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Anthroposophy and the Social Question
GA 34

[ 1 ] Everyone who looks with open eyes at the world around him today sees the so-called “Social Question” looming at every turn. No one who takes life seriously can avoid forming ideas of some kind about this question and all that is involved with it. And what could seem more obvious than that a mode of thinking, which makes the highest human ideals its particular concern, must arrive at some sort of relation towards social wants and claims. Now Anthroposophy aims at being such a mode of thinking for the present times; and therefore it is but natural, that people should enquire what its relation is towards the social question.

[ 2 ] It might at first seem as though Anthroposophy had nothing particular to say in this connection. The most striking feature of Anthroposophy will be deemed, at first sight, to be the cultivation of the soul's inward life and the opening of the eyes to a spiritual world. This endeavor can be seen by any unprejudiced person from the most cursory acquaintance with the ideas promulgated by anthroposophic speakers and writers. It is harder, however, to see that these endeavors at the present moment have any practical significance: in particular, its connection with the social question is by no means self-evident. Many people will ask: “Of what use for bad social conditions can a teaching be which is taken up with Reincarnation, Karma, the Supersensible World, the Rise of Man, and so forth? Such a line of thought seems to soar altogether too far off into cloud-land, away from any reality; whereas just now every single person urgently needs to keep all his wits about him, in order to grapple with the actual problems of which earth's realities give him enough.

[ 3 ] Of the many and various opinions that Anthroposophy inevitably calls forth in the present day, two shall be mentioned here.

The first consists in regarding Anthroposophy as the outcome of an unbridled and disordered fancy. It is quite natural that people should take this view; and an earnest anthroposophist should be the last to find it strange. Every conversation that he overhears, everything that goes on around him, and in which people find amusement and pleasure, all may show him that he talks a language which, to many of them, is downright folly. But this understanding of his surroundings will need to go hand in hand with an absolute assurance that he himself is on the right road; otherwise he will hardly be able to hold his ground when he realizes how his views conflict with those of so many others, who count as thinkers and highly educated persons. If he does possess the due assurance, if he knows the truth and the force of his views, he says to himself:—”I know very well that today I may be regarded as a crack-brained visionary; and I clearly see why. But truth, even though it is ridiculed and mocked at, will have its effect; and its effect is not dependent upon people's opinion, but upon the solidity of its own foundations.”

[ 4 ] The other opinion which Anthroposophy has to meet is this: that its ideas are all very beautiful and comforting, and may have their value for the inner life of the soul, but are worthless for the practical struggle of life. Even people who demand anthroposophic nourishment for the appeasing of their spiritual wants may be tempted, only too easily, to say to themselves: “It is all very well; but how about the social distress, the material misery? That is a problem on which all this idealistic world can throw no light.” Now this opinion is the very one which rests on a total failure to recognize the real facts of life, and, above all, on a misunderstanding as to the real fruits of the anthroposophic mode of thinking. [ 5 ] The one question that people, as a rule, ask about Anthroposophy is:—What are its doctrines? How are its statements to be proved? And then, of course, they look for its fruits in the pleasurable sensations to be extracted from its doctrines.

Nothing, of course, could be more natural; one must certainly begin by having a feeling for the truth of statements that are presented to one. But the true fruits of Anthroposophy are not to be sought in such feeling. Its fruits are first really seen when anyone comes, with a heart and mind trained in Anthroposophy, to the practical problems of life. The question is, whether Anthroposophy will at all help him towards handling these problems with discernment and applying himself with understanding to find ways and means of solving them.

To be effective in life, a man must first understand life. Here lies the gist of the matter. So long as one asks no further than: What does Anthroposophy teach?—Its teachings may be deemed too exalted for practical life. But if one turns to consider the kind of discipline that the thoughts and feelings undergo from these teachings, this objection will cease. Strange as it may seem to a merely superficial view of the matter, it is nevertheless a fact: These anthroposophic ideas, that appear to hover so airily in the clouds, train the eye for a right conduct of everyday affairs. And because Anthroposophy begins by leading the spirit aloft into the clear regions above the sense-world, it thereby sharpens the understanding for social requirements. Paradoxical as this may seem, it is none the less true.

[ 6 ] To give merely an illustration of what is meant: An uncommonly interesting book has recently appeared, A Working-man in America (Als Arbeiter in Amerika, pub. Sigismund, Berlin) The author is State-Councillor Kolb, who had the enterprise to spend several months as a common worker in America. In this way he acquired a discrimination of men and of life which was obviously neither to be obtained along the educational paths that led to councillorship, nor from the mass of experience which he was able to accumulate in such a position and in all the other posts that a man fills before he becomes a Councillor of State. He was thus for years in a position of considerable responsibility; and yet, not until he had left this, and lived—just a short while—in a foreign land, did he learn the knowledge of life that enabled him to write the following memorable sentence in his book: “How often, in old days, when I saw a sound, sturdy man begging, had I not asked, in righteous indignation: Why doesn't the lazy rascal work? I knew now, why. The fact is, it looks quite different in theory from what it does in practice; and at the study table one can deal quite comfortably with even the most unsavory chapters of political economy.”

To prevent any possible misunderstanding, let it be said at once, that no one can feel anything but the warmest appreciation for a man who could bring himself to leave a comfortable position in life, in order to go and do hard labor in a brewery and a bicycle factory. It is a deed worthy of all respect, and it must be duly emphasized, lest it should be imagined that any disparagement is intended of the man who did it. Nevertheless, for anyone who will face the facts, it is unmistakably evident that all this man's book-learning, all the schooling he had been through, had not given him the ability to read life.

Just try and realize all that is involved in such an admission! One may learn everything which, in these days, qualifies one to hold posts of considerable influence; and yet, with it all, one may be quite remote and aloof from that life where one's sphere of action lies. Is it not much the same, as though a man were to go through a course of training in bridge construction, and then, when called upon actually to build a bridge, had no notion how to set about it? And yet, no!—it is not quite the same. Anyone who is not properly trained for bridge building will soon be enlightened as to his deficiencies when he comes to actual practice. He will soon show himself to be a bungler and find his services generally declined. But when a man is not properly trained for his work in social life, his deficiencies are not so readily demonstrated. A badly built bridge breaks down; and then even the most prejudiced can see that he who built it was a bungler. But the bungling that goes on in social work is not so directly apparent. It only shows itself in the suffering of one's fellow-men. And the connection between this suffering and bungling is not one that people recognize as readily as the connection between the breakdown of a bridge and the incompetent bridge builder.

“But what has all this to do with Anthroposophy?” someone will say. “Do the friends of Anthroposophy imagine that what they can teach would have helped Councillor Kolb to a better understanding of life? Of what use would it have been to him, supposing he had known about reincarnation and karma and any number of supersensible worlds? Surely nobody will maintain that ideas about planetary systems and higher worlds could have saved the State-Councillor from having one day to confess to himself, that at the study table one can deal quite comfortably with even the most unsavory chapters of political economy?” The friend of Anthroposophy might indeed answer—as Lessing did on a certain occasion: I am that “Nobody”, for I do maintain it! Not meaning of course, that the doctrine of reincarnation, or the knowledge of karma will be enough to equip a man for social activity, that would, of course, be a very naive notion. Naturally, the thing is not to be done simply by taking the people, who are destined for Councillors of State, and, instead of sending them to Schmoller, or Wagner, or Brentano at the University, setting them to study Blavatsky's Secret Doctrine. But the point is this: Suppose a theory of economics, produced by someone well versed in Anthroposophy—will it be of the kind with which one can deal quite comfortably at the study table, but which breaks down in the face of practical life? That is just what it will not be. For when do theories break down in the face of real life? When they are produced by the kind of thinking that is not educated to real life. Now the principles of Anthroposophy are as much the actual laws of life as the principles of electricity are the actual laws for the manufacture of electrical apparatus. Anyone who wishes to set up a factory of electrical apparatus must first master the true principles of electricity: and whoever intends to take an effective part in life must first make himself acquainted with the laws of life. And remote as the doctrines of Anthroposophy appear to be from life, they are no less near to it in actual truth. Aloof and unpractical to superficial observation, for a genuine understanding they are the key to real life.

It is not merely an inquisitive desire of new things which leads people to withdraw into an “anthroposophic circle” in order to obtain all sorts of “interesting” revelations about worlds beyond; but because there they learn to school their thought and feeling and will on the “eternal laws of life”, and to go forth into the thick of life with a clear, keen eye for the understanding of it. The teachings of Anthroposophy are a detour of arriving at a full-lived thinking, discerning, feeling.

The anthroposophic movement will first come into its right channel when this is fully recognized. Right doing is the outcome of right thinking; and wrong doing is the outcome of thinking wrongly—or of not thinking at all. Anyone who has any faith at all in the possibility of doing good in social matters must admit that the doing of it is a question of human faculties. To have worked patiently and persistently through the anthroposophical conceptions means enhanced faculties for effective social work. It is here not so much a question of the thoughts that Anthroposophy gives a man, as of what it enables him to do with his thinking.

[ 7 ] It must be confessed that, within anthroposophic circles themselves, there has hitherto been no very marked sign of any effort in this particular direction. It is therefore equally undeniable that, on this very account, strangers to Anthroposophy have as yet every reason for questioning the above statements. But it must not be forgotten that the anthroposophic movement in its present form is only at the beginning of its career as an effective force. Its further progress will consist in its making its way into every field of practical life. And then, in the Social Question, for instance, it will be found that, in place of theories “with which one can deal quite comfortably at the study table,” we shall have others which facilitate the insight required for a sound, unbiased judgment of life's affairs, and direct a man's will into lines of action that shall be for the health and happiness of his fellow-men.

Plenty of people will say at once: Councillor Kolb's case itself is a proof that there is no need to call in Anthroposophy; all that is wanted is that anyone who is preparing for a particular profession should not acquire the theory of it solely by sitting at home and studying, but should be brought into contact with actual life, so that he may approach his work practically, as well as theoretically. Kolb, after all—they will say—merely required a brief glimpse into real life, and then, even what he had already learnt was quite enough for him to come to other opinions than those he had before. No, it is not enough, for the fault lies deeper down.

A person may have learnt to see that, with a faulty training, he can only build bridges that will tumble down, and yet still be very far from having acquired the faculty of building bridges that do not tumble down. For this he must first have preliminary education of a kind that has the seeds of life in it. Most certainly a man needs only a glimpse into social conditions, and, let his theory as to the fundamental laws of life be ever so defective, he will cease to say: “Why doesn't the lazy rascal work?” He learns to see that the conditions themselves are the answer. But is that enough to teach him how to shape conditions so that men may prosper? All the well-meaning people, who have concocted schemes for the betterment of man's lot, were undoubtedly not of the same way of thinking as Councillor Kolb before he took his trip to America. They were certainly already convinced, without such an expedition, that every case of distress cannot simply be dismissed with the phrase: “Why doesn't the lazy rascal work?” But does this mean that all their many proposals for social reform would bear fruit? Assuredly not; if only for the reason that so many of them are contradictory. And therefore one may fairly say that even Councillor Kolb's more positive schemes of reform, after his conversion, would possibly not have any very marked results.

This is just the mistake which our age makes in such matters. Everyone thinks himself qualified to understand life, even though he has never troubled to become acquainted with its fundamental laws, nor ever trained his thinking powers to recognize what the true forces of life are. And Anthroposophy is indeed a training for the sound judgment of life, because it goes to the bottom of life. It is of no use whatever simply to see that the conditions bring a man into unfavorable circumstances in life, under which he goes to grief. One must learn to know the forces by which favorable conditions are created. That is what our experts in political economy are unable to do—and for much the same reason as a man cannot do sums if he does not know the multiplication tables. You may set columns of figures before him—as many as you please; but staring at them will not help him. Put a man, who has no thinking grasp of the fundamental forces of social life, before the actual realities; he may give the most telling description of everything that he sees; but the windings of the social forces, as they twist their coil for human weal or human woe, will yet remain insoluble to him.

[ 8 ] In this age we need an interpretation of life which leads us on to life's true sources. And Anthroposophy can be such an interpretation of life. If everyone, before making up his mind as to the particular social reform that “the world wants”, would first go through a training in the life-lessons of Anthroposophy, we should get further. That anthroposophists today only “talk” and do not “act”, is a meaningless objection; for of course people cannot act, so long as the paths of action are closed to them. A man may be an expert in the knowledge of the soul, and ever so well acquainted with all that a father should do for the upbringing of his children; yet he is powerless to act, unless the father gives him the charge of their education. There is nothing to be done in this respect, save wait in patience, until the talking of the anthroposophists has opened the minds of those who have the power to act. And that will come.

This first objection no more holds water than the other one: That these anthroposophical notions have not yet been put to the test, and may very likely prove, when brought into the open, to be every whit as barren a theory as the political economy of State-Councillor Kolb. But this again is no argument. Indeed it can only be urged by someone who is wholly unacquainted with the very nature and essence of anthroposophic truths. Whoever is acquainted with them well knows that they rest on quite a different footing from the kind of thing that one “tests”.

The fact is that the laws of human welfare are inscribed with as much certitude in the very first fundaments of men's souls as the multiplication table. One must only go down deep enough to the basis of the human soul to find them. No doubt what is thus inscribed in the soul can be demonstrated objectively; just as it can objectively be demonstrated that twice two is four by arranging 4 peas in two sets. But would anyone maintain that the truth “Twice two is four” must first be “tested” on the peas? The two things are in every way comparable. He who questions an anthroposophic truth is someone who has not yet recognized it; just as only a person can question that twice two is four, who has not yet recognized it. Widely as they differ, inasmuch as the one is very simple, and the other very complicated, yet in other respects there is an analogy between them.

It is true that one must first study Anthroposophy itself before one can clearly perceive this. And therefore for those who are unacquainted with Anthroposophy, no “proof” of the fact can be adduced. One can only say: First become acquainted with Anthroposophy, and then all this too will be clear to you.

[ 9 ] The great mission of Anthroposophy in our age will first become evident when Anthroposophy works like a leaven in every part of life. Until the road of actual life can be trodden in the fullest sense of the word, those into whose minds Anthroposophy has entered are but at the beginning of their work. So long, too, they must be prepared to have it cast in their teeth that their doctrines are the foes of real life. Yes, these doctrines are the foes of real life, just as the railway was the foe of a kind of life which regarded the stage-coach as life's only reality, and could see no further. They are its foes in the same way as the future is the foe of the past.

[ 10 ] The next essay will go more into special points in the relation of Anthroposophy to the Social Question.

[ 11 ] There are two conflicting views in respect to the Social Question. The one regards the causes of the good and bad in social life as lying rather in men themselves; the other as lying mainly in the conditions under which men live. People who represent the first of these opinions will, in all their efforts for human progress, aim chiefly at raising men's spiritual and physical fitness, together with their moral susceptibilities; whereas those who incline more to the second view will direct their attention first and foremost to raising the standard of living; they say to themselves that if once people have the means of living decently, the level of their general fitness and moral sense will rise of itself. It will hardly be denied that this latter view is held in many circles to be the mark of a very old-fashioned turn of mind. A person, we are told, whose life from early morning till late at night is one bitter struggle with dire necessity, has no possibility of properly developing his spiritual and moral powers. First give him his daily bread before you talk to him of spiritual things.

[ 12 ] In this first declaration there is apt to be a sting of reproach, especially when it is leveled at a movement such as the anthroposophical one. Nor are they the worst people of our times, from whom such reproaches come. They are inclined to say: “Your out-and-out occultist is very loathe to leave the planes of Devachan and Kama, and come down to common earth. He would rather know half-a-dozen Sanskrit words than condescend to learn what ‘ground-rent' is.” These very words may be read in European Civilization and the Revival of Modern Occultism, an interesting book by G. L. Dankmar, which has recently appeared.

[ 13 ] It is not far-fetched to couch the reproach in the following form: People will point out, that in our modern age there are not infrequently families of eight persons, all huddled together in a single garret, lacking both light and air and obliged to send their children to school in such a weak and half-starved condition that they can scarcely keep body and soul together. Should not those then—they ask—who have at heart the progress and improvement of the masses, concentrate their whole endeavors on abolishing such a state of things? Instead of pondering over the principles of higher spiritual worlds, they should turn their minds to the question: What can be done to relieve the existing social distress? “Let Anthroposophy come down out of its frosty insularity amongst human beings, amongst the common people. Let it place at the forefront of its program, the ethical claim of universal brotherhood, and act accordingly, regardless of consequences. Let it turn what Christ says about loving our neighbor into a social fact and Anthroposophy will become for all time a precious and indestructible human asset.” This is pretty much what the book goes on to say.

[ 14 ] Those people mean well who make such an objection to Anthroposophy. Indeed, we may admit that they are right, as against many of those who devote themselves to anthroposophical studies. There are undoubtedly, amongst these latter, many persons who only have their own spiritual needs at heart, who only want to know something about “the higher life”, about the fate of the soul after death, and so forth. Neither, most certainly, are people wrong in saying that at the present day it seems more needful to exercise oneself in acts of common welfare, in the virtues of neighborly love and human usefulness, rather than to sit aloof, nursing in one's soul the latent seeds of some higher faculty. Those with whom this is the foremost object may well be deemed persons of a subtilized selfishness, who let the well-being of their own soul rank before the common human virtues.

Again another remark, often to be heard, is that a spiritual movement like the anthroposophical one can, after all, only have an interest for people who are “well-off” and have “spare time” for such things; but that, when people have to keep their hands busy from morning till night for a miserable pittance, what is the use of trying to feed them up with fine talk about the common unity of man, the higher life, and the like.

[ 15 ] There has been a good deal of sinning in this respect undoubtedly, and by zealous disciples of Anthroposophy too. And yet it is none the less true that the anthroposophic life, lived with true understanding, cannot but lead men to the virtues of self-sacrificing work for the common interest. At any rate there is nothing in Anthroposophy to hinder anyone from being every whit as good a human being as others who have no knowledge of Anthroposophy, or will have none.

But, as regards the Social Question, none of this touches the point. To arrive at the root of the matter requires very much more than the opponents of the anthroposophic movement are willing to admit. It shall be conceded to them forthwith that much can be done by means of the measures proposed on various sides for the betterment of men's social conditions. One party aims at one thing; another, at another. In all such party claims there is a great deal that any clear thinker soon discovers to be mere brain-spinning; but there is much too, undoubtedly, which, at core, is excellent.

[ 16 ] Robert Owen (1775–1858), incontestably one of the noblest of social reformers, over and over again insists that a man is determined by the surroundings in which he grows up; that the formation of a man's character is not due to himself, but to the conditions of his life being such as he can thrive in. There can be no question of disputing the glaring truth that is contained in such maxims; still less, any desire to shrug it away contemptuously, as being more or less self-evident. On the contrary, let it be admitted at once that many things may become much better, if people will be guided in public life by the recognition of these truths. Neither will Anthroposophy, therefore, withhold anyone from taking part in such practical schemes for human progress as may aim, in the light of such truths, at bettering the lot of the depressed, poverty-stricken classes of mankind.

[ 17 ] But—Anthroposophy must go deeper. For a thorough, radical progress can never possibly be affected by any such means as these. Anyone who disputes this has never become clear in his own mind whence those conditions of life originate, in which men find themselves placed. For, in truth, so far as a man's life is dependent on such conditions, these conditions themselves have been created by men. Who else, then, made the institutions under which one man is poor, and another rich? Other men, surely. And it really does not affect the question that these other men for the most part lived before those who are now flourishing, or not flourishing, under the conditions. The suffering which Nature, of herself alone, inflicts upon Man are, for the social state of affairs, only of indirect consideration. These natural sufferings are just what must be mitigated, if not totally removed, by human action. And if this does not happen, if what is needed in this respect is not done, then the fault lies after all with the human institutions. If we study these things to the bottom, we find that all evils which can correctly speaking be called social evils, originate also in human deeds. In this respect certainly, not the individual, but mankind as a whole, is most assuredly the “Forger of its own Fate.”

[ 18 ] Undeniable as this is, it is no less true that, taken on a large scale, no considerable section of mankind, no one caste or class, has deliberately, with evil intentions, brought about the suffering of any other section. All the assertions that are made of this kind are based simply on lack of discernment. And although this too is really a self-obvious truth, yet it is a truth that requires stating. For although such things are obvious enough to the understanding, yet in the practice of life people are apt to take a different attitude. Every exploiter of his fellow men would naturally much prefer it, if the victims of his exploitations did not have to suffer; and it would go a long way, if people not merely took this as mentally obvious, but also adjusted their feelings accordingly.

[ 19 ] “Well, but when you have said this, what does it all lead to?”—so many a social reformer will no doubt protest. “Do you expect the exploited to look on the exploiter with feelings of unmixed benevolence? Isn't it only too understandable that he should detest him, and that his detestation should lead him to adopt a party attitude? And what is more”—they will urge—“it would truly be but a poor remedy to prescribe the oppressed brotherly-love for his oppressor, taking for text perhaps the maxim of the great Buddha: ‘Hate is not overcome by Hate, but by Love alone.”

[ 20 ] And yet, for all that, we touch here upon something, the recognition of which can alone lead to any real “social thinking.” And this is where the anthroposophic attitude of mind comes in. For the anthroposophic attitude of mind cannot rest content with a surface understanding; it must go to the depths. And so it cannot stop at demonstrating that such and such conditions produce social misery; but must go further, and know what it is that created these conditions, and still continues to create them, which, after all, is the only knowledge that can bear any fruit. And in the face of these deeper problems most of the social theories prove indeed very “barren theories,” not to say mere shibboleths.

[ 21 ] So long as one's thinking only skims the surface of things, one ascribes a quite fictitious power to circumstances, indeed to externals generally. For these circumstances are simply the outer expression of an inner life. Just as a person only understands the human body when he knows that it is the outer expression of the soul, so he alone can form a right judgment of the external institutions of life who sees that they are nothing but the creations of human souls, who embody in these institutions their sentiments, their habits of mind, their thoughts. The conditions under which we live are made by our fellow-men; and we shall never ourselves make better ones, unless we set out from other thoughts, other habits of mind and other sentiments than those of the former makers.

[ 22 ] When considering such things it is well to take particular instances. On face of it, someone may very likely appear to be an oppressor because he is able to keep a smart establishment, travel first class on the railway, and so forth. And the oppressed will be he who is obliged to wear a shabby coat and travel third. But without being a “hidebound individualist”, or a “retrograde Tory”, or anything of the sort, simple plain thinking may lead one to see this fact, namely: That no one is oppressed or exploited through my wearing one sort of coat or another; but simply from the fact of my paying the workman who makes the coat too low a wage in return. The poor workman who buys his cheap coat at a low price is, in this respect, in exactly the same position towards his fellow-men as the rich man, who has his better coat made for him. Whether I be poor or rich, I am equally an exploiter when I purchase things which are underpaid. As a matter of fact no one in these days has the right to call anyone else an oppressor; for he has only to look at himself. If he scrupulously examines his own case, he will not be long in discovering the oppressor there too. Is the work that goes to the well-to-do class the only badly-paid work I do? Why, the very man sitting next to me, and complaining with me of oppression, procures the labor of my hands on precisely the same terms as the well-to-do whom we are both attacking. Think this thoroughly out, and one finds other landmarks for one's social thinking than those in customary use.

[ 23 ] More especially, when this line of reflection is pursued, it becomes evident that “rich” and “exploiter” are two notions that must be kept entirely distinct. Whether one is rich or poor today depends on one's own energies, or the energies of one's ancestors, or on something at any rate quite different. That one is an exploiter of other people's labor-power has nothing whatever to do with these things; or not directly at least. It has, however, very closely to do with something else: namely, it has to do with the fact that our institutions, or the conditions of our environment, are built up on personal self-interest. One must keep a very clear mind here; otherwise one will have quite a false idea of what is being actually stated. If today I purchase a coat, it seems, under existing conditions, perfectly natural that I should purchase it as cheaply as possible; that is: I have myself only in view of the transaction. And herewith is indicated the point of view from which the whole of our life is carried on.

[ 24] The reply will promptly be forthcoming: “How about all the social movements? Is not the removal of this particular evil the very object for which all the parties and leaders of social reform are striving? Are they not exerting themselves for the ‘protection’ of Labor? Are not the working-class and their representatives demanding higher scales of wages and a reduction of working hours?” As was said already: from the standpoint of the present time, not the least objection is here being urged against such demands and measures. Neither, of course, is any plea hereby put forward for any one of the existing parties and programs. In particular, from the point of view with which we are here concerned no question comes in of siding with any party—whether “for” or “against”. Anything of the sort is of itself foreign to the anthroposophic way of viewing these matters.

[ 25 ] One may introduce any number of ameliorations for the better protection of one particular class of labor, and thereby do much no doubt to raise the standard of living amongst this or that group of human beings. But the nature of the exploitation is not thereby in its essence changed nor bettered. For it depends on the fact that one man, from the aspect of self-interest, obtains for himself the labor-products of another. Whether I have too much or too little, that which I have I use to gratify my own self-interest; and thereby the other man is of necessity exploited. And though, whilst continuing to maintain this aspect, I protect his labor, yet nothing is thereby changed, save in appearances. If I pay more for his work, then he will have to pay the more for mine; unless the one's being better off is to make the other worse off.

To give another instance, by way of illustration: If I purchase a factory in order to make as much as possible for myself out of it, then I shall take care to get the necessary labor as cheaply as possible. Everything that is done will be done from the view of my personal self-interest. If, on the other hand, I purchase the factory with the view of making the best possible provision for two hundred human beings, then everything I do will take a different coloring. Practically, in the present day, there will probably be no such very great difference between the second case and the first; but that is solely because one single selfless person is powerless to accomplish very much inside a whole community built up on self-interest. Matters would stand very differently if non-self-interested labor were the general rule.

[ 26 ] Some “practical” person will no doubt opine that mere good intentions will not go far towards enabling anyone to improve the wage-earning possibilities of his workers. Good will, after all, will not increase the returns on his manufactured articles, and, without that, it is not possible to make better terms for his workmen. Now here is just the important point: namely, to see that this argument is altogether erroneous. All interests, and therewith all the conditions of life, become different when a thing is procured not with an eye to oneself, but with an eye to the other people. What must any person look to, who is powerless to serve anything but his own private welfare? To making as much as he can for himself, when all is said and done. How others are obliged to labor, in order to satisfy his private needs, is a matter which he cannot take into consideration. And thus he is compelled to expend his powers in the fight for existence. If I start an undertaking which is to bring in as much as possible for myself, I do not enquire as to how the labor-power is set in motion that does my work. But if I myself do not come into question at all, and the only point of view is: How does my labor serve the others?—then the whole thing is changed. Nothing then compels me to undertake anything which may be of detriment to someone else. Then I place my powers not at the service of myself, but at the service of the other people. And, as a consequence, men's powers and abilities take quite a different form of expression.

How this alters the conditions of life in actual practice shall be left to the next chapter.

[ 27 ] Robert Owen, already mentioned in this essay, who lived from 1771 to 1858, may in a sense be designated a genius of practical social activity. He possessed two qualities which may well justify this designation: a circumstantial eye for institutions of social utility, and a noble love of mankind. One has only to look at what he was able to accomplish by means of these two faculties, in order to esteem them at their due value.

He started, in New Lanark, model industries, in which he managed to employ the workers in such a way that they not only enjoyed a decent human existence in material respects, but also lived their lives under conditions that satisfied the moral sense. Those who were collected together in this place were in part people who had come down in the world and taken to drink. Amongst such as these Owen introduced better elements, whose example had a good influence on the others. The results thus obtained were beneficial in the highest degree. This achievement of Owen's makes it impossible to class him with the usual type of more of less fantastic “world-regenerator,”—Utopians, as they are termed. For it is characteristic of Owen that he kept within the lines of what was practicable and confined himself to schemes that could be put into actual execution, and which the most hard-headed person, averse to everything fanciful, might reasonably expect to do something towards abolishing human misery within a small and limited field. Nor was there anything unpractical in cherishing the belief that this small field might perhaps serve as a model, and in course of time give the incentive towards a healthy evolution of man's human lot in the social direction.

[ 28 ] Owen himself must have thought so; he ventured a step further along the same road. In 1824, he set to work to create a sort of little model State in the Indiana district of North America. He obtained possession of a piece of territory with the intention of founding there a human community based upon freedom and equality. Every provision was made for rendering exploitation and enserfment impossible. The man who embarks on such an enterprise must bring to it the finest social virtues; the longing to make his fellow-men happy, and faith in the goodness of human nature. He must believe that the love of work will of itself grow up with man's nature, once the benefits of his work seem to be secured by the needful institutions. [ 29 ] In Owen this faith was so firmly seated that the experience must have been disastrous indeed that could shake it.

[ 30 ] And ... the experiences were, in fact, disastrous. After prolonged and heroic efforts, Owen was brought at last to the confession that:—Until one has effected a change in the general moral standard, all attempts to realize such colonies are bound to meet with failure; and that it is more worthwhile to try and influence mankind by the way of theory, rather than of practice. To such an opinion was this social reformer driven by the fact that there proved to be no lack of “work-shys,” who desired nothing better than to shoulder their work onto their neighbors; which inevitably led to disputes and quarrels and, finally, to the bankruptcy of the colony.

[ 31 ] There is much to be learnt from this experience of Owen's by all who are really willing to learn. It may lead the way from all artificially devised schemes for the benefit of mankind to really fruitful social work that reckons with matter of fact.

[ 32 ] These experiences were enough to cure Owen radically of the belief that human misery is solely caused by the “bad institutions” under which men live, and that the goodness of human nature would manifest itself without more ado, once these institutions were reformed. He was forced to the conviction that any good institution is only so far maintainable as the human beings concerned are disposed by their own inner nature to its maintenance and are themselves warmly attached to it.

[ 33 ] One's first idea might be that what is necessary is to give some preparatory theoretical instruction to the people for whom such institutions are being established; by demonstrating, perhaps, the appropriateness and utility of the measures proposed. To an unprejudiced mind this might seem a fairly obvious conclusion to be drawn from Owen's admission. Yet, for the really practical lesson to be learnt from it, one must go deeper into the matter. One must pass on beyond that mere faith in the goodness of human nature, by which Owen was misled, to a real knowledge of man. People may learn to perceive ever so clearly that certain institutions are practical and would be of benefit to mankind; but the clearest possible perception of this will not suffice in the long run to carry them through to the goal proposed. This kind of perception, clear as it may be, cannot supply a man with the inner impulses that will make him work, when the instincts that are based in egoism assert themselves upon the other side. This egoism is there, once for all, as a part of human nature; and consequently it begins to stir within the feeling of every human being, when he is called upon to live and work together with others in the social community. Thus, as a kind of inevitable sequence, most people practically will consider that form of social institution the best which best allows each individual to gratify his own wants. So that the social question quite naturally under the influence of these egoistic feelings comes to assume the form: What particular social institutions must be devised, in order that each person may secure the proceeds of his labor for himself? Few people, especially in our age of materialistic thinking, start from any other assumption. How often may one not hear it stated, as a truth beyond question, that it would be a thing against all nature to try and constitute a society on principles of good-will and human kindliness. People are much more ready to go on the principle that a human community will, as a whole, be most prosperous, when it also allows the individual to reap and garner the full—or the largest possible—proceeds of his own labor.

[ 34 ] Exactly the contrary, however, is taught by Anthroposophy, which is founded on a more profound knowledge of man and the world. Anthroposophy, in fact, shows that all human suffering is purely a consequence of egoism, and that in every human community, at some time or other, suffering, poverty, and want must of necessity arise, if this community is founded in any way upon egoism. Fully to recognize this, however, requires knowledge of considerably greater depth than much that sails about under the flag of “Social Science”. For this so-called Social Science only takes account of the exterior surface of human life, not of the deeper-seated forces that move it. Indeed, with the majority of people of the present day it is hard to arouse so much as even a feeling that there can be a question of any such deeper-seated forces at all; and anyone who talks to them of anything of the sort is looked upon as a dreamer and a “crank”. Nor can there here be any attempt made to elaborate a scheme of society based upon deeper, underlying forces. To do so adequately would need a whole book. All that can be done is to indicate the true laws of human co-operation and to show what, therefore, will be the reasonable points for consideration in social matters for one who is acquainted with these laws. A full comprehension of the subject is only possible for someone who works his way through to a world-conception based upon Anthroposophy. And this whole magazine is an endeavor to convey such a world-conception; one cannot expect to learn it from a single essay on the Social Question. All that one such essay can attempt to do is to throw a searchlight on this question from the anthroposophic standpoint. Briefly as the subject must be dealt with, there will, at any rate, always be some people whose feeling will lead them to recognize the truth of what it is impossible to discuss in all its fullness here.

[ 35 ] There is, then, a fundamental social law which Anthroposophy teaches us and which is as follows:

In a community of human beings working together, the well-being of the community will be the greater, the less the individual claims for himself the proceeds of the work he has himself done; i.e. the more of these proceeds he makes over to his fellow workers, and the more his own requirements are satisfied not out of his own work done, but out of work done by the others.

Every institution in a community of human beings that is contrary to this law will inevitably engender in some part of it, after a while, suffering and want. It is a fundamental law which holds good for all social life with the same absoluteness and necessity as any law of nature within a particular field of natural causation. It must not be supposed, however, that it is sufficient to acknowledge this law as one for general moral conduct, or to try and interpret it into the sentiment that everyone should work for the good of his fellow-men. No—this law only finds its living, fitting expression in actual reality, when a community of human beings succeeds in creating institutions of such a kind that no one can ever claim the results of his own labor for himself, but that they all, to the last fraction, go wholly to the benefit of the community. And he, again, must himself be supported in return by the labors of his fellow-men. The important point is, therefore, that working for one's fellow-men, and the object of obtaining so much income, must be kept apart, as two separate things.

[ 36 ] The self-styled “practical people” will, of course—the Anthroposophist is under no illusion about it!—have nothing but a smile for such “outrageous idealism”. And yet this law is more really practical than any that ever was devised or enacted by the practicians. For, as a matter of actual life, that every human community that exists, or ever has existed anywhere, possesses two sorts of institutions, of which the one is in accordance with this law, and the other contrary to it. It is bound to be so everywhere, whether men will, or no. Every community, indeed, would fall to pieces at once, if the work of the individual did not pass over into the whole body. But human egoism again has from of old run counter to this law, and sought to extract as much as possible for the individual out of his own work. And what has come about in this way, as a consequence of egoism, this it is, and nothing else, that from old has brought want and poverty and suffering in its train; which is as good as saying that a part of human institutions will always and inevitably prove to be unpractical which owes its existence to “practicians” who calculated either on the basis of their own egoism, or the egoism of others.

[ 37 ] Now obviously with a law of this kind, all is not said and done when one has merely recognized its existence. The real, practical part begins with the question: How is one to translate this law into actual fact? Obviously, what it says amounts to this: Man's welfare is the greater, in proportion as egoism is the less. Which means, that for its practical translation into reality one must have people who can find the way out of their egoism. Practically, however, this is quite impossible, if the individual's share of weal and woe is measured according to his labor. He who labors for himself cannot help but gradually fall a victim to egoism. Only one who labors solely and entirely for the rest can, little by little, grow to be a worker without egoism.

[ 38 ] But there is one thing needed to begin with. If any man works for another, he must find in this other man the reason for his work; and if any man works for the community, he must perceive and feel the meaning and value of this community, and what it is as a living, organic whole. He can only do this when the community is something other and quite different from a more or less indefinite totality of individual men. It must be informed by an actual spirit in which each single person has his part. It must be such that each single one says: The communal body is as it should be, and I will that it be thus. The whole communal body must have a spiritual mission, and each individual member of it must have the will to contribute towards the fulfilling of this mission. All the vague progressive ideas, the abstract ideals, of which people talk so much, cannot present such a mission. If there be nothing but these as a guiding principle, then one individual here, or one group there, will be working without any clear comprehension of what use there is in their work, except its being to the advantage of their families, or of those particular interests to which they happen to be attached. In every single member, down to the least, this Spirit of the Community must be alive and active.

[ 39 ] Wherever, in any age, anything good has thriven, it has only been where in some manner this life of a communal spirit was realized. The individual citizen of a Greek city in ancient days, even the citizen too of a “Free City” in medieval times, had at least a dim sense of some such communal spirit. The fact is not affected because, in Ancient Greece for instance, the appropriate institutions were only made possible by keeping a host of slaves, who did the manual labor for the “free citizens”, and were not induced to do so by the communal spirit, but compelled to it by their masters. This is an instance from which only one thing may be learnt: namely, that man's life is subject to evolution. And at the present day mankind has reached a stage when such a solution of the associative problem as found acceptance in Ancient Greece has become impossible. Even by the noblest Greeks, slavery was not regarded as an injustice, but as a human necessity; and so even the great Plato could hold up as an ideal a state in which the communal spirit finds its realization by the majority, the working people, being compelled to labor at the dictation of the few wise ones. But the problem of the present day is how to introduce people into conditions under which each will, of his own inner, private impulse, do the work of the community.

[ 40 ] No one, therefore, need try to discover a solution of the social question that shall hold good for all time, but simply to find the right form for his social thoughts and actions, in view of the immediate needs of the times in which he is now living. Indeed, there is today no theoretic scheme which could be devised or carried into effect by any one person, which in itself could solve the social question. For this he would need to possess the power to force a number of people into the conditions which he had created. Most undoubtedly, had Owen possessed the power of the will to compel all the people of his colony to do their share of the labor, then the thing would have worked. But we have to do with the present day; and in the present day any such compulsion is out of the question. Some possibility must be found of inducing each person, of his own free will, to do that which he is called upon to do according to the measure of his particular powers and abilities, But, for this very reason, there can be no possible question of ever trying to work upon people theoretically, in the sense suggested by Owen's admission, by merely indoctrinating them with a view as to how social conditions might best be arranged. A bald economic theory can never act as a force to counteract the powers of egoism. For a while, such an economic theory may sweep the masses along with a kind of impetus that, to all outward appearance, resembles the enthusiasm of an ideal. But in the long run it helps nobody. Anyone who inoculates such a theory into a mass of human beings, without giving them some real spiritual substance along with it, is sinning against the real meaning of human evolution.

[ 41 ] There is only one thing which can be of any use; and that is a spiritual world-conception, which, of its own self, through that which it has to offer, can make a living home in the thoughts, in the feelings, in the will—in a man's whole soul, in short. That faith which Owen had in the goodness of human nature is only true in part; in part, it is one of the worst of illusions. It is true to the extent that in every man there slumbers a “higher self”, which can be awakened. But the bonds of its sleep can only be dispelled by a world-conception of the character described. One may induce men into conditions such as Owen devised, and the community will prosper in the highest and fairest sense. But if one brings men together, without their having a world-conception of this kind, then all that is good in such institutions will, sooner or later, inevitably turn to bad. With people who have no world-conception centered in the spirit it is inevitable that just those institutions which promote men's material well-being will have the effect of also enhancing egoism, and therewith, little by little, will engender want, poverty and suffering. For it may truly be said in the simplest and most literal sense of the words: The individual man you may help by simply supplying him with bread; a community you can only supply with bread by assisting it to a world-conception. Nor indeed would it be of any use to try and supply each individual member of the community with bread; since, after a while, things would still take such a form that many would again be breadless.

[ 42 ] The recognition of these principles, it is true, means the loss of many an illusion for various people, whose ambition it is to be popular benefactors. It makes working for the welfare of society no light matter—one too, of which the results, under circumstances, may only be composed of a collection of quite tiny part-results. Most of what is given out today by whole parties as panaceas for social life loses its value and is seen to be a mere bubble and hollow phrase, lacking in due knowledge of human life. No parliament, no democracy, no big popular agitation, none of all these things can have any sense for a person who looks at all deeper, if they violate the law stated above; whereas everything of the kind may work for good, if it works on the lines of this law. It is a mischievous delusion to believe that some particular persons, sent up to some parliament as delegates from the people, can do anything for the good of mankind, unless their whole line of activity is in conformity with this, the fundamental social law.

[ 43 ] Wherever this law finds outward expression, wherever anyone is at work along its lines—so far as is possible for him in that position in which he is placed within the human community—there good results will be attained, though it be but in the one single instance and in ever so small a measure. And it is only a number of individual results, attained in this way, that together combine to healthy collective progress throughout the whole body of society.

[ 44 ] There exist, certainly, particular cases where bigger communities of men are in possession of some special faculty, by aid of which a bigger result could be attained all at once in this direction. Even today there exist definite communities, in whose special dispositions something of the kind is already preparing. These people will make it possible for mankind, by their assistance, to make a leap forward, to accomplish as it were a jump in social evolution. Anthroposophy is well acquainted with such communities, but does not find itself called upon to discuss these things in public. There are means, too, by which large masses of mankind can be prepared for a leap of this kind, which may possibly even be made at no very distant time. What, however, can be done by everyone is to work on the lines of this law within his own sphere of action. There is no position in the world that man can occupy where this is not possible, be it to all appearance ever so obscure, nor yet so influential.

But the principal and most important thing is, undoubtedly, that every individual should seek the way to a world-conception directed towards real knowledge of the Spirit. In Anthroposophy we have a spiritual movement which can grow and become for all men a world-conception of this kind, provided it continues to develop further in the form proper to its own teachings and to its own inherent possibilities. Anthroposophy may be the means of each man's learning to see that it is not a mere chance that he happens to be born in a particular place at a particular time, but that he has been put of necessity by the law of spiritual causation—by Karma—just in the place where he is; he learns to recognize that it is his own fitting and well-founded fate which has placed him amidst that human community in which he finds himself. His own powers and capacities too will become apparent to him, as not allotted by blind hazard, but as having their good meaning in the law of cause and effect.

[ 45 ] And he learns to perceive all this in such a way that the perception does not remain a mere matter of cold reason, but gradually comes to fill his whole soul with inner life.

[ 46 ] The outcome of such understanding will be no shadowy idealism but a mighty pulse of new life throughout all a man's powers. And this way of acting will be looked on by him as being as much a matter of course as, in another respect, eating and drinking is. Further, he will learn to see the meaning in the human community to which he belongs. He will comprehend his own community's relation to other human communities, and how it stands towards them; and thus the several spirits of all these communities will piece themselves together to a purposeful spiritual design, a picture of the single, united mission of the whole human race. And from the human race his mind will travel on to an understanding of the whole earth and its existence. Only a person who refuses to contemplate any such view of the world can harbor a doubt that it will have the effects here described.

At the present day, it is true, most people have but little inclination to enter upon such things. But the time will not fail to come, when the anthroposophic way of thinking will spread in ever- widening circles. And in measure as it does so, men will take the right practical steps to effect social progress. There can be no reason for doubting this on the presumption that no world-conception yet has ever brought about the happiness of mankind. By the laws of mankind's evolution it was not possible for that to take place at an earlier time, which, from now on, will gradually become possible. Not until now could a world-conception with the prospect of this kind of practical result be communicated to all and every man. [ 47 ] All the previous world-conceptions until now were accessible to particular groups of human beings only. Nevertheless, everything that has taken place for good as yet in the human race has come from its world-conception. Universal welfare is only attainable through a world-conception that shall lay hold upon the souls of all men and fire the inner life within them. And this the anthroposophic form of conception will always have the power to do, wherever it is really true to its own inherent possibilities.

[ 48 ] To recognize the justice of this, it will of course not do to look simply at the form which such conceptions have so far assumed. One must recognize that Anthroposophy has still to expand and grow to the full height of its cultural mission. So far, Anthroposophy cannot show the face that it will one day wear, and this for many reasons. One of the reasons is, that it must first find a foothold. Consequently, it must address itself to a particular group of human beings; and this group can naturally be no other than the one which, from the peculiar character of its evolution is longing for a new solution of the world's problems, and which, from the previous training of the persons united in it, is able to bring active interest and understanding to such a solution. It is obvious that, for the time being, Anthroposophy must couch the message it has to deliver in such a language as shall be suited to this particular group of people. Later on, as circumstances afford opportunity, Anthroposophy will again find suitable terms, in which to speak to other circles also. Nobody, whose mind is not rootedly attached to hard and fast dogmas, can suppose that the form in which the anthroposophic message is delivered today is a permanent or by any means the only possible one. Just because, with Anthroposophy, there can be no question of its remaining mere theory, or merely gratifying intellectual curiosity, it is necessary for it to work in this way, slowly. For amongst the aims and objects of Anthroposophy are these same practical steps in the progress of mankind. But if it is to help on the progress of mankind, Anthroposophy must first create the practical conditions for its work; and there is no way to bring about these conditions except by winning over the individual human beings, one by one. The world moves forward, only when men WILL that it shall. But, in order for them to will it, what is needed in each individual case is inner soul-work; and this can only be performed step by step. Were it not so, then Anthroposophy too would do nothing in the social field but air brain-spun theories, and perform no practical work.

[ 1 ] Wer gegenwärtig mit offenen Augen die Welt um sich herum betrachtet, der sieht überall das sich mächtig erheben, was man die «soziale Frage» nennt. Diejenigen, welche es mit dem Leben ernst nehmen, müssen in irgendeiner Art sich Gedanken über das machen, was mit dieser Frage zusammenhängt. Und wie selbstverständlich muß es erscheinen, daß eine solche Vorstellungsart, welche zu ihren Aufgaben die höchsten Menschheitsideale gemacht hat, irgendwie ein Verhältnis gewinnen muß zu den sozialen Anforderungen. Eine solche Vorstellungsart will aber die geisteswissenschaftliche für die Gegenwart sein. Deshalb ist es nur natürlich, wenn nach diesem Verhältnis gefragt wird.

[ 2 ] Nun kann es zunächst den Eindruck machen, als ob die Geisteswissenschaft nichts Besonderes nach dieser Richtung hin zu sagen hätte. Man wird als ihren hervorstechendsten Charakterzug zunächst die Verinnerlichung des Seelenlebens und die Erweckung des Blickes für eine geistige Welt erkennen. Selbst solche, die sich nur flüchtig mit den Ideen bekannt machen, welche durch geisteswissenschaftlich orientierte Redner und Schriftsteller Verbreitung finden, werden bei unbefangener Betrachtung dieses Streben erkennen können. Schwieriger ist es aber einzusehen, daß dieses Streben gegenwärtig eine praktische Bedeutung habe. Und insbesondere kann nicht leicht dessen Zusammenhang mit der sozialen Frage einleuchtend werden. Was soll, so wird mancher fragen, eine Lehre den sozialen Übelständen helfen, die sich mit «Wiederverkörperung », mit «Karma», mit der «übersinnlichen Welt», mit der «Entstehung des Menschen» und so weiter befaßt? Eine solche Gedankenrichtung scheint von aller Wirklichkeit hinweg in ferne Wolkenhöhen zu fliegen, während jetzt doch ein jeder dringend nötig hätte, sein ganzes Denken zusammenzunehmen, um den Aufgaben zu genügen, welche die irdische Wirklichkeit stellt.

[ 3 ] Von all den verschiedenen Meinungen, die gegenwärtig in bezug auf die Geisteswissenschaft notwendig hervortreten müssen, seien hier zwei verzeichnet. Die eine besteht darin, daß man sie als den Ausdruck einer zügellosen Phantastik ansieht. Es ist ganz natürlich, daß eine solche Ansicht besteht. Und sie sollte am wenigsten für den geisteswissenschaftlich Strebenden etwas Unbegreifliches haben. Jedes Gespräch in seiner Umgebung, alles, was um ihn herum vorgeht, was den Menschen Lust und Freude macht, alles das kann ihn darüber belehren, daß er zunächst eine für viele geradezu närrische Sprache führt. Zu diesem Verständnis seiner Umgebung muß er dann allerdings die unbedingte Sicherheit hinzubringen, daß er auf dem rechten Wege ist. Sonst könnte er kaum aufrecht stehen, wenn er sich den Widerstreit seiner Vorstellungen mit denen so vieler anderer klar macht, die zu den Unterrichteten und Denkenden gehören. Hat er die rechte Sicherheit, kennt er die Wahrheit und Tragkraft seiner Ansicht, dann sagt er sich: ich weiß ganz gut, daß ich gegenwärtig als Phantast angesehen werden kann, und es ist mir einleuchtend, warum das so ist; aber die Wahrheit muß wirken, auch wenn sie verlacht und verhöhnt wird, und ihre Wirkung hängt nicht ab von den Meinungen, die man über sie hat, sondern von ihrer gediegenen Grundlage.

[ 4 ] Die andere Meinung, von welcher die Geisteswissenschaft betroffen wird, ist die, daß ihre Gedanken zwar schön und befriedigend seien, daß sie aber nur für das innere Seelenleben, nicht für den praktischen Lebenskampf einen Wert haben können. Selbst solche, welche zur Stillung ihrer geistigen Bedürfnisse nach der geisteswissenschaftlichen Nahrung verlangen, können nur zu leicht versucht sein, sich zu sagen: ja, aber wie der sozialen Not, dem materiellen Elend beizukommen ist, darüber kann diese Gedankenwelt doch keine Aufklärung geben, - Nun beruht aber gerade diese Meinung auf einem vollständigen Verkennen der wirklichen Tatsachen desLebens, und vor allen Dingen auf einem Mißverständnisse gegenüber den Früchten der geisteswissenschaftlichen Vorstellungsatt.

[ 5 ] Man frägt nämlich fast ausschließlich: was lehrt die Geisteswissenschaft? Wie kann man beweisen, was sie behauptet? Und man sucht dann die Frucht in dem Gefühl der Befriedigung, die man aus den Lehren schöpfen kann. Das ist natürlich so selbstverständlich wie möglich. Man muß ja zunächst eine Empfindung für die Wahrheit von Behauptungen erhalten, die einem gegenübertreten. Die wahre Frucht der Geisteswissenschaft darf aber darinnen nicht gesucht werden. Diese Frucht zeigt sich nämlich erst dann, wenn der geisteswissenschaftlich Gesinnte an die Aufgaben des praktischen Lebens herantritt. Es kommt darauf an, ob ihm die Geisteswissenschaft etwas hilft, diese Aufgaben einsichtsvoll zu ergreifen und mit Verständnis die Mittel und Wege zur Lösung zu suchen. Wer im Leben wirken will, muß das Leben erst verstehen. Hier liegt der Kernpunkt der Sache. Solange man dabei stehen bleibt, zu fragen: was lehrt die Geisteswissenschaft, kann man diese Lehren zu «hoch» für das praktische Leben finden. Wenn man aber darauf das Augenmerk richtet, welche Schulung das Denken und Fühlen durch diese Lehren erfährt, dann wird man aufhören, solchen Einwand zu machen. So absonderlich es für die oberflächliche Auffassung erscheinen mag, es ist doch richtig: die scheinbar im Wolkenkuckucksheim schwebenden geisteswissenschaftlichen Gedanken bilden den Blick aus für eine richtige Führung des alltäglichen Lebens. Und die Geisteswissenschaft schärft gerade dadurch das Verständnis für die sozialen Forderungen, daß sie den Geist erst in die lichten Höhen des Übersinnlichen führt. So widerspruchsvoll das erscheint, so wahr ist es.

[ 6 ] Es soll einmal an einem Beispiele gezeigt werden, was damit gemeint ist. Ein ungemein interessantes Buch ist in der letzten Zeit erschienen: «Als Arbeiter in Amerika» (Berlin K. Siegismund). Es hat zum Verfasser den Regierungsrat Kolb, der es unternommen hat, monatelang als gewöhnlicher Arbeiter in Amerika zuzubringen. Dadurch hat er sich ein Urteil über Menschen und Leben angeeignet, wie es ihm offenbar ebensowenig der Bildungsweg hätte geben können, durch den er Regierungsrat geworden ist, noch auch die Erfahrungen, welche er auf diesem Posten und auf all den Stellen hat sammeln können, die man einnimmt, bevor man Regierungsrat wird. Er war somit jahrelang an einer verhältnismäßig verantwortungsvollen Stelle, und erst, als er aus dieser herausgetreten ist und — kurze Zeit - in fernem Lande gelebt hat, lernt er das Leben so kennen, daß er in seinem Buche den folgenden beherzigenswerten Satz schreibt: «Wie oft hatte ich früher, wenn ich einen gesunden Mann betteln sah, mit moralischer Entrüstung gefragt: Warum arbeitet der Lump nicht? Jetzt wußte ichs. In der Theorie sieht sieht eben anders an, als in der Praxis, und selbst mit den unerfreulichsten Kategorien der Nationalökonomie hantiert sichs am Studiertisch ganz erträglich.» Nun soll hier nicht das geringste Mißverständnis hervorgerufen werden. Die vollkommenste Anerkennung muß dem Manne entgegengebracht werden, der es sich abgewonnen hat, aus behaglicher Lebenslage herauszutreten, und in einer Brauerei und Fahrradfabrik schwer zu arbeiten. Die Hochschätzung dieser Tat soll vorerst möglichst stark betont werden, damit nicht der Glaube erweckt werde, es solle der Mann abfälliger Kritik unterworfen werden. — Aber für jeden, der sehen will, ist unbedingt klar, daß alle Schulung, alle Wissenschaft, die der Mann durchgemacht hat, ihm kein Urteil über das Leben gegeben haben. Man versuche es sich doch klar zu machen, was damit zugestanden ist: Man kann alles lernen, was einen gegenwärtig befähigt, verhältnismäßig leitende Stellen einzunehmen: und man kann dabei dem Leben, auf das man wirken soll, ganz ferne stehen. — Ist das nicht so, als wenn man in irgendeiner Schule für den Brückenbau ausgebildet würde, und dann, wenn man vor die Aufgabe tritt, eine Brücke zu bauen, man nichts davon verstehe? Doch nein: es ist nicht ganz so. Wer sich für den Brückenbau schlecht vorbereitet, dem wird sein Mangel bald klar werden, wenn er an die Praxis herantritt. Er wird sich als Pfuscher erweisen und überall zurückgewiesen werden. Wer sich aber für das Wirken im sozialen Leben schlecht vorbereitet, dessen Mängel können sich nicht so schnell erweisen. Schlecht gebaute Brücken stürzen ein; und dem Befangensten ist dann klar, daß der Brückenbauer ein Pfuscher war. Was aber im sozialen Wirken verpfuscht wird, das zeigt sich nur darinnen, daß die Mitmenschen darunter leiden. Und für den Zusammenhang dieses Leidens mit dem Pfuschertum hat man nicht so leicht ein Auge wie für das Verhältnis zwischen Brückeneinsturz und unfähigem Baumeister. — «Ja, aber», wird man sagen, «was hat denn das alles mit der Geisteswissenschaft zu tun? Glaubt der geisteswissenschaftlich Gesinnte etwa gar, daß seine Lehren dem Regierungsrat Kolb ein besseres Verständnis des Lebens beigebracht hätten? Was hätte es ihm genützt, wenn er etwas von «Wiederverkörperung», «Karma» und allen «übersinnlichen Welten, gewußt hätte? Niemand wird doch behaupten wollen, daß die Ideen über planetarische Systeme und höhere Welten den genannten Regierungsrat hätten davor bewahren können, eines Tages sich gestehen zu müssen, «daß es sich mit den unerfreulichsten Kategorien der Nationalökonomie am Studiertische ganz gut hantiere».» Der geisteswissenschaftlich Gesinnte kann nun wirklich — wie Lessing in einem bestimmten Falle-antworten: «Ich bin dieser ‹Niemand› ich behaupte es geradezu.» Nur muß man das nicht so verstehen, als ob jemand mit der Lehre von der «Wiederverkörperung», oder dem Wissen vom «Karma» sich sozial richtig betätigen könne. Das wäre natürlich naiv. Die Sache geht selbstverständlich nicht so, daß man diejenigen, welche zu Regierungsräten bestimmt sind, statt sie zu Schmoller, Wagner oder Brentano auf die Universität zu schicken, auf die «Geheimlehre» der Blavatsky verweist. - Worauf es ankommt, ist aber dieses: wird eine nationalökonomische Theorie, welche von einem geisteswissenschaftlich Gesinnten herrührt, eine solche sein, mit der sich am Studiertische gut hantieren läßt, die aber dem wirklichen Leben gegenüber versagt? Und das eben wird sie nicht sein. Wann hält eine Theorie dem Leben gegenüber nicht stand? Wenn sie durch ein Denken hervorgebracht ist, das nicht für das Leben geschult ist. Nun sind aber die Lehren der Geisteswissenschaft ebenso die wirklichen Gesetze des Lebens, wie die Lehren der Elektrizität diejenigen einer Fabrik für elektrische Apparate sind. Wer eine solche Fabrik einrichten will, muß zuerst wahre Elektrizitätslehre sich aneignen. Und wer im Leben wirken will, der muß die Gesetze des Lebens kennenlernen. So fern aber scheinbar die Lehren der Geisteswissenschaft dem Leben stehen, $o nahe sind sie ihm in Wahrheit. Dem oberflächlichen Blick erscheinen sie weltfremd; dem wahren Verständnis erschließen sie das Leben. Man zieht sich nicht aus bloßer Neugierde zurück in «geisteswissenschaftliche Zirkel», um da allerlei «interessante» Aufschlüsse über jenseitige Welten zu erhalten, sondern man trainiert da sein Denken, Fühlen und Wollen an den «ewigen Gesetzen des Daseins», um herauszutreten in das Leben, und mit hellem, klarem Blick dieses Leben zu verstehen. Die geisteswissenschaftlichen Lehren sind ein Umweg zu einem lebensvollen Denken, Urteilen und Empfinden. — Die geisteswissenschaftliche Bewegung wird erst in ihrem rechten Geleise sein, wenn man das voll einsehen wird. Rechtes Handeln entspringt aus rechtem Denken; und unrechtes Handeln entspringt aus verkehrtem Denken oder aus der Gedankenlosigkeit. Wer überhaupt daran glauben will, daß auf sozialem Gebiete etwas Gutes gewirkt werden kann, der muß zugeben, daß es von den menschlichen Fähigkeiten abhängt, solches Gute zu wirken. Durch die Ideen der Geisteswissenschaft hindurch sich arbeiten, bedeutet Steigerung der Fähigkeiten zu sozialem Wirken. Es handelt sich in dieser Beziehung nicht allein darum, welche Gedanken man durch die Geisteswissenschaft aufnimmt, sondern darum, was man aus seinem Denken durch sie macht.

[ 7 ] Gewiß muß zugegeben werden, daß innerhalb der Kreise selbst, die sich der Geisteswissenschaft widmen, noch nicht allzuviel von einer Arbeit gerade in dieser Hinsicht zu merken ist. Und ebensowenig kann geleugnet werden, daß gerade deshalb die der Geisteswissenschaft Fernstehenden noch allen Grund haben, die obigen Behauptungen zu bezweifeln. Aber es darf auch nicht außer acht gelassen werden, daß die geisteswissenschaftliche Bewegung in gegenwärtiger Auffassung erst im Anfange ihrer Wirksamkeit steht. Ihr weiterer Fortschritt wird darinnen bestehen, daß sie sich einführt in allepraktischen Gebiete des Lebens. Dann wird sich beispielsweise für die «soziale Frage» zeigen, daß an Stelle von Theorien, «mit denen sich am Studiertische ganz gut hantieren» läßt, solche treten werden, welche die Einsicht befähigen, unbefangen das Leben zu beurteilen, und dem Willen die Richtung zu solchem Handeln geben, daß Heil und Segen für die Mitmenschen entspringt. Gar mancher wird sagen, gerade am Falle Kolb zeige es sich, daß der Hinweis auf die Geisteswissenschaft überflüssig sei. Es wäre nur notwendig, daß die Leute, die sich für irgendeinen Beruf vorbereiten, ihre "Theorien nicht bloß in der Studierstube lernten, sondern daß sie mit dem Leben zusammengebracht würden, daß sie neben der theoretischen auch eine praktische Anleitung erhielten. Denn sobald Kolb sich das Leben ansah, genügte doch auch das, was er gelernt hatte, um zu einer anderen Meinung zu kommen, als er früher hatte. — Nein, es genügt nicht, weil der Mangel tiefer liegt. Wenn einer sieht, daß er mit einer mangelhaften Vorbildung nur Brücken bauen kann, die einstürzen, so hat er sich damit noch lange nicht die Fähigkeit erworben, solche zu bauen, die nicht einstürzen. Er muß sich zu letzterem erst eine wirklich fruchtbare Vorbildung aneignen. Sicherlich braucht man nichts weiter, als sich die sozialen Verhältnisse nur anzusehen, auch wenn man eine noch so unzulängliche Theorie hat über die Grundgesetze des Lebens, und man wird nicht mehr jedem gegenüber, der nicht arbeitet, sagen: «warum arbeitet der Lump nicht?». Man kann dann aus den Verhältnissen heraus verstehen, warum ein solcher nicht arbeitet. Aber hat man damit schon gelernt, wie die Verhältnisse zum Gedeihen der Menschen zu gestalten sind? Zweifellos haben alle die gutwilligen Menschen, welche ihre Pläne aufgetischt haben über Verbesserung des Menschenloses, nicht geurteilt wie der Regierungsrat Kolb vor seiner Amerikafahrt. Sie waren alle doch wohl auch vor solcher Expedition der Überzeugung, daß nicht jeder, dem es schlecht geht, abzufertigen sei mit der Phrase «warum arbeitet der Lump nicht? ». Sind deshalb alle ihre sozialen Reformvorschläge fruchtbar? Nein, das können sie schon deshalb nicht sein, weil sie so vielfach einander widersprechen. Und man wird deshalb ein Recht haben, zu sagen, daß wohl auch des Regierungsrates Kolb positive Reformpläne nach seiner Bekehrung nicht sonderlich viel Wirkung haben können. Das eben ist der Irrtum unserer Zeit in dieser Beziehung, daß sich ein jeder für befähigt hält, das Leben zu verstehen, auch wenn er sich nichts mit den Grundgesetzen des Lebens zu schaffen gemacht hat, wenn er sein Denken nicht erst geschult hat, um die wahren Kräfte des Lebens zu sehen. Und Geisteswissenschaft ist Schulung für eine gesunde Beurteilung des Lebens, weil sie dem Leben auf den Grund geht. Es hilft gar nichts, zu sehen, daß die Verhältnisse den Menschen in ungünstige Lebenslagen bringen, in denen er verkommt: man muß die räfte kennen lernen, durch welche günstige Verhältnisse geschaffen werden. Und das können unsere nationalökonomisch Gebildeten aus einem ähnlichen Grunde nicht, aus dem keiner rechnen kann, der nichts vom Einmaleins weiß. Stellet einen solchen vor noch so viele Zahlenreihen hin: das Anschauen wird ihm nichts nützen, Stellt den, dessen Denken nichts versteht von den Grundkräften des sozialen Lebens, vor die Wirklichkeit: er mag noch so eindringlich beschreiben, was er sieht; wie sich die sozialen Kräfte verschlingen zum Wohl oder zum Unheil der Menschen, darüber kann er doch nichts ausmachen.

[ 8 ] In unserer Zeit ist eine Lebensauffassung notwendig, welche zu den wahren Quellen des Lebens hinführt. Und eine solche Lebensauffassung kann die Geisteswissenschaft sein. Wenn alle diejenigen, welche sich eine Meinung bilden wollen über das, was «sozial nottut», zuerst durch die Lebenslehre der Geisteswissenschaft gehen wollten, dann kämen wir weiter. — Der Einwand, daß diejenigen, die sich der Geisteswissenschaft widmen, heute bloß «reden» und nicht «handeln», kann ebensowenig gelten, wie derjenige, daß sich ja auch die geisteswissenschaftlichen Meinungen noch nicht erprobt haben, sich also vielleicht ebenso als graue "Theorie entpuppen könnten, wie die Nationalökonomie des Herrn Kolb. Der erste Einwand bedeutet aus dem Grunde nichts, weil man «handeln» selbstverständlich so lange nicht kann, als einem die Wege zum Handeln versperrt sind. Lasset einen Seelenkenner noch so gut wissen, was ein Vater tun müsse in der Erziehung seiner Kinder; er kann nicht «handeln», wenn ihn der Vater nicht zum Erzieher bestellt. In dieser Beziehung muß in Geduld gewartet werden, bis das «Reden » der geisteswissenschaftlich Arbeitenden denen, welche die Macht zum «Handeln» haben, die Einsicht gebracht hat. Und das wird geschehen. Der andere Einwand ist nicht minder belanglos. Und er kann überhaupt nur von solchen erhoben werden, die unbekannt sind mit dem Grundwesen der geisteswissenschaftlichen Wahrheiten. Wer sie kennt, der weiß, daß sie gar nicht so zustande kommen, wie etwas, das man «ausprobiert». Die Gesetze des Menschenheiles sind nämlich ebenso sicher in die Urgrundlage der Menschenseele gelegt, wie das Einmaleins da hineingelegt ist. Man muß nur tief genug hinuntersteigen in diese Urgrundlage der menschlichen Seele. Gewiß, man kann anschaulich machen, was so eingezeichnet ist in die Seele, wie man anschaulich machen kann, daß zweimal zwei vier ist, wenn man vier Bohnen in zwei Gruppen nebeneinander legt. Aber wer wollte behaupten, daß sich die Wahrheit «Zweimal zwei ist vier» erst an den Bohnen «erproben» muß. Es verhält sich nämlich durchaus so: wer die geisteswissenschaftliche Wahrheit bezweifelt, der hat sie noch nicht erkannt, wie nur ein solcher bezweifeln könnte, daß «zweimal zwei vier ist», der es noch nicht erkannt hat. So sehr sich auch beides unterscheidet, weil das letztere so einfach, das erstere so kompliziert ist: die Ähnlichkeit in anderer Beziehung ist doch vorhanden. — Allerdings kann das nicht eingesehen werden, solange man nicht in die Geisteswissenschaft selbst eindringt. Deshalb kann auch für den Nichtkenner der Geisteswissenschaft kein «Beweis» für diese Tatsache erbracht werden. Man kann nur sagen: lernet die Geisteswissenschaft erst kennen, und ihr werdet auch über all das klar sein.

[ 9 ] Der wichtige Beruf der Geisteswissenschaft in unserer Zeit wird sich zeigen, wenn sie ein Sauerteig in allem Leben geworden sein wird. Solange dieser Weg ins Leben noch nicht im vollen Sinne des Wortes betreten werden kann, sind die geisteswissenschaftlich Gesinnten erst im Anfang ihres Wirkens. Und solange werden sie wohl auch den Vorwurf hören müssen, daß ihre Lehren lebensfeindlich seien. Ja, sie sind, wie die Eisenbahn feindlich war einem Leben, das nur die Postkutsche als das «Lebenswahre» anzusehen vermochte. Sie sind so feindlich, wie die Zukunft feindlich der Vergangenheit ist.

[ 10 ] Im folgenden soll auf einiges Besondere in dem Verhältnis von «Geisteswissenschaft und soziale Frage» eingegangen werden.—

[ 11 ] Zwei Ansichten stehen einander gegenüber in bezug auf die «soziale Frage». Die eine sieht die Ursachen des Guten und Schlimmen im sozialen Leben mehr in den Menschen, die andere hauptsächlich in den Verhältnissen, innerhalb welcher die Menschen leben. Die Vertreter der ersteren Meinung werden dadurch den Fortschritt fördern wollen, daß sie die geistige und physische Tüchtigkeit der Menschen und ihr moralisches Fühlen zu heben trachten; diejenigen, welche zur zweiten Anschauung neigen, werden dagegen vor allem darauf bedacht sein, die Lebenslage zu heben, denn sie sagen sich, wenn die Menschen auskömmlich leben können, dann wird ihre Tüchtigkeit und ihr sittliches Empfinden von selbst auf einen höheren Stand sich bringen. Man kann wohl kaum leugnen, daß die zweite Ansicht heute stetigan Boden gewinnt. In vielen Kreisen gilt es als der Ausdruck eines ganz rückständigen Denkens, wenn man die erstere Anschauung noch besonders betont. Es wird da gesagt: wer vom frühen Morgen bis zum späten Abend mit der bittersten Not zu kämpfen hat, der kann zu einer Entwickelung seiner geistigen und moralischen Kräfte nicht kommen. Gebet einem solchen erst Brot, bevor ihr ihm von geistigen Angelegenheiten redet.

[ 12 ] Insbesondere einem solchen Streben wie dem geisteswissenschaftlichen gegenüber spitzt sich die letztere Behauptung leicht zu einem Vorwurfe zu. Und es sind nicht die Schlechtesten in unserer Zeit, welche dergleichen Vorwürfe erheben. Solche sagen wohl: «Der waschechte Theosoph steigt sehr ungern von den devachanischen und kamischen Ebenen auf diese Erde herab. Man kaut lieber zehn Sanskritworte, ehe man sich darüber unterrichtet, was die Grundtente ist.» So ist zu lesen in einem vor kurzem erschienenen interessanten Buche «Die kulturelle Lage Europas beim Wiedererwachen des modernen Okkultismus» von G. L. Dankmar (Leipzig, Oswald Mutze, 1905).

[ 13 ] Naheliegend ist es, den Vorwurf in der folgenden Form zu erheben. Man weist darauf hin, daß in unserer Zeit oftmals Familien von acht Köpfen in einer einzigen Stube zusammengepfercht sind, daß solchen Luft und Licht selbst fehlen, daß sie ihre Kinder zur Schule in einem Zustande schicken müssen, so daß Schwäche und Hunger sie zusammenbrechen lassen. Dann sagt man: müssen diejenigen, welche auf den Massenfortschritt bedacht sind, nicht vor allem ihr ganzes Streben darauf verwenden, in solchen Verhältnissen Abhilfe zu schaffen? Statt ihr Denken auf die Lehren der höheren Geisteswelten sollten sie es auf die Frage lenken: wie sind die sozialen Notstände zu heben? «Steige die Theosophie aus ihrer eisigen Einsamkeit hinab unter Menschen, unter das Volk; stelle sie im Ernste und in Wahrheit die ethische Forderung der allgemeinen Brüderlichkeit an die Spitze ihres Programms, und handle sie, unbekümmert um alle Konsequenzen, danach; mache sie das Wort Christi von der Nächstenliebe zur sozialen Tat und sie wird köstlich unverlierbares Menschheitseigentum werden und bleiben.» So heißt es in obengenanntem Buche weiter.

[ 14 ] Diejenigen, welche einen solchen Einwand gegen die Geisteswissenschaft erheben, meinen es gut. Ja, essollihnen sogar zugestanden werden, daß sie gegenüber vielen recht haben, die sich mit den geisteswissenschaftlichen Lehren beschäftigen. Zweifellos sind unter den letzteren solche, die nur für ihre eigenen geistigen Bedürfnisse sorgen wollen, die nur etwas wissen wollen über das «höhere Leben», über das Schicksal der Seele nach dem Tode usw. —- Und man hat gewiß auch nicht untecht, wenn man sagt, in der gegenwärtigen Zeit erscheint es nötiger, in gemeinnützigem Wirken, in den Tugenden der Nächstenliebe und Menschenwohlfahrt sich zu entfalten, als in weltfremder Einsamkeit irgendwelche in der Seele schlummernden höheren Fähigkeiten zu pflegen. Die letzteres vor allem wollen, könnten als Menschen von einer verfeinerten Selbstsucht gelten, denen das eigene Seelenwohl über den allgemeinen menschlichen Tugenden steht. Nicht minder kann man hören, wie darauf hingewiesen wird, daß für ein geistiges Streben, wie es das geisteswissenschaftliche ist, doch nur Menschen Interesse haben können, denen es «gut geht», und welche daher ihre «müßige Zeit» solchen Dingen widmen können. Wer aber vom Morgen bis zum Abend für elenden Lohn seine Hände rühren muß, den soll man nicht abspeisen wollen mit Redensatten von allgemeiner Menscheneinheit, von «höherem Leben» und ähnlichen Dingen.

[ 15 ] Gewiß ist, daß in der angedeuteten Richtung auch von geisteswissenschaftlich Strebenden mancherlei gesündigt wird. Aber nicht minder richtig ist, daß gut verstandenes geisteswissenschaftliches Leben den Menschen auch als Einzelnen zu den Tugenden der opferwilligen Arbeit und des gemeinnützigen Wirkens führen muß, Jedenfalls wird die Geisteswissenschaft niemand bindern können, ein ebenso guter Mensch zu sein wie andere es sind, die nichts von Geisteswissenschaft wissen oder wissen wollen. - Aber das alles berührt ja in bezug auf die «soziale Frage» gar nicht die Hauptsache. Um zu dieser Hauptsache vorzudtingen, isteeben durchaus mehr notwendig, als die Gegner des geisteswissenschaftlichen Strebens zugeben wollen. Ohne weiteres soll diesen Gegnern ja zugestanden werden, daß mit den Mitteln, welche von mancher Seite zur Verbesserung der sozialen Menschenlage vorgeschlagen werden, viel zu erreichen ist. Die eine Partei will das, die andere jenes. Mancherlei von solchen Parteiforderungen erweist sich dem klar Denkenden bald als Hirngespinst; manches aber enthält gewiß auch den allerbesten Kern. |

[ 16 ] Owen, der 1771 bis 1858 lebte, gewiß einer der edelsten Sozialreformatoren, hat immer wieder und wieder betont, daß der Mensch durch die Umgebung bestimmt werde, in welcher er aufwächst, daß des Menschen Charakter nicht durch ihn selbst gebildet werde, sondern durch die Lebensverhältnisse, in denen er gedeiht. Durchaus soll nicht das blendend Richtige bestritten werden, das solche Sätze haben. Und noch weniger sollen sie mit geringschätzigem Achselzucken behandelt werden, obgleich sie mehr oder weniger selbstverständlich sind. Vielmehr soll ohne weiteres zugestanden werden, daß vieles besser werden kann, wenn man im öflentlichen Leben sich nach solchen Erkenntnissen richtet. Deshalb wird aber auch die Geisteswissenschaft niemand hindern, sich an denjenigen Werken des Menschenfortschrittes zu beteiligen, die im Sinne solcher Erkenntnisse ein besseres Los der gedrückten und notleidenden Menschheitsklassen herbeiführen wollen.

[ 17 ] Nur muß die Geisteswissenschaft tiefer gehen. Ein durchgreifender Fortschritt kann nämlich durch alle solche Mittel nimmermehr bewirkt werden. Wer das nicht zugibt, der hat sich niemals klar gemacht, woher die Lebensverhältnisse kommen, innerhalb welcher die Menschen sich befinden. So weit nämlich des Menschen Leben von diesen Verhältnissen abhängig ist, sind diese selbst von Menschen bewirkt. Oder wer hat denn die Einrichtungen getroffen, durch die der eine arm, der andere reich ist? Doch andere Menschen. Das ändert doch wahrlich nichts an dieser Sachlage, daß diese «anderen Menschen» zumeist vor denen gelebt haben, die unter den Verhältnissen gedeihen oder nicht gedeihen. Die Leiden, die dem Menschen die Natur selbst auferlegt, kommen für die soziale Lage doch nur mittelbar in Betracht. Diese Leiden müssen eben durch das menschliche Handeln gelindert, oder ganz beseitigt werden. Geschieht das nicht, was in dieser Richtung notwendig ist, so fehlt es also doch nur an den menschlichen Einrichtungen. — Ein gründliches Erkennen der Dinge lehrt, daß alle Übel, von denen mit Recht als von sozialen gesprochen werden kann, auch von den menschlichen Taten herrühren. Gewiß ist in dieser Beziehung nicht der einzelne Mensch, sicher aber die ganze Menschheit der «Schmied des eigenen Glückes».

[ 18 ] So gewiß aber dieses ist, so wahr ist auch, daß in größerem Umfange kein beträchtlicher Teil der Menschheit, keine Kaste oder Klasse das Leid eines anderen Teiles in böswilliger Absicht bewirkt. Alles, was in dieser Richtung behauptet wird, beruht auf bloßem Mangel an Einsicht. Trotzdem auch dies eigentlich eine selbstverständliche Wahrheit ist, muß sie doch ausgesprochen werden. Denn wenn auch solche Dinge mit dem Verstande leicht durchschaut werden, so verhält man sich doch im praktischen Leben nicht in ihrem Sinne. Jedem Ausbeuter seiner Mitmenschen wäre natürlich das liebste, wenn die Opfer seiner Ausbeutung nicht zu leiden hätten. Man käme weit, wenn man das nicht bloß selbstverständlich fände, sondern auch seine Empfindungen und Gefühle darnach einrichtete.

[ 19 ] Ja, aber was soll man mit solchen Behauptungen anfangen? So wird zweifellos mancher «sozial Denkende» einwenden. Soll etwa gar der Ausgebeutete dem Ausbeuter mit wohlwollenden Gefühlen gegenüberstehen? Ist es nicht zu begreiflich, wenn der erstere den letzteren haßt und aus dem Hasse heraus zu seiner Parteistellung geführt wird? Es wäre doch wahrlich ein schlechtes Rezept - so wird man weiter einwenden -, wenn der Bedrückte dem Bedrücker gegenüber an dieMenschenliebe gemahnt würde, etwa im Sinne des Satzes vom großen Buddha: «Haß wird nicht durch Haß, sondern allein durch Liebe überwunden.»

[ 20 ] Dennoch führt die Erkenntnis, die an diesen Punkt anknüpft, allein in der gegenwärtigen Zeit zu einem wirklichen «sozialen Denken». Und hier ist es eben, wo geisteswissenschaftliche Gesinnung einsetzt. Diese kann nämlich nicht an der Oberfläche des Verständnisses haften, sondern muß in die Tiefe dringen. Deshalb kann sie nicht dabei stehen bleiben, zu zeigen, daß durch diese oder jene Verhältnisse Elend geschaffen wird, sondern sie muß zu der allein fruchtbaren Erkenntnis vordringen, wodurch diese Verhältnisse geschaffen worden sind und noch fortwährend geschaffen werden. Und gegenüber diesen tieferen Fragen erweisen sich die meisten sozialen Theorien eben nur als «graue Theorien», wenn nicht gar als bloße Redensarten.

[ 21 ] Solange man mit seinem Denken an der Oberfläche bleibt, solange schreibt man den Verhältnissen, überhaupt dem Äußerlichen eine ganz falsche Macht zu. Diese Verhältnisse sind nämlich nur der Ausdruck eines inneren Lebens. Und so wie nur derjenige den menschlichen Körper versteht, der weiß, daß dieser der Ausdruck der Seele ist, so kann auch nur derjenige die äußeren Einrichtungen im Leben richtig beurteilen, der sich klar macht, daß diese nichts anderes sind als das Geschöpf der Menschenseelen, die ihre Empfindungen, Gesinnungen und Gedanken darin verkörpern. Die Verhältnisse, in denen man lebt, sind von den Mitmenschen geschaffen; und man wird niemals selbst bessere schaffen, wenn man nicht von anderen Gedanken, Gesinnungen und Empfindungen ausgeht, als jene Schöpfer hatten.

[ 22 ] Man betrachte solche Dinge im einzelnen. Äußerlich wird leicht derjenige als Bedrücker erscheinen, der einen prunkvollen Haushalt führen, in der Eisenbahn die erste Klasse benützen kann usw. Und als der Bedrückte wird erscheinen, wer einen schlechten Rock tragen und vierter Klasse fahren muß. Man braucht aber kein mitleidloses Individuum, auch kein Reaktionär oder dergleichen zu sein, um mit klarem Denken doch das folgende zu verstehen. Niemand wird dadurch bedrückt und ausgebeutet, daß ich diesen oder jenen Rock trage, sondern allein dadurch, daß ich den Arbeiter, der für mich den Rock anfertigt, zu wenig entlohne. Der arme Arbeiter, der sich seinen schlechten Rock für weniges Geld erwirbt, ist nun gegenüber seinem Mitmenschen in dieser Beziehung in genau der gleichen Lage wie der Reiche, der sich den besseren Rock machen läßt. Ob ich arm bin oder reich: ich beute aus, wenn ich Dinge erwerbe, die nicht genügend bezahlt werden. Eigentlich dürfte heute keiner irgendeinen andern einen Bedrücker nennen, denn er sehe sich nur einmal selbst an. Tut er das letztere genau, so wird er in sich bald auch den «Bedrücker» entdecken. Wird denn die Arbeit, die du an den Wohlhabenden liefern mußt, nur an diesen zu dem schlechten Lohn geliefert? Nein, derjenige, der neben dir sitzt, und mit dir über Bedrückung klagt, verschafft sich deiner Hände Arbeit zu genau den gleichen Bedingungen wie der Wohlhabende, gegen den ihr euch beide wendet. Man denke das einmal durch, und man wird andere Anhaltpunkte zu «sozialem Denken» finden, als die gebräuchlichen sind.

[ 23 ] Man wird vor allem durch ein in dieser Richtung gehendes Nachdenken darüber klar werden, daß man die Begriffe «Reich» und «Ausbeuter» vollkommen trennen muß. Ob man heute reich oder arm ist, das hängt von der persönlichen Tüchtigkeit oder von derjenigen seiner Vorfahren ab, oder von ganz anderen Dingen. Daß man Ausbeuter der Arbeitskraft anderer ist, das aber hat gar nichts mit diesen Dingen zu tun. Wenigstens nicht unmittelbar. Aber mit anderem hat es sehr viel zu tun. Nämlich damit, daß unsere Einrichtungen oder die uns umgebenden Verhältnisse auf den persönlichen Eigennutz aufgebaut sind. Man muß darüber ganz klar denken, sonst wird man zu der verkehrtesten Auffassung dessen kommen, was gesagt wird. Wenn ich heute einen Rock erwerbe, so erscheint es, nach den bestehenden Verhältnissen, ganz natürlich, daß ich ihn so billig wie nur möglich erwerbe. Das heißt: ich habe dabei nur mich im Auge. Damit ist aber der Gesichtspunkt angedeutet, welcher unser ganzes Leben beherrscht. Nun wird man leicht mit einem Einwande zur Stelle sein können. Man kann sagen: bestreben sich denn nicht eben die sozial denkenden Parteien und Persönlichkeiten, diesem Übel abzuhelfen? Bemüht man sich nicht, die «Arbeit» zu schützen? Fordern nicht die arbeitenden Klassen und ihre Vertreter Lohnverbesserungen und Arbeitszeiteinschränkungen? Schon oben ist gesagt worden, daß von dem Standpunkte der Gegenwart auch nicht das geringste gegen solche Forderungen und Maßnahmen eingewendet werden soll. Natürlich soll damit auch nicht irgendeiner der bestehenden Parteiforderungen das Wort geredet werden. Im einzelnen kommt von dem Gesichtspunkte aus, um den es sich hier handelt, keine Parteinahme, weder «für» noch «gegen» in Betracht. Solches liegt zunächst ganz außerhalb der geisteswissenschaftlichen Betrachtungsweise.

[ 24 ] Man mag noch so viele Verbesserungen zum Schutze irgendeiner Arbeitsklasse einführen, und damit gewiß viel zur Hebung der Lebenslage dieser oder jener Menschengruppe beitragen: Das Wesen der Ausbeutung wird dadurch nicht gemildert. Denn dieses hängt davon ab, daß ein Mensch unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Eigennutzes sich die Arbeitsprodukte des anderen erwirbt. Ob ich viel oder wenig habe: bediene ich mich dessen, was ich habe zur Befriedigung meines Eigennutzes, so muß dadurch der andere ausgebeutet werden. Selbst wenn ich bei Aufrechterhaltung dieses Gesichtspunktes seine Arbeit schütze, so ist damit nur scheinbar etwas getan. Bezahle ich die Arbeit des anderen teurer, so muß er dafür auch die meine teurer bezahlen, wenn nicht durch die Besserstellung des einen die Schlechterstellung des anderen bewirkt werden soll.

[ 25 ] Ein anderes Beispiel soll zur Erläuterung hier angeführt werden. Wenn ich eine Fabrik kaufe, um durch dieselbe möglichst viel für mich zu erwerben, so werde ich sehen, die Arbeitskräfte so billig wie nur möglich zu erhalten usw. Alles, was geschieht, wird unter dem Gesichtspunkt des persönlichen Eigennutzes stehen. — Kaufe ich dagegen die Fabrik mit dem Gesichtspunkte, zweihundert Menschen möglichst gut zu versorgen, so werden alle meine Maßnahmen eine andere Färbung annehmen. — Praktisch wird sich heute gewiß der zweite Fall von dem ersten nicht gerade viel unterscheiden können. Das hängt aber lediglich daran, daß der einzelne Selbstlose nicht allzu viel vermag innerhalb einer Gemeinschaft, die im übrigen auf den Eigennutz aufgebaut ist. Ganz anders aber würde sich die Sache stellen, wenn die uneigennützige Arbeit eine allgemeine wäre.

[ 26 ] Ein «praktisch» Denkender wird natürlich meinen, daß durch die bloße «gute Gesinnung» sich doch niemand die Möglichkeit verschaffen könne, seinen Arbeitern zu besseren Lohnverhältnissen zu verhelfen. Denn man steigere doch durch Wohlwollen nicht das Erträgnis für seine Waren, und ohne das könne man auch für den Arbeiter keine besseren Bedingungen schaffen. - Und gerade darauf kommt es an, einzusehen, daß dieser Einwand ein vollkommener Irrtum ist. Alle Interessen und damit alle Lebensverhältnisse ändern sich, wenn man bei der Erwerbung einer Sache nicht mehr sich, sondern die anderen im Auge hat. Auf was muß jemand sehen, der nur seinem Eigenwohle dienen kann? Doch darauf, daß er möglichst viel erwerbe. Wie die anderen arbeiten müssen, um seine Bedürfnisse zu befriedigen, darauf kann er keine Rücksicht nehmen. Er muß also dadurch seine Kräfte im Kampfe ums Dasein entfalten. Begründe ich eine Unternehmung, die mir möglichst viel einbringen soll, so frage ich nicht, auf welche Art die Arbeitskräfte in Bewegung gesetzt werden, die für mich arbeiten. Komme ich aber gar nicht in Frage, sondern nur der Gesichtspunkt: wie dient meine Arbeit den anderen? so ändert sich alles. Nichts nötigt mich dann, irgend etwas zu unternehmen, was einem anderen abträglich sein kann. Ich stelle dann meine Kräfte nicht in meinen Dienst, sondern in den der anderen. Und das hat eine ganz andere. Entfaltung der Kräfte und Fähigkeiten der Menschen zur Folge. Wie das die Lebensverhältnisse praktisch ändert, davon im Schluß des Aufsatzes. —

[ 27 ] Robert Owen darf in einem gewissen Sinne als ein Genie der praktischen sozialen Wirksamkeit bezeichnet werden. Zwei Eigenschaften waren bei ihm vorhanden, welche diese Bezeichnung wohl rechtfertigen mögen: ein umsichtiger Blick für sozialnützliche Einrichtungen und eine edle Menschenliebe. Man braucht nur zu betrachten, was er durch diese beiden Fähigkeiten zustande gebracht hat, um deren ganze Bedeutung richtig zu würdigen. Er schuf in New Lanark must er volle industrielle Einrichtungen, und beschäftigte die Arbeiter dabei in einer Weise, daß sie nicht nur ein menschenwürdiges Dasein in materieller Beziehung hatten, sondern daß sie auch innerhalb moralisch befriedigender Verhältnisse lebten. Die Personen, welche da zusammengebracht wurden, waren zum Teil herabgekommen, dem Trunk ergeben. Er stellte bessere Elemente zwischen solche ein, die durch ihr Beispiel auf die andern wirkten. Und so wurden die denkbar günstigsten Ergebnisse zustande gebracht. Was Owen da gelang, macht es unmöglich, ihn mit anderen mehr oder weniger phantastischen «Weltverbesserern» - sogenannten Utopisten — auf eine Stufe zu stellen. Er hielt sich eben im Rahmen praktisch ausführbarer Einrichtungen, von denen auch jeder aller Träumerei abgeneigte Mensch voraussetzen kann, daß sie zunächst auf einem gewissen beschränkten Gebiete das menschliche Elend aus der Welt schaffen würden. Auch ist es nicht unpraktisch gedacht, wenn man den Glauben hegt, daß solch ein kleines Gebiet als Muster wirken und von ihm allmählich eine gesunde Entwickelung des Menschenloses in sozialer Richtung angeregt werden könnte.

[ 28 ] Owen selbst dachte wohl so. Deshalb wagte er sich auf der betretenen Bahn noch einen weiteren Schritt vorwärts. Im Jahre 1824 ging er daran, im Gebiete Indiana in Nordamerika eine Art kleinen Musterstaates zu schaffen. Er erwarb ein Landgebiet, auf dem er eine auf Freiheit und Gleichheit gebaute menschliche Gemeinschaft begründen wollte. Alle Einrichtungen wurden so getroffen, daß Ausbeutung und Knechtung Unmöglichkeit waren. Wer an eine solche Aufgabe herantritt, muß die schönsten sozialen Tugenden mitbringen: die Sehnsucht, seine Mitmenschen glücklich zu machen, und den Glauben an die Güte der Menschennatur. Er muß der Ansicht sein, daß sich ganz von selbst innerhalb dieser Menschennatur die Lust zu arbeiten entwickeln werde, wenn der Segen dieser Arbeit durch entsprechende Einrichtungen gesichert erscheint.

[ 29 ] In Owen war dieser Glaube so stark vorhanden, daß es schon recht schlimme Erfahrungen sein mußten, die ihn in demselben wankend werden ließen.

[ 30 ] Und - diese schlimmen Erfahrungen traten wirklich ein. Owen mußte nach langen edlen Bemühungen zu dem Bekenntnis kommen, daß «man mit der Verwirklichung solcher Kolonien stets scheitern müsse, wenn man nicht vorher die allgemeine Sitte umgewandelt; und daß es mehr wert wäre, auf die Menschheit auf dem theoretischen Wege einzuwirken, als auf dem der Praxis». - Zu solcher Meinung ist dieser Sozialreformer durch die Tatsache gedrängt worden, daß sich Arbeitsunlustige genug fanden, welche die Arbeit auf ihre Mitmenschen abladen wollten, wodurch Streit, Kampf und zuletzt der Bankerott der Kolonie folgen mußten.

[ 31 ] Owens Erfahrung kann lehrreich sein für alle, die wirklich lernen wollen. Sie kann hinüberleiten von allen künstlich geschaffenen und künstlich ausgedachten Einrichtungen zum Heile der Menschheit zu fruchtbarer, mit der wahren Wirklichkeit rechnenden sozialen Arbeit.

[ 32 ] Gründlich geheilt konnte Owen sein durch seine Erfahrung von dem Glauben, daß alles Menschenelend nur bewirkt werde durch die «schlechten Einrichtungen», in denen die Menschen leben, und daß die Güte der Menschennatur schon von selbst zutage treten werde, wenn man diese Einrichtungen verbessert. Er mußte sich davon überzeugen, daß gute Einrichtungen überhaupt nur aufrecht zu erhalten sind, wenn die daran beteiligten Menschen ihrer inneren Natur nach dazu geneigt sind, sie zu erhalten, wenn diese mit warmem Anteile an ihnen hängen.

[ 33 ] Man könnte nun zunächst daran denken, es sei notwendig, die Menschen, denen man solche Einrichtungen verschaffen will, theoretisch darauf vorzubereiten. Etwa dadurch, daß man ihnen das Richtige und Zweckentsprechende der Maßnahmen klar machte. Es liegt für einen Unbefangenen gar nicht so ferne, aus Owens Bekenntnis so etwas herauszulesen. Und dennoch kann man zu einem wirklich praktischen Ergebnis nur dadurch gelangen, daß man tiefer in die Sache eindringt. Man muß von dem bloßen Glauben an die Güte der Menschennatur, der Owen getäuscht hat, zu wirklicher Menschenkenntnis vorschreiten. — Alle Klarheit, welche die Menschen jemals darüber sich aneignen könnten, daß irgendwelche Einrichtungen zweckmäßig sind und der Menschheit zum Segen gereichen können - alle solche Klarheit kann auf die Dauer nicht zum gewünschten Ziele führen. Denn durch solch eine klare Einsicht wird der Mensch nicht die inneren Antriebe zur Arbeit gewinnen können, wenn auf der anderen Seite sich bei ihm die im Egoismus begründeten Triebe geltend machen. Dieser Egoismus ist einmal zunächst ein Teil der Menschennatur. Und das führt dazu, daß er sich im Gefühl des Menschen regt, wenn dieser innerhalb der Gesellschaft mit anderen zusammen leben und arbeiten soll. Mit einer gewissen Notwendigkeit führt dies dazu, daß in der Praxis die meisten eine solche gesellschaftliche Einrichtung für die beste halten werden, durch welche der einzelne seine Bedürfnisse am besten befriedigen kann. So bildet sich unter dem Einfluß der egoistischen Gefühle ganz naturgemäß die soziale Frage in der Form heraus: welche gesellschaftlichen Einrichtungen müssen getroffen werden, damit ein jeder für sich das Erträgnis seiner Arbeit haben kann? Und besonders in unserer materialistisch denkenden Zeit rechnen nur wenige mit einer anderen Voraussetzung. Wie oft kann man es wie eine selbstverständliche Wahrheit aussprechen hören, daß eine soziale Ordnung ein Unding sei, welche auf Wohlwollen und Menschenmitgefühl sich aufbauen will. Man rechnet vielmehr damit, daß das Ganze einer menschlichen Gemeinschaft am besten gedeihen könne, wenn der einzelne den «vollen» oder den größtmöglichen Ertrag seiner Arbeit auch einheimsen kann.

[ 34 ] Genau das Gegenteil davon lehrt nun der Okkultismus, der auf eine tiefere Erkenntnis des Menschen und der Welt begründet ist. Er zeigt gerade, daß alles menschliche Elend lediglich eine Folge des Egoismus ist, und daß in einer Menschengemeinschaft ganz notwendig zu irgendeiner Zeit Elend, Armut und Not sich einstellen müssen, wenn diese Gemeinschaft in irgendeiner Art auf dem Egoismus beruht. Um das einzus&hen, dazu gehören allerdings tiefere Erkenntnisse, als es diejenigen sind, welche da und dort unter der Flagge der sozialen Wissenschaft segeln. Diese «soziale Wissenschaft» rechnet eben nur mit der Außenseite des Menschenlebens, nicht aber mit den tiefer liegenden Kräften desselben. Ja, es ist sogar sehr schwierig, bei der Mehrzahl der gegenwärtigen Menschen in ihnen auch nur ein Gefühl davon zu erwecken, daß von solchen tiefer liegenden Kräften die Rede sein könne. Sie betrachten denjenigen als einen unpraktischen Phantasten, der ihnen mit solchen Dingen irgendwie kommt. Nun kann aber auch hier gar nicht einmal der Versuch gemacht werden, eine auf tiefer liegende Kräfte gebaute soziale Theorie zu entwickeln. Denn dazu wäre ein ausführliches Werk nötig. Nur eines kann geleistet werden: auf die wahren Gesetze des menschlichen Zusammenarbeitens kann hingewiesen und gezeigt werden, welche vernünftigen sozialen Erwägungen sich für den Kenner dieser Gesetze ergeben. Das volle Verständnis der Sache kann nur derjenige gewinnen, welcher sich eine auf den Okkultismus begründete Weltauffassung erwirbt. Und auf die Vermittelung einer solchen Weltauffassung arbeitet ja diese ganze Zeitschrift hin. Man kann sie nicht von einem einzelnen Aufsatz über die «soziale Frage» erwarten. Alles, was dieser sich zur Aufgabe machen kann, ist, vom okkulten Standpunkte aus ein Schlaglicht zu werfen auf diese Frage. Es wird ja immerhin Personen geben, welche das gefühlsmäßig in seiner Richtigkeit erkennen, was in aller Kürze vorgebracht werden soll, und welches unmöglich in aller Ausführlichkeit dargelegt werden kann.

[ 35 ] Nun, das soziale Hauptgesetz, welches durch den Okkultismus aufgewiesen wird, ist das folgende: «Das Heil einer Gesamtheit von zusammenarbeitenden Menschen ist um so größer, je weniger der einzelne die Erträgnisse seiner Leistungen für sich beansprucht, das heißt, je mehr er von diesen Erträgnissen an seine Mitarbeiter abgibt, und je mehr seine eigenen Bedürfnisse nicht aus seinen Leistungen, sondern aus den Leistungen der anderen befriedigt werden.» Alle Einrichtungen innerhalb einer Gesamtheit von Menschen, welche diesem Gesetz widersprechen, müssen bei längerer Dauer irgendwo Elend und Not erzeugen. — Dieses Hauptgesetz gilt für das soziale Leben mit einer solchen Ausschließlichkeit und Notwendigkeit, wie nur irgendein Naturgesetz in bezug auf irgendein gewisses Gebiet von Naturwirkungen gilt. Man darf aber nicht denken, daß es genüge, wenn man dieses Gesetz als ein allgemeines moralisches gelten läßt oder es etwa in die Gesinnung umsetzen wollte, daß ein jeder im Dienste seiner Mitmenschen arbeite. Nein, in der Wirklichkeit lebt das Gesetz nur so, wie es leben soll, wenn es einer Gesamtheit von Menschen gelingt, solche Einrichtungen zu schaffen, daß niemals jemand die Früchte seiner eigenen Arbeit für sich selber in Anspruch nehmen kann, sondern doch diese möglichst ohne Rest der Gesamtheit zugute kommen. Er selbst muß dafür wiederum durch die Arbeit seiner Mitmenschen erhalten werden. Worauf es also ankommt, das ist, daß für die Mitmenschen arbeiten und ein gewisses Einkommen erzielen zwei voneinander ganz getrennte Dinge seien.

[ 36 ] Diejenigen, welche sich einbilden, «praktische Menschen » zu sein, werden — darüber gibt sich der Okkultist keiner Täuschung hin — über diesen «haarsträubenden Idealismus » nur ein Lächeln haben. Und dennoch ist das obige Gesetz praktischer als nur irgendein anderes, das jemals von «Praktikern» ausgedacht oder in die Wirklichkeit eingeführt worden ist. Wer nämlich das Leben wirklich untersucht, der kann finden, daß eine jede Menschengemeinschaft, die irgendwo existiert, oder die nur jemals existiert hat, zweierlei Einrichtungen hat. Der eine dieser beiden Teile entspricht diesem Gesetze, der andere widerspricht ihm. So muß es nämlich überall kommen, ganz gleichgültig, ob die Menschen wollen oder nicht. Jede Gesamtheit zerfiele nämlich sofort, wenn nicht die Arbeit der einzelnen dem Ganzen zufließen würde. Aber der menschliche Egoismus hat auch von jeher dieses Gesetz durchkreuzt. Er hat für den einzelnen möglichst viel aus seiner Arbeit herauszuschlagen gesucht. Und nur dasjenige, was auf diese Art aus dem Egoismus hervorgegangen ist, hat von jeher Not, Armut und Elend zur Folge gehabt. Das heißt aber doch nichts anderes, als daß immer derjenige Teil der menschlichen Einrichtungen sich als unpraktisch erweisen muß, der von den «Praktikern» auf die Art zustande gebracht wird, daß dabei entweder mit dem eigenen oder dem fremden Egoismus gerechnet wird.

[ 37 ] Nun kann es sich aber natürlich nicht bloß darum handeln, daß man ein solches Gesetz einsieht, sondern die wirkliche Praxis beginnt mit der Frage: wie kann man es in die Wirklichkeit umsetzen? Es ist klar, daß dieses Gesetz nichts Geringeres besagt als dieses: Die Menschenwohlfahrt ist um so größer, je geringer der Egoismus ist. Man ist also bei der Umsetzung in die Wirklichkeit darauf angewiesen, daß man es mit Menschen zu tun habe, die den Weg aus dem Egoismus herausfinden. Das ist aber praktisch ganz unmöglich, wenn das Maß von Wohl und Wehe des einzelnen sich nach seiner Arbeit bestimmt. Wer für sich arbeitet, muß allmählich dem Egoismus verfallen. Nur wer ganz für die anderen arbeitet, kann nach und nach ein unegoistischer Arbeiter werden.

[ 38 ] Dazu ist aber eine Voraussetzung notwendig. Wenn ein Mensch für einen anderen arbeitet, dann muß er in diesem anderen den Grund zu seiner Arbeit finden; und wenn jemand für die Gesamtheit arbeiten soll, dann muß er den Wert, die Wesenheit und Bedeutung dieser Gesamtheit empfinden und fühlen. Das kann er nur dann, wenn die Gesamtheit noch etwas ganz anderes ist als eine mehr oder weniger unbestimmte Summe von einzelnen Menschen. Sie muß von einem wirklichen Geiste erfüllt sein, an dem ein jeder Anteil nimmt. Sie muß so sein, daß ein jeder sich sagt: sie ist richtig, und ich will, daß sie so ist. Die Gesamtheit muß eine geistige Mission haben; und jeder einzelne muß beitragen wollen, daß diese Mission erfüllt werde. All die unbestimmten, abstrakten Fortschrittsideen, von denen man gewöhnlich redet, können eine solche Mission nicht darstellen. Wenn nur sie herrschen, so wird ein einzelner da, oder eine Gruppe dort arbeiten, ohne daß diese übersehen, wozu sonst ihre Arbeit etwas nütze ist, als daß sie und die Ihrigen, oder etwa noch die Interessen, an denen gerade sie hängen, dabei ihre Rechnung finden. — Bis in den einzelsten herunter muß dieser Geist der Gesamtheit lebendig sein.

[ 39 ] Gutes ist von jeher nur dort gediehen, wo in irgendeiner Art ein solches Leben des Gesamtgeistes erfüllt war. Der einzelne Bürger einer griechischen Stadt des Altertums, ja auch derjenige einer freien Stadt im Mittelalter hatte so etwas wie wenigstens ein dunkles Gefühl von einem solchen Gesamtgeist. Es ist kein Einwand dagegen, daß zum Beispiel die entsprechenden Einrichtungen im alten Griechenland nur möglich waren, weil man ein Heer von Sklaven hatte, welche für die «freien Bürger» die Arbeit verrichteten und die dazu nicht von dem Gresamtgeist, sondern durch den Zwang ihrer Herren getrieben worden sind. - An diesem Beispiele kann man nur das eine lernen, daß das Menschenleben der Entwickelung unterliegt. Gegenwärtig ist die Menschheit eben auf einer Stufe angelangt, wo eine solche Lösung der Gesellschaftsfrage, wie sie im alten Griechenland herrschte, unmöglich ist. Selbst den edelsten Griechen galt die Sklaverei nicht als ein Unrecht, sondern als eine menschliche Notwendigkeit. Deshalb konnte zum Beispiel der große Plato ein Staatsideal aufstellen, in dem der Gesamtgeist dadurch in Erfüllung geht, daß die Mehrzahl der Arbeitsmenschen von den wenigen Einsichtsvollen zur Arbeit gezwungen werde. Die Aufgabe der Gegenwart aber ist, die Menschen in eine solche Lage zu bringen, daß ein jeder aus seinem innersten Antriebe heraus die Arbeit für die Gesamtheit leistet.

[ 40 ] Deshalb soll niemand daran denken, eine für alle Zeiten gültige Lösung der sozialen Frage zu suchen, sondern lediglich daran, wie sich sein soziales Denken und Wirken mit Rücksicht auf die unmittelbaren Bedürfnisse der Gegenwart gestalten muß, in welcher er lebt. - Es kann überhaupt kein einzelner heute irgend etwas theoretisch ausdenken oder in die Wirklichkeit umsetzen, was als solches die soziale Frage lösen könnte. Dazu müßte er die Macht haben, eine Anzahl von Menschen in die von ihm geschaffenen Verhältnisse hineinzuzwingen. Es kann ja gar kein Zweifel darüber bestehen: hätte Owen die Macht oder den Willen gehabt, all die Menschen seiner Kolonie zu der ihnen zukommenden Arbeit zu zwingen, dann hätte die Sache gehen müssen. Aber um solchen Zwang kann es sich gerade in der Gegenwart nicht handeln. Es muß die Möglichkeit herbeigeführt werden, daß ein jeder freiwillig tut, wozu er berufen ist nach dem Maß seiner Fähigkeiten und Kräfte. Aber gerade deshalb kann es sich nie und nimmer darum handeln, daß im Sinne des oben angeführten Owenschen Bekenntnisses so auf die Menschen «im theoretischen Sinne» einzuwirken sei, daß ihnen eine bloße Ansicht darüber vermittelt werde, wie sich die ökonomischen Verhältnisse am besten einrichten lassen. Eine nüchterne ökonomische Theorie kann niemals ein Antrieb gegen die egoistischen Mächte sein. Eine Zeitlang vermag eine solche ökonomische Theorie den Massen einen gewissen Schwung zu verleihen, der dem Scheine nach einem Idealismus ähnlich ist. Auf die Dauer aber kann eine solche Theorie niemandem nützen. Wer einer Menschenmasse eine solche Theorie einimpft, ohne ihr etwas anderes wirklich Geistiges zu geben, der versündigt sich an dem wahren Sinn der menschlichen Entwickelung.

[ 41 ] Das, was allein helfen kann, ist eine geistige Weltanschauung, welche durch sich selbst, durch das, was sie zu bieten vermag, sich in die Gedanken, in die Gefühle, in den Willen, kurz in die ganze Seele des Menschen einlebt. Der Glaube, den Owen gehabt hat an die Güte der Menschennatur, ist nur teilweise richtig, zum anderen Teile ist er aber eine der ärgsten Illusionen. Er ist insofern richtig, als in jedem Menschen ein «höheres Selbst » schlummert, das erweckt werden kann. Aber es kann aus seinem Schlummer nur erlöst werden durch eine Weltauffassung, welche die oben genannten Eigenschaften hat. Bringt man Menschen in Einrichtungen, wie sie von Owen erdacht waren, dann wird die Gemeinschaft im schönsten Sinne gedeihen. Führt man aber Menschen zusammen, die eine solche Weltauffassung nicht haben, dann wird das Gute der Einrichtungen sich ganz notwendig nach einer kürzeren oder längeren Zeit zum Schlechten verkehren müssen. Bei Menschen ohne eine auf den Geist sich richtende Weltauffassung müssen nämlich notwendig gerade diejenigen Einrichtungen, welche den materiellen Wohlstand befördern, auch eine Steigerung des Egoismus bewirken, und damit nach und nach Not, Elend und Armut erzeugen. — Es ist eben in des Wortes ureigenster Bedeutung richtig: nur dem einzelnen kann man helfen, wenn man ihm bloß Brot verschafft; einer Gesamtheit kann man nur dadurch Brot verschaffen, daß man ihr zu einer Weltauffassung verhilft. Es würde nämlich auch das gar nichts nützen, wenn man von einer Gesamtheit jedem einzelnen Brot verschaffen wollte. Nach einiger Zeit müßte sich dann doch die Sache so gestalten, daß viele wieder kein Brot haben.

[ 42 ] Die Erkenntnis dieser Grundsätze nimmt allerdings gewissen Leuten, die sich zu Volksbeglückern aufwerfen möchten, manche Illusion. Denn sie macht das Arbeiten am sozialen Wohle zu einer recht schwierigen Sache. Und noch dazu zu einer solchen, in der sich die Erfolge unter gewissen Verhältnissen nur aus ganz kleinen Teilerfolgen zusammensetzen lassen. Das meiste von dem, was heute ganze Parteien als Heilmittel im sozialen Leben ausgeben, verliert seinen Wert, erweist sich als eitel Täuschung und Reden, ohne genügende Kenntnis des Menschenlebens. Kein Parlament, keine Demokratie, keine Massenagitation, nichtsvonalledemkannfürdentieferBlickenden eine Bedeutung haben, wenn es das oben ausgesprochene Gesetz verletzt. Und alles Derartige kann dann günstig wirken, wenn es sich im Sinne dieses Gesetzes verhält. Es ist eine schlimme Illusion, zu glauben, daß irgendwelche Abgeordnete eines Volkes in irgendeinem Parlamente etwas beitragen können zum Heile der Menschheit, wenn ihr Wirken nicht im Sinne des sozialen Hauptgesetzes eingerichtet ist.

[ 43 ] Wo immer dieses Gesetz in die Erscheinung tritt, wo immer jemand in seinem Sinne wirkt, soweit es ihm möglich ist auf dem Platze, auf den er in der Menschengemeinschaft gestellt ist: da wird Gutes erzielt, und wenn es im einzelnen Falle auch in einem noch so geringen Maße der Fall ist. Und nur aus Einzelwirkungen, welche auf solche Art zustande kommen, setzt sich ein heilsamer sozialer Gesamtfortschritt zusammen. — Allerdings kommt es auch vor, daß in einzelnen Fällen größere Menschengemeinschaften eine besondere Anlage dazu besitzen, mit ihrer Hilfe in der angedeuteten Richtung einen größeren Erfolg auf einmal zu erzielen. Es gibt auch jetzt schon bestimmte Menschengemeinschaften, in deren Anlagen sich dergleichen vorbereitet. Sie werden es möglich machen, daß mit ihrer Hilfe die Menschheit gleichsam einen Ruck, einen Sprung in sozialer Entwickelung vollbringt. Dem Okkultismus sind solche Menschengemeinschaften bekannt; es kann aber nicht seine Aufgabe sein, über derlei Dinge öffentlich zu sprechen. — Und es gibt ja auch Mittel, größere Menschenmassen zu einem solchen Sprung, der wohl gar in absehbarer Zeit gemacht werden kann, vorzubereiten. Was aber jeder tun kann, das ist, im Sinne obigen Gesetzes in seinem Bereiche zu wirken. Es gibt keine Stellung eines Menschen in der Welt, innerhalb welcher man das nicht kann: sie möge anscheinend noch so unbedeutend oder noch so einflußreich sein.

[ 44 ] Das Wichtigste ist ja allerdings, daß ein jeglicher die Wege sucht zu einer Weltauffassung, die sich auf wahre Erkenntnis des Geistes richtet. Die anthroposophische Geistesrichtung kann sich zu einer solchen Auffassung für alle Menschen herausbilden, wenn sie sich immer mehr in der Art ausgestaltet, wie es ihrem Inhalte und den in ihr vorhandenen Anlagen entspricht. Durch sie kann der Mensch erfahren, daß er nicht zufällig an irgendeinem Orte und zu irgendeiner Zeit geboren ist, sondern daß er durch das geistige Ursachengesetz, das Karma, mit Notwendigkeit an den Ort hingestellt ist, an dem er sich befindet. Er kann einsehen, daß ihn sein wohlbegründetes Schicksal in die Menschengemeinschaft hineingestellt hat, innerhalb welcher er ist. Auch von seinen Fähigkeiten kann er gewahr werden, daß sie ihm nicht durch ein blindes Ohngefähr zugefallen sind, sondern daß sie einen Sinn haben innerhalb des Ürsachengesetzes.

[ 45 ] Und er kann das alles so einsehen, daß diese Einsicht nicht eine bloße nüchterne Vernunftsache bleibt, sondern daß sie allmählich seine ganze Seele mit innerem Leben erfüllt.

[ 46 ] Es wird ihm das Gefühl davon aufgehen, daß er einen höheren Sinn erfüllt, wenn er im Sinne seines Platzes in der Welt und im Sinne seiner Fähigkeiten arbeitet. Kein schattenhafter Idealismus wird aus dieser Einsicht folgen, sondern ein mächtiger Impuls aller seiner Kräfte, und er wird dieses Handeln in solcher Richtung als etwas so Selbstverständliches ansehen, wie in einer anderen Beziehung Essen und Trinken. Und ferner wird er den Sinn erkennen, welcher mit der Menschengemeinschaft verbunden ist, welcher er angehört. Er wird die Verhältnisse begreifen, in denen seine Menschengemeinschaft sich zu anderen stellt; und so werden sich die Einzelgeister dieser Gemeinschaften zusammenfügen zu einem geistig-zielvollen Bilde von der einheitlichen Mission des ganzen Menschengeschlechtes. Und von dem Menschengeschlecht wird seine Erkenntnis hinüberschweifen können zu dem Sinne des ganzen Erdendaseins. Nur wer sich nicht auf die in dieser Richtung angedeutete Weltauffassung einläßt, kann Zweifel daran hegen, daß sie so wirken muß, wie hier angegeben wird. In heutiger Zeit ist freilich bei den meisten Menschen wenig Neigung vorhanden, sich auf so etwas einzulassen. Aber es kann nicht ausbleiben, daß die richtige geisteswissenschaftliche Vorstellungsart immer weitere Kreise zieht. Und in dem Maße, als sie das tut, werden die Menschen das Richtige treffen, um den sozialen Fortschritt zu bewirken. Man kann nicht aus dem Grunde daran Zweifel hegen, weil angeblich bis jetzt keine Weltanschauung das Glück der Menschheit herbeigeführt hat. Nach den Gesetzen der Menschheitsentwickelung konnte in keinem früheren Zeitpunkte das eintreten, was von jetzt an allmählich möglich wird: eine Weltauffassung mit der Aussicht auf den angedeuteten praktischen Erfolg allen Menschen zu übermitteln.

[ 47 ] Die bisherigen Weltauffassungen waren nur einzelnen Gruppen von Menschen zugänglich. Aber was bisher im Menschengeschlecht an Gutem geschehen ist, rührt doch von den Weltauffassungen her. Zu einem allgemeinen Heil kann nur eine solche Weltauffassung führen, die alle Seelen ergreifen und das innere Leben in ihnen entzünden kann. Das aber wird die geisteswissenschaftliche Vorstellungsart überall imstande sein, wo sie ihren Anlagen wirklich entspricht. — Natürlich darf nicht einfach der Blick auf die Gestalt gerichtet werden, welche diese Vorstellungsart bereits angenommen hat; um das Gesagte als richtig anzuerkennen, ist notwendig, einzusehen, daß sich die Geisteswissenschaft zu ihrer hohen Kulturmission erst hinaufentwickeln muß.

[ 48 ] Bis heute kann sie das Antlitz, das sie einstmals zeigen wird, aus mehreren Gründen noch nicht aufweisen. Einer dieser Gründe ist der, daß sie erst irgendwo Fuß fassen muß. Sie muß sich deshalb an eine bestimmte Menschengruppe wenden. Das kann naturgemäß keine andere sein, als diejenige, welche durch die Eigenart ihrer Entwickelung nach einer neuen Lösung der Welträtsel Sehnsucht hat und welche durch die Vorbildung der in ihr vereinigten Personen einer solchen Lösung Verständnis und Anteil entgegenbringen kann. Selbstverständlich muß die Geisteswissenschaft ihre Verkündigungen vorläufig in eine solche Sprache kleiden, daß diese der gekennzeichneten Menschengruppe angepaßt ist. In dem Maße, als sich weiterhin die Bedingungen ergeben, wird die Geisteswissenschaft auch die Ausdrucksformen finden, um noch zu anderen Kreisen zu sprechen. Nur jemand, der durchaus fertige starre Dogmen haben will, kann glauben, daß die gegenwärtige Form der geisteswissenschaftlichen Verkündigung eine bleibende, oder etwa gar die einzig mögliche sei. — Gerade weil es sich der Geisteswissenschaft nicht darum handeln kann, bloß Theorie zu bleiben, oder bloß die Wißbegierde zu befriedigen, muß sie in dieser Art langsam arbeiten. Zu ihren Zielen gehört eben das charakterisierte Praktische des Menschheitsfortschrittes. Sie kann aber diesen Menschheitsfottschritt nur bewirken, wenn sie die wirklichen Bedingungen dazu schafft. Und diese Bedingungen können nicht anders herbeigeführt werden, als wenn Mensch nach Mensch erobert wird. Nur wenn die Menschen wollen, schreitet die Welt vorwärts. Daß sie aber wollen, dazu ist bei jedem die innere Seelenarbeit notwendig. Und diese kann nur Schritt für Schritt geleistet werden. Wäre das nicht der Fall, so würde auch die Theosophie auf sozialem Gebiete Hirngespinste aufführen und keine praktische Arbeit tun. Auf noch weiteres einzelne soll demnächst eingegangen werden.

[ 1 ] Anyone who is currently looking around them with open eyes will see the mighty rise of what is called the “social question” everywhere. Those who take life seriously must in some way or other give thought to what is connected with this question. And it must appear self-evident that such a way of thinking, which has made the highest ideals of humanity its task, must somehow or other gain a relationship to social demands. But such a way of thinking is what spiritual science wants to be for the present time. It is therefore only natural to ask for this relationship.

[ 2 ] At first it may seem as if spiritual science had nothing special to say in this direction. Its most prominent characteristic is the internalization of the life of the soul and the awakening of the eye for a spiritual world. Even those who are only superficially acquainted with the ideas that are disseminated by speakers and writers who are oriented towards spiritual science will be able to recognize this striving if they look at it with an open mind. However, it is more difficult to see that this striving currently has a practical significance. And in particular, its connection with the social question is not easy to understand. What, some will ask, can a doctrine that deals with “reincarnation”, “karma”, the “supernatural world”, the “origin of man” and so on do to help the social ills? Such a line of thought seems to fly away from all reality into distant cloud heights, while now everyone urgently needs to gather all their thoughts together in order to meet the challenges that earthly reality presents.

[ 3 ] Of all the different opinions that must necessarily arise at the present time in relation to spiritual science, two are listed here. One is that it is regarded as the expression of unbridled fantasy. It is quite natural that such a view should exist. And it should be least incomprehensible to the spiritual scientist. Every conversation in his environment, everything that goes on around him, everything that gives people pleasure and joy, can teach him that he is speaking a language that is downright foolish for many people. To understand his surroundings, however, he must have the absolute certainty that he is on the right path. Otherwise he could hardly stand upright when he realizes the conflict of his ideas with those of so many others who belong to the educated and thinking. If he has the right certainty, if he knows the truth and the strength of his view, then he says to himself: I know very well that I can be regarded as a dreamer at present, and it is clear to me why that is so; but the truth must work, even if it is laughed at and mocked, and its effect does not depend on the opinions that one has about it, but from its solid foundation.

[ 4 ] The other opinion that affects spiritual science is that its thoughts are beautiful and satisfying, but that they can only have value for the inner life of the soul, not for the practical struggle of life. Even those who, in order to satisfy their spiritual needs, demand spiritual-scientific nourishment, can only too easily be tempted to say to themselves: yes, but how can this world of thought give any enlightenment about social need, about material misery? But this opinion is based on a complete misjudgment of the real facts of life, and above all on a misunderstanding of the fruits of spiritual-scientific thought.

[ 5 ] The question is almost always: what does spiritual science teach? How can one prove what it claims? And then one seeks the fruit in the feeling of satisfaction that one can draw from the teachings. This is of course as self-evident as possible. One must first of all develop a feeling for the truth of the assertions that one is confronted with. The true fruit of spiritual science must not be sought in this. This fruit only shows itself when the spiritual scientist approaches the tasks of practical life. It depends on whether spiritual science helps him to grasp these tasks insightfully and to seek the means and ways to solve them with understanding. Anyone who wants to be effective in life must first understand life. This is the crux of the matter. As long as one stops at the question of what spiritual science teaches, one can find these teachings too “high” for practical life. But if one focuses on the training that thinking and feeling receive through these teachings, then one will stop making such an objection. However strange it may seem to the superficial mind, it is nevertheless true that spiritual-scientific thoughts, which appear to be floating in cloud-cuckoo-land, form the basis for a correct approach to everyday life. And spiritual science sharpens our understanding of social demands precisely by leading the spirit first into the light heights of the supersensible. As contradictory as this may seem, it is nevertheless true.

[ 6 ] Let us take an example to illustrate what is meant by this. A very interesting book has recently appeared: “Als Arbeiter in Amerika” (Berlin, K. Siegismund). The author is Regierungsrat Kolb, who undertook to spend months in America as an ordinary laborer. In this way he acquired a judgment of people and life that could obviously have been given to him just as little by the education that made him a government councilor, nor by the experiences he was able to gather in this position and in all the positions that one takes before becoming a government councilor. He had thus been in a relatively responsible position for years, and only when he left it and lived for a short time in a faraway country did he get to know life in such a way that he wrote the following thought-provoking sentence in his book: “How often had I previously, when I saw a healthy man begging, asked with moral indignation: Why doesn't the beggar work? Now I knew. In theory, things look different than in practice, and even the most unpleasant categories of economics are quite bearable at the study table.” Now, I do not want to cause the slightest misunderstanding here. The man who has managed to leave a comfortable life and work hard in a brewery or bicycle factory deserves the highest respect. This act should be emphasized as much as possible so as not to give the impression that the man should be subjected to derogatory criticism. But it is absolutely clear to anyone who wants to see that all the training and all the science that this man has undergone have not given him a judgment of life. Try to realize what is being admitted here: one can learn everything that enables one to occupy relatively leading positions at the present time, and one can be completely out of touch with the life that one is supposed to influence. — Is that not like being trained in some school to build bridges, and then, when faced with the task of building a bridge, not understanding anything about it? But no: it is not quite like that. Those who prepare themselves poorly for bridge-building will soon realize their shortcomings when they approach the practice. He will prove to be a botcher and be rejected everywhere. But those who are poorly prepared for social life will not be able to prove their shortcomings so quickly. Badly built bridges collapse; and then it is clear to even the most prejudiced that the bridge builder was a botcher. But what is botched in social work only shows itself in that fellow human beings suffer from it. And it is not so easy to see the connection between this suffering and botched work as it is to see the connection between the collapse of a bridge and an incompetent builder. “Yes, but,” one will say, “what has all this to do with spiritual science? Does the spiritual scientist believe that his teachings would have given Councillor Kolb a better understanding of life? What good would it have done him if he had known something about “reincarnation”, “karma” and all the “supernatural worlds”? No one will want to claim that the ideas about planetary systems and higher worlds could have saved the aforementioned government councilor from having to admit one day that “he was quite happy to deal with the most unpleasant categories of political economy at the study table.” The person with a spiritual orientation can now really answer, as Lessing did in a certain case: “I am this ‘nobody’; I claim it outright.” But one must not understand this as if someone with the doctrine of “reincarnation” or the knowledge of “karma” could engage in socially correct activity. That would be naive, of course. The matter does not, of course, go so far as to refer those who are destined to become government ministers to the “Secret Doctrine” of Blavatsky instead of sending them to Schmoller, Wagner or Brentano at the university. But what matters is this: will a national economic theory that comes from a spiritual scientist be one that can be handled well at the study table, but fails in real life? And that is precisely what it will not be. When does a theory fail to stand up to life? When it is produced by a way of thinking that is not schooled for life. Now, however, the teachings of spiritual science are just as much the real laws of life as the teachings of electricity are those of a factory for electrical appliances. Anyone who wants to set up such a factory must first acquire a true knowledge of electricity. And anyone who wants to work in life must get to know the laws of life. But as far as the teachings of spiritual science seem to be from life, so close they are to it in truth. To the superficial eye they appear to be unworldly; to the true understanding they open up life. One does not withdraw into “spiritual scientific circles” out of mere curiosity, in order to receive all kinds of “interesting” insights into otherworldly worlds, but one trains one's thinking, feeling and willing in the “eternal laws of existence”, in order to step out into life and to understand this life with a bright, clear view. The spiritual-scientific teachings are a detour to lively thinking, judging and feeling. The spiritual-scientific movement will only be on the right track when this is fully recognized. Right action arises from right thinking; and wrong action arises from wrong thinking or from thoughtlessness. Anyone who wants to believe at all that something good can be done in the social sphere must admit that it depends on human abilities to bring about such good. To work through the ideas of spiritual science means to increase one's abilities to work socially. In this respect, it is not only a matter of what thoughts one takes in through spiritual science, but also of what one makes of one's thinking through it.

[ 7 ] It must certainly be admitted that within the circles themselves that are devoted to spiritual science, not too much work can be seen in this regard. And it cannot be denied that those who are not familiar with spiritual science have every reason to doubt the above assertions. But it should also be borne in mind that the spiritual-scientific movement in its present form is only at the beginning of its effectiveness. Its further progress will consist in its introduction into all practical areas of life. Then, for example, it will become apparent that, in the case of the “social question”, theories that “can be handled quite well at the study table” will be replaced by those that enable insight to judge life impartially and give the will the direction for such action that salvation and blessing for one's fellow human beings will arise. Many a person will say that the Kolb case shows that the reference to spiritual science is superfluous. It would only be necessary for people preparing for any profession to learn their “theories not only in the study, but that they would be brought together with life, that they would receive practical as well as theoretical instruction. For as soon as Kolb looked at life, what he had learned was enough to make him change his opinion. No, it is not enough, because the problem lies deeper. If someone sees that with an inadequate education he can only build bridges that collapse, he has not yet acquired the ability to build bridges that do not collapse. He must first acquire a truly fruitful education for the latter. Surely one needs nothing more than to look at the social conditions, even if one has an inadequate theory about the basic laws of life, and one will no longer say to anyone who does not work: “Why doesn't the scoundrel work?” One can then understand from the circumstances why such a person does not work. But has one thereby already learned how to shape conditions so that people can thrive? No doubt all the well-meaning people who have presented their plans for improving the human condition have not judged as the government councilor Kolb did before his trip to America. Surely they were all convinced, even before such an expedition, that not everyone who is doing badly should be dismissed with the phrase “why doesn't that scoundrel work?”. Are all their social reform proposals therefore fruitful? No, they cannot be, because they contradict each other so often. And therefore one will have the right to say that even the positive reform plans of the government council Kolb cannot have much effect after his conversion. This is the error of our time in this respect, that everyone considers himself capable of understanding life, even if he has not concerned himself with the basic laws of life, if he has not first trained his thinking to see the true forces of life. And spiritual science is a training for a healthy judgment of life, because it gets to the bottom of life. It is of no use to see that circumstances bring people into unfavorable situations in which they degenerate: one must learn to know the forces through which favorable circumstances are created. And for a similar reason, our economically educated people cannot do this, for the same reason that no one who does not know the multiplication table can do arithmetic. Put such a person in front of as many rows of figures as you like: looking at them will be of no use to him. Put the person whose thinking understands nothing of the fundamental forces of social life in front of reality: he may describe what he sees as vividly as he likes; but he cannot make anything out about how the social forces intertwine for the good or the harm of humanity, he can make no difference to it.

[ 8 ] In our time, a view of life is necessary that leads to the true sources of life. And such a view of life can be spiritual science. If all those who want to form an opinion about what is “socially necessary” would first go through the life teaching of spiritual science, then we would make progress. The objection that those who devote themselves to spiritual science today merely “talk” and do not “act” is just as invalid as the objection that spiritual-scientific opinions have not yet been tested and might therefore turn out to be just as much a gray “theory” as Mr. Kolb's political economy. The first objection is irrelevant, because one cannot “act” as long as the paths to action are blocked. Let a spiritual scientist know as well as he can what a father should do in educating his children; he cannot “act” if the father does not appoint him as educator. In this respect, we must wait patiently until the “talking” of those who work in spiritual science has brought insight to those who have the power to “act”. And that will happen. The other objection is no less irrelevant. And it can only be raised by those who are unfamiliar with the fundamental nature of spiritual-scientific truths. Those who know them know that they do not come about in the same way as something that is “tried out”. The laws of human salvation are just as securely laid in the original foundation of the human soul as the multiplication table is laid in it. One must only descend deeply enough into this primal basis of the human soul. Certainly, one can illustrate what is so inscribed in the soul, just as one can illustrate that two times two is four, if one places four beans in two groups next to each other. But who would claim that the truth “two times two is four” must first be “tested” on the beans. It is quite the case that anyone who doubts spiritual-scientific truth has not yet recognized it, just as only someone who has not yet recognized that “two times two is four” could doubt it. However different the two may be, because the latter is so simple and the former so complicated, there is still a similarity in other respects. However, this cannot be understood unless one penetrates into spiritual science itself. Therefore, no “proof” of this fact can be provided for the non-expert in spiritual science. One can only say: first learn about spiritual science, and you will also be clear about all this.

[ 9 ] The important role of spiritual science in our time will become apparent when it has become a leaven in all life. As long as this path into life cannot be taken in the full sense of the word, those who are spiritually minded are only at the beginning of their work. And as long as this is the case, they will have to hear the reproach that their teachings are hostile to life. Yes, they are hostile, just as the railway was hostile to a life that could only see the stagecoach as the “truth of life”. They are as hostile as the future is hostile to the past.

[ 10 ] In the following, we will discuss some of the special aspects of the relationship between “spiritual science and the social question.”

[ 11 ] Two opposing views exist with regard to the “social question.” One sees the causes of good and evil in social life more in the people themselves, the other sees them mainly in the conditions within which people live. The advocates of the former opinion will seek to promote progress by endeavoring to raise the intellectual and physical efficiency of men and their moral feelings; those who incline to the latter view, on the other hand, will be above all anxious to raise the standard of living, for they say to themselves that if men can live decently, then their efficiency and their moral feelings will of themselves rise to a higher level. It is difficult to deny that the second view is steadily gaining ground today. In many circles, it is considered an expression of very backward thinking to emphasize the former view. It is said that those who have to struggle with the bitterest need from early morning to late evening cannot develop their spiritual and moral powers. Give such a person bread first, before you talk to him about spiritual matters.

[ 12 ] In particular, the latter assertion easily becomes an accusation when it is directed at endeavors such as those of spiritual science. And it is not the worst people of our time who make such accusations. They say: “The genuine theosophist is very reluctant to descend from the devachanic and kamic planes to this earth. He would rather chew ten Sanskrit words than inform himself about the basic tenet.” This is what we read in a recently published book, “The Cultural Situation of Europe at the Awakening of Modern Occultism” by G. L. Dankmar (Leipzig, Oswald Mutze, 1905).

[ 13 ] It is obvious to raise the following objection. It is pointed out that in our time families of eight heads are often crowded together in a single room, that such families lack air and light, that they have to send their children to school in a state in which weakness and hunger cause them to collapse. Then one says: must not those who are concerned about the progress of the masses devote all their efforts to remedying such conditions? Instead of thinking about the teachings of the higher spiritual worlds, they should direct their thoughts to the question: how can social emergencies be alleviated? “Let Theosophy descend from its icy solitude among people, among the people; let it seriously and truthfully place the ethical demand for universal brotherhood at the top of its program, and act on it regardless of all consequences; let it make the word of Christ about love of neighbor a social deed, and it will become and remain a deliciously inalienable possession of humanity.” This is what the above-mentioned book continues to say.

[ 14 ] Those who raise such an objection against spiritual science mean well. Indeed, it must be conceded that they are right in the face of many who occupy themselves with spiritual scientific teachings. Among the latter there are undoubtedly those who only want to care for their own spiritual needs, who only want to know something about the “higher life”, about the fate of the soul after death, etc. And one is certainly not wrong when it is more necessary in the present time to develop one's talents in the service of the community, in the virtues of love for one's neighbor and for the welfare of humanity, than to cultivate in a world-forsaken solitude some higher capacities slumbering in the soul. Those who want the latter above all could be considered as people of a refined selfishness, for whom their own soul's well-being is more important than general human virtues. No less can one hear how it is pointed out that only people who are “doing well” can have an interest in a spiritual pursuit such as spiritual science, and who can therefore devote their “idle time” to such things. But those who have to work from morning to night for miserable wages should not be fobbed off with empty talk about the unity of mankind, a “higher life” and similar things.

[ 15 ] It is certain that in the direction indicated, many a sin is also committed by those striving for spiritual knowledge. But it is no less true that a well-understood spiritual-scientific life must lead the individual to the virtues of self-sacrificing work and public-spirited activity. In any case, spiritual science will not bind anyone to be as good a person as others who know nothing or want to know nothing about spiritual science. But all this does not touch the main point in relation to the “social question”. In order to get at this main point, more is absolutely necessary than the opponents of spiritual scientific striving are willing to admit. It is quite right to concede to these opponents that much can be achieved with the means that are proposed from many sides for the improvement of the social situation of mankind. One party wants this, the other that. Many of such party demands soon prove to be chimeras to the clear thinker; but some certainly also contain the very best kernel.

[ 16 ] Owen, who lived from 1771 to 1858, certainly one of the noblest social reformers, emphasized again and again that a person is determined by the environment in which he grows up, that a person's character is not formed by himself, but by the circumstances in which he thrives. The fact that such sentences are so very true should not be denied. And they should be treated with even less contempt, although they are more or less self-evident. Rather, it should be readily admitted that much can be improved if we act on such insights in public life. But this does not prevent spiritual science from participating in those works of human progress that, in the spirit of such insights, seek to bring about a better fate for the oppressed and destitute classes of humanity.

[ 17 ] But spiritual science must go deeper. A radical advance can never be brought about by any such means. He who does not admit this has never clearly realized where the conditions of life come from, within which human beings find themselves. For as far as human life is dependent on these conditions, they themselves are brought about by human beings. Or who has made the arrangements by which one is poor and another rich? Other human beings, that is. The fact that these “other people” have mostly lived before those who thrive or do not thrive under the circumstances does not change this state of affairs. The suffering that nature itself inflicts on man is only indirectly relevant to the social situation. These sufferings must be alleviated or completely eliminated by human action. If what is necessary in this direction does not happen, then it is only a lack of human institutions. — A thorough understanding of things teaches that all evils that can rightly be called social also originate from human actions. In this respect, it is certainly not the individual person, but rather all of humanity, that is the “forger of its own fortune.”

[ 18 ] But just as this is true, so too is it true that, on a larger scale, no significant part of humanity, no caste or class, causes the suffering of another part with malicious intent. Everything that is asserted in this direction is based on a mere lack of insight. Nevertheless, even this is actually a self-evident truth, but it must be stated. For even if such things can easily be seen through with the mind, in practical life one does not act in accordance with them. Of course, every exploiter of his fellow human beings would prefer it if the victims of his exploitation did not suffer. We would get far if we not only found this to be self-evident, but also organized our feelings and emotions accordingly.

[ 19 ] Yes, but what are we to do with such assertions? So many a “socially minded” person will no doubt object. Should the exploited person have benevolent feelings towards the exploiter? Is it not too understandable if the former hates the latter and is led to his party position out of hatred? It would be a bad recipe indeed – so one will further object – if the oppressed were reminded of philanthropy towards the oppressor, for example in the sense of the great Buddha's saying: “Hatred is not overcome by hatred, but only by love.”

[ 20 ] Nevertheless, the realization that ties in with this point leads, in the present time alone, to a real “social thinking”. And this is precisely where the humanities come in. They cannot be satisfied with the surface of understanding, but must penetrate to the depths. Therefore, they cannot stop at showing that misery is created by this or that circumstance, but must penetrate to the only fruitful realization, whereby these circumstances have been created and are continually being created. And in the face of these deeper questions, most social theories prove to be nothing more than “gray theories,” if not mere empty phrases.

[ 21 ] As long as one's thinking remains on the surface, one attributes a completely false power to circumstances, to the external in general. These conditions are only the expression of an inner life. And just as only those who know that the human body is the expression of the soul can understand it, so only those who realize that external institutions in life are nothing other than the creations of human souls, which embody their feelings, attitudes and thoughts, can judge them correctly. The circumstances in which one lives are created by one's fellow human beings; and one will never create better ones oneself unless one starts out from thoughts, attitudes and feelings that are different from those of the creators.

[ 22 ] Let us consider such things in detail. On the surface, the oppressor is easily recognized as the one who can afford a magnificent household and travel first class on the train, etc. And the oppressed will appear to be the one who has to wear a bad coat and travel in the fourth class. But you don't have to be a merciless individual, a reactionary or the like, to understand the following with clear thinking. Nobody is oppressed and exploited by the fact that I wear this or that coat, but only by the fact that I pay the worker who makes the coat for me too little. The poor laborer who buys his poor coat for little money is now in exactly the same position in this respect as the rich man who has a better coat made for him. Whether I am poor or rich, I exploit others when I buy things that are not paid for adequately. Actually, no one should call anyone else an oppressor today, because he should just look at himself. If he does the latter accurately, he will soon discover the “oppressor” in himself. Is the work that you have to deliver to the wealthy only delivered to them for the poor wage? No, the person sitting next to you and complaining about oppression with you is getting your hands to work under exactly the same conditions as the wealthy person against whom you both turn. If you think about this, you will find other starting points for “social thinking” than the usual ones.

[ 23 ] Above all, thinking along these lines will make it clear that the concepts of “rich” and “exploiter” must be completely separated. Whether one is rich or poor today depends on one's personal ability or that of one's ancestors, or on completely different things. But being an exploiter of the labor of others has nothing to do with these things. At least not directly. But it has a great deal to do with other things. Namely, with the fact that our institutions or the circumstances surrounding us are based on personal self-interest. One must think about this very clearly, otherwise one will come to the most distorted understanding of what is being said. If I buy a skirt today, it seems quite natural, given the current situation, that I should buy it as cheaply as possible. That is to say, I am only thinking of myself. But this indicates the point of view that dominates our entire lives. Now, it is easy to come up with an objection. One can say: do not the socially-minded parties and personalities strive to remedy this evil? Are they not endeavoring to protect “labor”? Do not the working classes and their representatives demand wage improvements and reductions in working hours? It has already been said above that from the standpoint of the present, not the slightest objection should be raised against such demands and measures. Of course, this does not mean that any of the existing party demands should be supported. From the point of view under discussion here, no party position, either “for” or “against”, can be considered. Such a position is, in the first place, quite outside the spiritual-scientific point of view.

[ 24 ] No matter how many improvements are introduced for the protection of some class of laborers, and no matter how much these may contribute to the betterment of the condition of this or that group of people, the essence of exploitation will not be lessened thereby. For this depends on the fact that a person acquires the products of the labor of another from the point of view of self-interest. Whether I have much or little, if I use what I have to satisfy my self-interest, then the other person must be exploited. Even if I protect his labor while maintaining this point of view, it is only a superficial improvement. If I pay more for the labor of another, he must pay more for mine, unless the better position of one is to be achieved at the expense of the worse position of the other.

[ 25 ] Another example will serve to illustrate this. If I buy a factory in order to make as much profit as possible from it, I shall see to it that the laborers are paid as little as possible, etc. Everything that happens will be done with a view to personal advantage. If, on the other hand, I buy the factory with the intention of providing the best possible conditions for two hundred people, all my measures will take on a different color. In practice, today the second case will certainly not differ much from the first. However, this is only because the individual unselfish person is not able to achieve very much within a community that is otherwise built on self-interest. The situation would be quite different, however, if the unselfish work were general.

[ 26 ] A “practical” thinker will of course say that no one can create the possibility of helping their workers to better wage conditions through mere “good intentions”. For one cannot increase the earnings of one's goods by goodwill, and without that one cannot create better conditions for the worker either. And it is precisely here that it is important to realize that this objection is completely mistaken. All interests, and thus all living conditions, change when one no longer has oneself in mind when acquiring something, but others. What must someone who can only serve his own well-being look out for? But to acquire as much as possible. How others must work to satisfy his needs is something he cannot take into consideration. He must therefore develop his powers in the struggle for existence. If I found a business that is to bring me as much as possible, I do not ask how the workers who work for me are set in motion. But if I do not consider myself at all, but only the question: how does my work serve others? then everything changes. Nothing then compels me to undertake anything that could be detrimental to another. I then do not put my strength into my own service, but into that of others. And that results in a completely different development of the strengths and abilities of people. How this practically changes the conditions of life, will be explained at the end of the essay.

[ 27 ] Robert Owen may be called a genius of practical social activity in a certain sense. He had two qualities which may well justify this description: a careful eye for socially useful institutions and a noble love of humanity. One need only look at what he achieved through these two abilities to appreciate their full significance. He created in New Lanark must full industrial facilities, and employed the workers in such a way that they not only had a decent existence in material terms, but also lived within morally satisfying conditions. The people who were brought together there were partly degenerated, addicted to drink. He placed better elements between those who influenced others by their example. And in this way the most favorable results were achieved. What Owen achieved makes it impossible to put him on a level with other more or less fantastic “do-gooders” - so-called utopians. He kept within the bounds of practical realizable institutions, which even a person averse to daydreaming can assume would first eliminate human misery in a certain limited area. It is also not impractical to harbor the belief that such a small area could act as a model and gradually inspire a healthy development of the human lot in a social direction.

[ 28 ] Owen himself probably thought along these lines. That is why he ventured to take another step forward on the path he had already trodden. In 1824, he set about creating a kind of small model state in the area of Indiana in North America. He acquired a piece of land on which he wanted to establish a human community built on freedom and equality. All the institutions were set up in such a way that exploitation and subjugation were impossible. Anyone who takes on such a task must possess the most beautiful social virtues: the desire to make his fellow human beings happy and the belief in the goodness of human nature. He must believe that the desire to work will develop entirely of its own accord within this human nature if the blessing of this work appears to be secured by appropriate institutions.

[ 29 ] In Owen, this belief was so strong that it must have been very bad experiences that made him waver in this belief.

[ 30 ] And - these bad experiences did indeed occur. After long and noble efforts, Owen had to admit that “one would always fail in realizing such colonies if one did not first transform the general customs; and that it would be more worthwhile to influence humanity in the theoretical way than in the practical one”. This social reformer was forced to this opinion by the fact that there were enough people who did not want to work and wanted to unload the work onto their fellow human beings, which had to result in conflict, struggle and ultimately the bankruptcy of the colony.

[ 31 ] Owen's experience can be instructive for all those who really want to learn. It can lead from all artificially created and artificially devised institutions for the salvation of humanity to fruitful social work that reckons with true reality.

[ 32 ] Owen was thoroughly cured of his experience by the belief that all human misery is caused only by the “bad institutions” in which people live, and that the goodness of human nature will automatically come to light if these institutions are improved. He had to convince himself that good institutions can only be maintained if the people involved are inclined by their inner nature to preserve them, if they are attached to them with warm feelings.

[ 33 ] One might initially think that it is necessary to prepare the people to whom one wants to provide such institutions in theory. For example, by making it clear to them that the measures are correct and appropriate. It is not so difficult for an unbiased person to read something like that into Owen's confession. And yet the only way to achieve a truly practical result is to delve deeper into the matter. We must progress from the mere belief in the goodness of human nature, which has deceived Owen, to real knowledge of human nature. — All the clarity that people could ever acquire about the fact that any institutions are expedient and can be a blessing for humanity – all such clarity cannot in the long run lead to the desired goal. For such clear insight will not enable man to gain the inner incentive to work if, on the other hand, the instincts based on egoism assert themselves in him. This egoism is, in the first place, a part of human nature. And this leads to the fact that it stirs in the feelings of man when he is to live and work with others within society. It is therefore only natural that, in practice, most people will consider the social institution that best satisfies the needs of the individual to be the best. Thus, under the influence of egoistic feelings, the social question naturally arises in the form of: which social institutions must be established so that everyone can have the fruits of their labor for themselves? And especially in our materialistic age, few people reckon with any other premise. How often can one hear it said as a matter of course that a social order based on goodwill and human compassion is an absurdity. Rather, it is reckoned that the whole of a human community can best flourish when the individual can also reap the “full” or greatest possible reward from his labor.

[ 34 ] The exact opposite of this is taught by occultism, which is based on a deeper understanding of man and the world. It shows that all human misery is merely a consequence of egoism, and that in a human community, misery, poverty and need are bound to arise at some time if this community is based on egoism in any way. To see this, however, requires a deeper understanding than that of those who sail under the flag of social science. This “social science” only takes into account the external aspects of human life, but not the deeper forces that lie within it. Indeed, it is very difficult to awaken even a sense of these deeper forces in the majority of people today. They regard anyone who brings up such things as an impractical dreamer. But here, too, it is impossible to attempt to develop a social theory based on deeper forces. This would require a detailed work. Only one thing can be done: to point out the true laws of human cooperation and to show what reasonable social considerations arise for the connoisseur of these laws. The full understanding of the matter can only be gained by those who acquire a world view based on occultism. And this whole magazine is working towards the communication of such a world view. It cannot be expected to provide a single article on the “social question”. All that it can do is to throw light on this question from the occult point of view. There will, after all, be people who recognize the correctness of what is to be presented in brief, and which cannot be explained in detail.

[ 35 ] Now, the main social law that is revealed by occultism is the following: “The greater the good of a community of cooperating people, the less the individual claims the proceeds of his achievements for himself , that is, the more he gives of these earnings to his co-workers, and the more his own needs are not satisfied from his own earnings but from the earnings of others.» All institutions within a community of people that contradict this law must, in the long run, create misery and need somewhere. This fundamental law applies to social life with such exclusivity and necessity as only any natural law applies to any particular area of natural effects. However, one should not think that it is enough to recognize this law as a general moral principle or to try to implement it in the form of a belief that everyone works in the service of their fellow human beings. No, in reality the law only lives as it should live when a community of people succeeds in creating such institutions that no one can ever claim the fruits of his own labor for himself, but that these are used to benefit the community as a whole, as far as possible without any remainder. He himself must in turn be maintained by the labor of his fellow human beings. What matters, then, is that working for one's fellow human beings and achieving a certain income are two completely separate things.

[ 36 ] Those who imagine themselves to be “practical people” will, the occultist is in no doubt, only smile at this “hair-raising idealism”. And yet the above law is more practical than any other that has ever been thought up or introduced into reality by “practitioners”. Anyone who really examines life can find that every human community that exists or has ever existed has two types of institutions. One of these two parts corresponds to this law, the other contradicts it. This is how it has to be everywhere, regardless of whether people want it or not. Every community would immediately fall apart if the work of the individual did not flow into the whole. But human selfishness has always thwarted this law. It has sought to get as much as possible out of its work for the individual. And only that which has emerged from egoism in this way has always resulted in need, poverty and misery. But that means nothing other than that that part of human institutions that is brought about by the “practitioners” in such a way that either their own or someone else's egoism is taken into account must always prove to be impractical.

[ 37 ] Now, of course, it is not enough to recognize such a law; real practice begins with the question: how can it be put into practice? It is clear that this law means nothing less than this: the greater the welfare of the people, the less egoism there is. In putting it into practice, therefore, we are dependent on dealing with people who find their way out of egoism. But this is practically impossible if the measure of the weal and woe of the individual is determined by his work. Anyone who works for himself must gradually fall prey to egoism. Only those who work entirely for others can gradually become non-egoistic workers.

[ 38 ] But there is one prerequisite for this. If a person works for another, then he must find the reason for his work in this other person; and if someone is to work for the whole, then he must feel and sense the value, the essence and the significance of this whole. He can only do this if the whole is something quite different from a more or less undefined sum of individual people. It must be filled with a real spirit in which everyone participates. It must be such that each individual says to himself: it is right, and I want it to be so. The whole must have a spiritual mission; and each individual must want to contribute to the fulfillment of this mission. All the vague, abstract ideas of progress that are usually talked about cannot represent such a mission. If only they prevail, then an individual will work here, or a group there, without realizing that their work is useful for anything other than that they and their own, or perhaps even the interests to which they are attached, find their account in it. This spirit of the whole must be alive in the smallest detail.

[ 39 ] Good things have always flourished only where such a life of the collective spirit was fulfilled in some way. The individual citizen of an ancient Greek city, and even of a free city in the Middle Ages, had something like at least a dim feeling of such a collective spirit. It is no objection to this that, for example, the corresponding institutions in ancient Greece were only possible because they had an army of slaves who did the work for the “free citizens” and who were not driven by the collective spirit but by the compulsion of their masters. The only lesson to be learned from this example is that human life is subject to development. At present, humanity has reached a stage where a solution to the social question such as prevailed in ancient Greece is impossible. Even the noblest Greeks did not regard slavery as an injustice, but as a human necessity. That is why, for example, the great Plato could set up a state ideal in which the collective spirit is fulfilled by the fact that the majority of working people are forced to work by the few insightful people. But the task of the present is to bring people into a situation in which each one, out of his innermost impulses, does work for the whole.

[ 40 ] Therefore, no one should think of seeking a solution to the social question that will be valid for all time, but only of how his social thinking and actions must be shaped with regard to the immediate needs of the present in which he lives. - No individual can theoretically conceive or realize anything today that could solve the social question as such. To do so, he would have to have the power to force a number of people into the conditions he had created. There can be no doubt about it: if Owen had had the power or the will to force all the people in his colony to do the work that was theirs, then the thing would have worked. But such coercion is precisely what cannot be considered in the present day. It must be made possible for each individual to do voluntarily what he is called upon to do, according to the measure of his abilities and powers. But for this very reason it can never be a question of influencing people in the sense of Owen's above-mentioned confession, so that they are given a mere opinion of how economic conditions can best be established. A sober economic theory can never be a driving force against the egoistic powers. For a time such an economic theory may give the masses a certain impetus that seems to resemble idealism. But in the long run such a theory can be of no use to anyone. Anyone who instills such a theory into a mass of people without giving them anything else that is truly spiritual is sinning against the true meaning of human development.

[ 41 ] The only thing that can help is a spiritual worldview that, through itself, through what it has to offer, lives itself into the thoughts, feelings, will, in short, into the whole soul of man. The belief that Owen had in the goodness of human nature is only partly correct, but on the other hand it is one of the worst illusions. It is correct in that a “higher self” slumbers in every person, and this can be awakened. But it can only be released from its slumber by a world view that has the above-mentioned characteristics. If people are brought together in institutions such as those conceived by Owen, then the community will flourish in the most beautiful sense. But if people who do not have such a world view are brought together, then the good of the institutions will inevitably have to turn to the bad after a shorter or longer period of time. In the case of people without a world view that is directed towards the spirit, it is precisely those institutions that promote material prosperity that must also lead to an increase in selfishness, and thus gradually create need, misery and poverty. — It is true in the truest sense of the word: one can only help the individual if one merely provides him with bread; one can only provide a whole community with bread by helping it to develop a world view. It would not help at all if one wanted to provide bread for every individual. After a while, the situation would have to develop in such a way that many would again have no bread.

[ 42 ] The realization of these principles, however, takes away many illusions from certain people who would like to pose as people's benefactors. For it makes the work of social welfare a very difficult matter. And, what is more, it makes it a matter in which, under certain conditions, success can only be achieved by means of very small partial successes. Most of what entire parties today present as a panacea for social life loses its value, proves to be a vain deception and empty talk, without sufficient knowledge of human life. No parliament, no democracy, no mass agitation, none of these can have any significance for the discerning observer if they violate the law mentioned above. And all such things can have a favorable effect if they are in accord with this law. It is a terrible illusion to believe that any representatives of a people in any parliament can contribute anything to the welfare of humanity if their work is not in accord with the main social law.

[ 43 ] Wherever this law appears, wherever someone works in its sense, as far as it is possible for him in the place where he is placed in the human community: there good is achieved, even if it is only to a very small extent in the individual case. And only from individual effects that come about in this way is a salutary social progress composed. However, it also happens that in individual cases larger communities of people possess a special disposition to achieve a greater success in the indicated direction at once. There are already certain communities of people whose dispositions are preparing for such a thing. They will make it possible for humanity to accomplish a leap, a jump in social development, as it were, with their help. Such communities of people are known to occultism; but it cannot be its task to speak publicly about such things. And there are also means of preparing larger masses of people for such a leap, which can probably be made in the foreseeable future. But what everyone can do is to work in the spirit of the above law in their own sphere. There is no position in the world in which one cannot do this, however insignificant or influential it may appear to be.

[ 44 ] The most important thing, however, is that each person seeks the path to a world view that is based on a true knowledge of the spirit. The anthroposophical school of thought can develop into such a view for all people if it is increasingly shaped in the way that corresponds to its content and the inherent potential that it contains. Through it, the human being can experience that he is not born by chance at any place and at any time, but that he is placed by the spiritual law of cause and effect, karma, at the place where he is. He can see that his well-founded destiny has placed him in the human community within which he is. He can also realize that his abilities have not come to him by blind chance, but that they have a purpose within the law of causation.

[ 45 ] And he can understand all this in such a way that this understanding does not remain a mere matter of sober reason, but that it gradually fills his whole soul with inner life.

[ 46 ] He will feel that he fulfills a higher purpose when he works in accordance with his place in the world and his abilities. This insight will not lead to shadowy idealism, but to a powerful impulse of all his forces, and he will regard this action in such a direction as something so self-evident as eating and drinking in another respect. And further, he will recognize the meaning that is connected with the human community to which he belongs. He will understand the relationships in which his human community stands to others; and thus the individual spirits of these communities will join together to form a spiritually purposeful picture of the unified mission of the whole human race. And from the human race his knowledge will be able to wander over to the meaning of the whole earthly existence. Only those who do not engage in the world view indicated in this direction can harbor doubts that it must work as indicated here. In our time, of course, most people have little inclination to engage in such a thing. But it cannot be avoided that the correct spiritual scientific way of thinking will attract more and more people. And to the extent that it does, people will find the right way to bring about social progress. One cannot harbor doubts about this on the grounds that supposedly no world view has yet brought about the happiness of humanity. According to the laws of human development, what is now gradually becoming possible could not have occurred at any earlier point in time: to convey a world view with the prospect of the indicated practical success to all people.

[ 47 ] The world views that have existed up to now were only accessible to individual groups of people. But what has happened in the human race up to now, has come about through world views. Only a world view that can capture all souls and ignite the inner life in them can lead to universal salvation. But the spiritual scientific way of thinking will be able to do this wherever it truly corresponds to its nature. Of course, we must not simply look at the form that this way of thinking has already taken; in order to recognize what has been said as correct, it is necessary to see that spiritual science must first develop itself up to its high cultural mission.

[ 48 ] For several reasons, it is not yet able to show the face that it will one day present. One of these reasons is that it must first gain a foothold somewhere. It must therefore address a particular group of people. This can naturally be no other than the group of people who, by the nature of their development, long for a new solution to the world's riddles and who, through the education of the individuals united in this group, can understand and share such a solution. Of course, spiritual science must for the time being clothe its proclamations in a language that is adapted to the group of people it is addressing. As the conditions continue to develop, spiritual science will also find the forms of expression to speak to other circles. Only someone who wants completely finished, rigid dogmas can believe that the present form of spiritual scientific proclamation is a lasting one, or even the only possible one. — It is precisely because spiritual science cannot be concerned with remaining merely theoretical or with merely satisfying the thirst for knowledge that it must work slowly in this way. Its aims include the practical characterization of human progress. However, it can only bring about this human progress if it creates the real conditions for it. And these conditions cannot be brought about in any other way than by conquering person after person. The world only progresses when people want it to. But for people to want it, each one must work on their inner soul. And this can only be done step by step. If this were not the case, then Theosophy would also produce fantasies in the social sphere and not do any practical work. Further details will be discussed in the near future.