastness, become an occultist and even an adept, even if he works alone?
Theos.: He can; but in a thousand cases he will fall into error in one. For, to mention only one of many reasons, there is no book in our days that presents the secrets of alchemy and medieval theosophy in a perfect language. They all speak in symbols and parables; and since the key to them was lost in the West before our era, how can a person learn the correct meaning of what he reads or studies? Therein lies the greatest danger, and one that leads either to unconscious black magic or to more or less helpless mediumship. Those who cannot have an initiate as a master should not approach this dangerous study. Just look around you with attention. While two-thirds of “civilized” society scoffs at any suggestion that Theosophy, occultism, spiritualism, or Kabbalah are anything to be considered, the last third is composed of the most diverse and opposing elements. Some believe in the mystical, even in the supernatural (!), but everyone believes in their own way. Others plunge into the study of Kabbalah, psychism, mesmerism, spiritualism or other forms of mysticism in their own way. The result is that no two people think in the same way, that no two people agree on any principle of occultism, and yet so many believe they have reached the pinnacle of wisdom and want to teach the world their opinion that they are fully-fledged adepts. Not only is there no scientific and correct knowledge of occultism in the West - not even of true astrology, the only field of occultism that has certain laws and a developed system in its esoteric teachings - but no one has even the slightest idea of what real occultism means. Some limit the old wisdom to the Kabbalah and the Jewish Zohar, but each explains them in his own way according to the dead letter of the rabbinical method. Others see the highest expressions of wisdom in Swedenborg or Böhme; while still others claim to recognize the great secret of ancient magic in mesmerism. All those who put their theory into practice on such premises are driven by their ignorance to black magic. Happy are those who escape this fate, although there are neither means nor ways to distinguish truth from falsehood.
Question: Is it correct that the inner circle of the Theosophical Society claims to receive its teachings from real initiates or Masters of the esoteric wisdom?
Theos.: Not directly. The personal presence of such Masters is not required. It is sufficient if they give teachings to those who have studied under their guidance for many years and who have dedicated themselves entirely to their service. Such people can then transmit the knowledge they have received in this way to others who do not have such an opportunity. A part of the true science is better than a multitude of unprocessed and misunderstood teachings. An ounce of gold is more valuable than a ton of dust.
Frag.: But how can one recognize whether the ounce is real gold or only an imitation?
Theos.: A tree is known by its fruits, and a system of life by its results. If our opponents can prove that a solitary student of occultism has at any time become a holy adept like Ammonius Saccas or Plotinus, or a theurgist like Iamblichus, or that he has accomplished as are claimed for St. Germain, without a guiding Master, and all this without being a medium, a self-deceived or a charlatan - then we will admit that we misunderstand ourselves. Meanwhile, Theosophists would rather follow the well-proven laws of the sacred science handed down. There are mystics who have made great discoveries in chemical or physical science, almost touching on alchemy and occultism, and others who, with the help of their genius alone, have rediscovered parts, if not the whole, of the lost alphabet of the “language of mysteries,” and who are therefore able to read Hebrew parchments correctly; and still others who are seers and have provided wonderful insights into the hidden secrets of nature. But all these are specialists. One is a theoretical inventor, another a Hebrew scholar, a third a Swedenborg in a new form, all of whom deny things that lie outside their own particular science or religion. Not one of them can claim to have provided a general human or national benefit, or even one for themselves. With the exception of a few “healers” – from the class that the royal college of physicians and surgeons would call quacks – none of them has helped humanity with their science, nor has any of them been useful to even a number of people. Where are the Chaldeans of old, of whom we are told of miraculous healings, not “by magic but by remedies”? Where is an Apollonius of Tyana who cures the sick and raises the dead under any climate and in all circumstances? Some specialists of the aforementioned kind are known in Europe, but the latter only exist in Asia, where the secret of the yogi who “lives in death” has been preserved.
Frag.: Is it the purpose of Theosophy to bring forth such healers?
Theos.: Its purposes are many, but among the chief are those which lead to the alleviation of human suffering in either form, moral or physical. And we regard the former as far more important than the latter. Theosophy is to bring a new spiritual life to mankind; it is to purify the soul and this will lead to a recovery of the physical body, whose illnesses, with the exception of those caused by accidents, are all acquired through heredity. Occultism should not be studied for any selfish purpose, because it can never lead you to help suffering humanity by promoting personal ambition, pride, and vanity. Nor can you become an occultist by studying only one branch of esoteric philosophy, but by mastering them all.
Frag.: Do only those who study the esoteric sciences receive help in achieving this important goal?
Theos.: Not at all. Every lay member is entitled to receive the teachings that he needs; but only a few are willing to become “working members”; most prefer to remain the “drones” of Theosophy. It should be clearly understood that even investigations made by individuals are encouraged by the Theosophical Society, provided they do not blur the boundaries that separate the esoteric from the exoteric, the “blind” from the “conscious”.
The difference between Theosophy and occultism.
Disc.: Reference has been made to Theosophy and occultism. Are they one and the same?
Theos.: Not at all. A person can be a very good Theosophist, either in or out of the Theosophical Society, without being an occultist in any sense. But no one can be a true occultist without being a Theosophist; otherwise he would be a black magician, whether consciously or unconsciously. Question: What is meant by that?
Theos.: It has already been said that the true Theosophist must practise the highest moral ideal, that he must strive to realize his unity with the whole human race, and that he must work unceasingly for others. Now if an occultist did not do all this, he would be selfishly working for the benefit of his own person, and if he acquired more effective power than other men, he would thereby become a much more dangerous enemy to the world than other mortals around him. That is clear.
Questioner: Then an occultist is simply a man who is in possession of more power than other men?
Theos.: Much more, if he be a practical and real student of occultism, and not just a nominal student. Occult science is not, as described in encyclopedias, “that imaginary science of the Middle Ages that had to do with hidden properties or supernatural powers, such as alchemy, magic, necromancy, and astrology,” because it is much more than that: it is a real, active, and very dangerous science. It teaches the secret power of natural things, develops and cultivates the hidden powers that lie dormant in man, and in this way gives him a significant advantage over other ignorant mortals. Hypnotism, which has now become a general subject of observation and one that is subjected to serious scientific investigation, is something that can be well cited as an example in this regard. The power of hypnotism was discovered almost by accident, after the way had been prepared by mesmerism; and now a skilled hypnotist is able to do anything with it; he can force a person towards him without the latter being aware of it; he can cause him to commit a crime, for the benefit of the hypnotist and in the hypnotist's place. Is this not a terrible power when it is given into the hands of unscrupulous people? And it is necessary to remember that this is only a small area of occultism.
Frag.: But do not the most educated and learned people describe these occult sciences, such as magic and the like, as remnants of an ancient ignorance and superstition?
Theos.: It should be remembered that this remark must be considered from two perspectives. The most “educated and learned” of our contemporaries also consider Christianity and every other religion to be a remnant of ignorance and superstition. Nowadays, hypnotism is beginning to be believed, and some of the most advanced even believe in extrasensory phenomena. But who, among all these, except for priests or blind fanatics, wants to profess a belief in miracles? And here we have an important point of distinction. There may be very good and pure theosophists who believe in the supernatural, even in divine miracles; but no occultist can have such a belief. For an occultist practices scientific theosophy based on an intimate knowledge of the hidden workings of nature; but a theosophist who wants to exercise so-called abnormal powers can only do so without the light of occultism, he might be heading for a dangerous form of mediumship; for although he professes to believe in Theosophy and its high spiritual teachings, he exercises these powers in the dark, albeit in good faith. Anyone, whether a Theosophist or Spiritualist, who aspires to work in any field of occult science, such as hypnotism, mesmerism, or even the field of producing unrevealed physical phenomena, is without the knowledge of the philosophical foundations of these forces, like a rudderless boat adrift on a storm-tossed ocean.
The difference between Theosophy and Spiritualism.
Question: Don't Theosophists believe in Spiritualism?
Theos.: If by Spiritualism you mean the explanation given by the Spiritualists of the transcendental phenomena, then the answer is a definite: No. For they claim that such phenomena are all produced by the “spirits” of the dead who have passed away, who, in their opinion, return to earth to communicate with those they have loved or to whom they feel drawn. This is to be denied from the theosophical point of view. Rather, it must be said that the spirits of the dead cannot return to earth – except in rare and exceptional cases, which will be discussed later – nor can they communicate with people except through very subjective means. What appears to be objective is only the phantom of the former physical human being. But the psychic and, so to speak, spiritual spiritualism must be firmly adhered to.
Frag.: Are the supernatural phenomena to be rejected too?
Theos.: Certainly not, except in cases of intentional fraud.
Frag.: How can they be explained?
Theos.: In various ways. The causes of such revelations are in no way as simple as spiritualists assume. In most cases, the “deus ex machina” in so-called “materializations” is simply the “astral body” or the “doublet” of the medium or of someone else present. This astral body is also usually the cause of the revelations with the writing tablet and all similar phenomena.
Frag.: It is said “usually”; what is the cause in the other cases?
Theos.: That varies, depending on the nature of the revelations. Sometimes we are dealing with the astral remnants, the “covers” of the deceased persons found in “Kamaloca”; but in other cases with elemental beings. “Spirit” is a word with a manifold and unclear meaning. It is not easy to say what spiritualists understand by it; but it may be assumed that they believe it to mean that the physical phenomena originate from the “ego” that is repeatedly incarnating, from the immortal, spiritual individuality. But this hypothesis must be completely rejected. The conscious individuality of the disembodied cannot materialize, nor can it return from the devachanic world to that of earthly objectivity.
Frag.: But in some of the communications received by “spirits”, one finds not only intelligence but also knowledge of facts that are unknown to the medium, and often not even known to the spirit of the inquirer or to anyone else present?
Theos.: This is not necessarily proof that the intelligence and knowledge in question belong to the “spirits” or come from disembodied souls. It is known that somnambulists, in their ecstasy, compose music or poetry or solve mathematical problems without being trained musicians or mathematicians. Others answer questions put to them in languages such as Hebrew or Latin, of which they have no knowledge when awake – they accomplish all this in a state of deep sleep. Can one still claim that such things come from “spirits”?
Frag.: But how can all this be explained?
Theos.: It should be noted that the divine spark in man is one and identical in its essence with the Universal Spirit; our “spiritual self” is practically omniscient; but it cannot reveal its knowledge due to the limitations of matter. Now, the more these obstacles are removed, or in other words, the more the physical body is suspended as far as its own independent activity and consciousness is concerned, as in deep sleep or in deep trance or even in illness, the more the inner self can reveal itself in this world. This is our explanation of those truly marvelous manifestations of a higher order, in which undeniable intelligence and knowledge appear. As for the lower order of revelations, the physical phenomena and commonplace communications of the ordinary “spirit,” it would take more time and space than we can devote at present to present the most important teachings about them. We have no desire to become more deeply involved with the beliefs of spiritists than with any other belief. The burden of proof rests with those who are followers of this belief. At present, the leaders of the spiritists, and indeed the most experienced and understanding among them, are convinced that the higher kind of revelations are caused by disembodied souls, but that not all phenomena come from spirits. Gradually they will learn the whole truth; but until then we have neither the right nor the desire to make them confessors of our points of view. This is all the less the case as we believe in the communication of the spirits of the living with those of the disembodied in the case of pure psychic and spiritual revelations.
We say that in such cases it is not the spirits of the dead who descend to the living, but that the spirits of the living ascend to the purely spiritual souls. In truth, it is neither an ascent nor a descent, but only a change in the state of the medium. The body of the latter is suspended or put into a kind of sleep, thereby freeing the spiritual self from its bonds, and it then finds itself in the same world of consciousness as the disembodied spirits. Therefore, these two can come into contact if there is a spiritual attraction between them, as often happens in dreams. The difference between a mediumistic and a non-sensitive nature is this: the freed spirit of the medium has the ability and ability to influence the perceptive organs of his body that has been put to sleep, so that he can make them act, speak, write according to his will. The ego can, echo-like, bring forth the thoughts and ideas of disembodied beings in human language like its own. But the organism of a very positive personality, which is not susceptible and not sensitive, cannot be influenced in this way. Therefore, although there is hardly a human being whose ego did not freely communicate during sleep with those they love and have lost, only a few can recall this when they awaken because of their positive and unresponsive nature.
Question: Should we therefore reject the whole concept of spiritualism?
Theos.: If by “concept” you mean the imperfect theories, then yes. But in truth, there is no such concept at all. The best, most understanding and earnest defenders of spiritism admit this. Their basic truth, which cannot be doubted, namely that phenomena occur through mediums who are guided by invisible forces and powers, cannot be denied by anyone except a blind materialist of the Huxleyan school. But as for their point of view, let us quote what the editor of “Light” says about it. For the spiritists cannot cite a more reasonable and devoted advocate. The following is written by M. A. Oxon, one of the few spiritist philosophers, with regard to the spiritists' lack of prudence and blind faith:
“It is well worth while to pause and consider this point, for it is the vital point. We have an experience and a knowledge which makes all other knowledge insignificant. The ordinary spiritist is enraged if anyone doubts his positive knowledge of the future and his absolute certainty of a life to come. While other people grope their way into the future, he goes boldly forward as one who has a map and knows the way. While other people are content with pious yearning or satisfied with traditional beliefs, he claims that he knows what they only believe, and that he can support their wavering, hope-based beliefs with his rich store of knowledge. He feels powerful through his way of dealing with the things that are most valuable to man. “You hope,” he seems to say, “for what I can prove. You have a traditional belief in what I can prove by experience in accordance with the most accurate scientific method. The old creeds are faltering: Come away from them. They contain as much falsehood as truth. Only if it is built on a solid foundation of evidence can your building stand firm. All old creeds are tottering. Avoid the collapse and move away from them.Now, when someone with a personality that boasts of such power wants to engage in a debate, what comes to light? Something very strange and disappointing. She is so sure of her reasons that she does not care about other people's explanations of the facts. The wisdom of the ages has been devoted to explaining what she simply considers to be proven; but she pays no attention to any of it. She is not even in agreement with her brother spiritualist. It is always the story of the old divided society, where one formed a “church” with his wife. They each had the key to heaven exclusively, or rather she did, because she was not sure about Jimie's. So the sects of spiritualists are divided and divided again into infinity, shaking their heads at each other and none of them being sure of the other. But the common experience of mankind is fixed and unshakable on the point that unity is strength and disunity is the source of weakness and failure. Shoulder to shoulder, trained and disciplined, a disorderly mass becomes an army, each person worth as much as a hundred ill-mannered people acting against him. Organization guarantees success in every field of human endeavor by making work, utility, and development possible. Lack of method, of plan, drifting at random, the dispersion of strength, undisciplined efforts – all these lead to failure of the desired outcome. The voice of humanity confirms this truth. Does the spiritualist take this experience into account and act accordingly? Truly, he does not. He refuses to organize himself. He wants to be his own law and thus becomes a thorn in the side of his neighbor.” (Light. June 1889.)
Frag.: It is said that the Theosophical Society was originally founded to destroy belief in spiritualism and the survival of an individuality of man?
Theos.: That is a misunderstanding. Our belief is based on the immortal individuality. But one confuses personality and individuality. Western psychologists do not recognize any exact difference between the two. But it is precisely this difference that provides the key to understanding the philosophy of the East; and here also lies the difference between Theosophy and Spiritualism. And even if this further arouses the anger of some Spiritists, it must be said that Theosophy is true, unadulterated Spiritualism, while the way the name is currently used is nothing more than transcendental materialism.
Frag.: Can't that be explained more clearly?
Theos.: The opinion of Theosophists is that, although their doctrines are based on the unity of Spirit and Matter, and although they say that Spirit is the higher form of Matter, and that Matter is simply crystallized Spirit just as ice is condensed vapor, for them the original and eternal meaning of “All” is not spirit, but “super-spirit”; so to speak, the visible and solid matter is simply a periodic manifestation of the spirit. Theosophy maintains that the term “spirit” can only be applied to the “true individuality”.
Question: But what is the difference between the “true individuality” and the “I” or “ego” of which we are aware? Theos.: Before I can answer that, we have to agree on what is meant by “I” or “ego”. We have to distinguish between simple self-awareness, the simple feeling that expresses itself in “I am I”, and the compound thought “I am Mr. Schmidt or Mrs. Brown”. Since we believe in a succession of births of the same “ego” or in re-embodiment, the whole idea must be built on this fundamental difference. It must be clear that “Mr. Schmidt” actually means a long series of daily experiences that are strung together on the thread of memory and that mean what “Mr. Schmidt” calls “himself”. But none of these “experiences” is in reality the “I” or “ego,” nor does it give “Mr. Schmidt” the feeling that he is “himself,” because he forgets most of these experiences, and they only create the feeling of selfhood in him for as long as he has them. Theosophists therefore distinguish between this “bundle” of “experiences,” which we call the “false (because it is finite and unessential) personality,” and that element in man that brings forth in him the feeling “I am I.” This “I am I” is called the “true individuality”. And it is said that this “ego” or individuality, like an actor, plays different roles on the stage of life. (See later transcript VII: “On Individuality and Personality”). Each new life on earth that the “ego” undergoes can be called an evening on the stage of life. One evening the actor or the “ego” appears as Macbeth, the next as King Lear, and so on, until he has passed through the entire cycle of “re-embodiments”. The ego begins its pilgrimage through life as a ghost, as Ariel or Puck; it then plays the role of a soldier, a servant in the chorus, then moves on to “speaking parts”, plays leading roles that are interrupted by insignificant ones, until it finally retires from the stage as “Prospero”, the magician.
Frag.: That is understandable. It is said, then, that the true ego cannot return to earth after death. But surely the actor is free, if he has retained a sense of his individuality, to return to the scene of his former activity if he so desires?
Theos.: That must be denied; simply because such a return to earth would be incompatible with the state of bliss after death, which can be proven. It must be said that the human being undergoes so much undeserved suffering during his lifetime, due to the faults of others with whom he is connected or his environment, that he is entitled to complete rest before once again taking on the burden of life. This will be discussed later.
Why profess Theosophy?
Disc.: All this is understandable to a certain extent, but I see that the theosophical doctrines are more complex and metaphysical than Spiritism or the current religious conceptions. Can you tell me why the theosophical view that is being defended here arouses as much interest as hostility at the same time?
Theos.: There are several reasons for this. Among other things, the following may be mentioned: 1) The resistance of crude materialistic theories, which are now at the root of all scientific conceptions. 2) The general dissatisfaction with the artificial theology of the various Christian churches, and the daily growing number of conflicting sects. 3) The ever more clearly emerging realization that creeds based on selfishness and contradiction cannot be true after all, and that assertions that cannot be proved can no more lay claim to truth. This natural mistrust of conventional religions must be further increased by their failures to maintain morality and social purity among the masses. 4) The conviction of many, and the knowledge of a few, that there must be a world view somewhere that is scientific and not merely imagined. 5) Finally, that such a worldview must be sought in ideas that preceded our modern beliefs. Question: How is it that this worldview is emerging right now?
Theos.: Because the time for it has been found ripe, a fact which is proved by the fact that so many serious researchers are striving to seek the truth, whatever the cost and wherever it may be hidden. Seeing this, the custodians of truth have allowed some parts of it to be published. Had the Theosophical Society been founded a few years later, half of the educated nations would have joined the ranks of the materialists, the other half those of the anthropomorphists and phenomenalists.
Frag.: Is Theosophy to be regarded as a revelation in any way?
Theos.: It is not in any way, not even in the sense that it is a revelation of some higher, supernatural beings, or at least “superhuman” beings: but only in the sense that through it old, very old truths are revealed to those who were previously unaware of them, who did not even know of the existence of such ancient wisdom.
It is good form today to say that the mysteries of the great and educated peoples, such as those of the Egyptians, the Greeks and the Romans, contain nothing but priestly deception. Likewise, the Rosicrucians are treated half as lunatics, half as rogues. Many books have been written about them; and novices, who only a few years ago had hardly even heard the name, now act as if they were experts on alchemy, philosophy, the fire of life, and mysticism in general. And yet a long line of initiates of the Egyptians, the Indians, the Chaldeans, the Arabs, in association with the sages of the West, have referred to these things as wisdom and divine science; for they consider the origin and basis of every science to be truly “divine”. Plato regarded the mysteries as thoroughly sacred, and Clement of Alexandria, who was himself initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries, has declared that the teachings contained in them embrace the final goal of all human knowledge. Were Plato and Clement two rogues or two fools, or were they both both?
Question: Hostility has been mentioned. If what is presented by Theosophy is the truth, why has it met with so much opposition and not more approval?
Theos.: There are many and varied reasons for this. One of them is that people are averse to what they call “innovations”. Selfishness is conservative in its nature and disapproves of any disruption. It prefers a comfortable, inexact lie to the greatest truth if the latter demands that even the slightest comfort be sacrificed. The power of mental inertia is great in everything that does not immediately promise advantage and reward. Above all, our age is unspiritual and devoted to material fanaticism. Furthermore, it must be taken into account that the theosophical teachings run counter to our usual conceptions, that they appear fantastic and that some of them contradict the ambiguities cultivated by some sects and which have nevertheless become established in the human soul in many ways. Add to this the demand for personal effort and purity of life from those who would enter the inner circle, and the small number of those who respond to a selfless ideal, and it will be sufficiently understood that Theosophy is doomed to a slow ascent up the mountain. It is essentially the world-view of those who are suffering and who have lost hope that they will be helped out of the misery of life by other means. Besides, the history of any creed or view that has been transplanted into a foreign field shows that it initially met with the obstacles of obscurantism and selfishness. It is quite true that “the crown of all innovators is a crown of thorns.” No tearing down of old, worm-eaten buildings can be carried out without danger.
Frag.: All this is more related to the view of life and philosophy of Theosophy. But can't a general idea of the aims and institutions of the Theosophical Society be given? Theos.: This has never been kept secret. Enquire about them and you will receive sufficient information. Question: But it is said that one is bound by a vow.
Theos.: Only in the secret or esoteric section.
Question: It has also been said that some members did not keep silent after leaving. Is that right?
Theos.: That only shows that they had imperfect views of honor. How can such a thing be right? The following is said in the “Path,” our Theosophical organ in New York, about such a case: “Suppose a soldier is convicted of perjury and contempt of discipline and removed from service. In his revenge at the sentence, which he himself conjured up and the effects of which were made known to him beforehand, the soldier turns to the enemy with false information, as a spy and traitor, as an avenger of his former superiors, claiming that he is released from his oath and no longer loyal because of his conviction. Can such a man be said to be acting rightly? Must he not rather be called a dishonorable man?
Frag.: That must be admitted. And yet some think differently.
Theos.: All the worse for them. But, as the occasion demands, this matter will be spoken of later.