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Goethe as the Founder of a New Science of Aesthetics
GA 30

[ 1 ] This lecture, now appearing in a second edition, was given by me more than twenty years ago at the Goethe Society in Vienna. On the occasion of this new edition of one of my earlier works, the following may perhaps be said. It has happened that changes in my views have been discovered in the course of my literary career, notwithstanding the fact that this work of mine, of more than twenty years' standing, can be published to-day without the alteration of a single sentence. If this alleged alteration in my views was connected especially with my spiritual scientific (anthroposophical) activity, my answer is, that on reading through this lecture, the ideas developed in it appear to me to be a healthy foundation for Anthroposophy, and the anthroposophical way of thinking, in particular, to be most suitable for the understanding of these ideas. The most important part of what is said will scarcely be taken in, really and consciously, by those whose ideas are set in another direction. What stood, twenty years ago, behind my world of ideas, I have worked out since that time in many and various directions. This fact does not imply a change in my views.

[ 2 ] The few notes added at the end, for the sake of elucidation, might equally well have been written twenty years ago. The question might be asked, if what was said in this lecture still holds good to-day with regard to Aesthetics? For in this field, also, a good deal of work has certainly been accomplished during the last two decades. It really seems to me that it holds good at the present time still more than it did twenty years ago. With regard to the development of Aesthetics, a grotesque statement may be risked: that the thoughts expressed in this lecture have become still more true since they first appeared, although they have in no way altered.

Rudolf Steiner
Basel, 15th September, 1919.

[ 3 ] The number of works and treatises that are appearing in our time, with the object of determining Goethe's relation to the most divergent branches of modern Science and modern intellectual life generally, is overwhelming. The mere list of the titles would fill a portly volume. This feature may be ascribed to the fact that we are ever more clearly realising how, in the person of Goethe, a cultural factor confronts us, with which everything that would participate in the intellectual life of the present day must necessarily come to terms. To pass by would mean, in this case, to reject the foundation of our civilisation, to flounder in the depths, with no will to mount to the luminous heights from which all the light of our culture shines forth. It is only on condition that we attach ourselves, at some point or other, to Goethe and his epoch that we can acquire a clear view of the path our civilisation is treading, and realise the goal which humanity, in modern times, must pursue: failure to find this point of contact with the greatest spirit of latter times means simply being led like the blind, or dragged along by our fellowmen. All things appear to us in a different setting, when viewed with vision quickened at this fountain-head of civilisation.

[ 4 ] However gratifying may be the efforts of our contemporaries to find some point of contact with Goethe, the way they set about it is admittedly not very felicitous. Only too often is that necessary quality absent—an open mind—permitting us to sink into and fathom the uttermost depths of Goethe's genius, before mounting the pulpit of criticism. The only reason for believing Goethe to have been superseded in many respects is due to the failure to recognise his full significance. We think we have gone far beyond Goethe, whereas, in most cases, the right thing would be for us to apply his comprehensive principles and magnificent way of looking at things to our own now more perfect scientific appliances and scientific facts. Whether the results of his investigations correspond, more or less, with the results of modern Science is, with regard to Goethe, never of so much importance as the way he sets to work. His results bear the stamp of their epoch, that is, they extend only so far as the scientific appliances and experience of his age allowed: his way of thinking, his way of posing the problems is, however, a permanent achievement, and no greater injustice can be committed than to treat it with contempt. But it is a peculiarity of our day that the spiritual productive force of Genius is considered to be almost without significance. How could it be otherwise in a time when any attempt to reach out beyond the limits of physical experience is tabooed. For mere observation in the world of the senses, all that is necessary are healthy organs of sense, and Genius can, for this purpose, be fairly dispensed with.

[ 5 ] But true progress in Science, as also in Art, has never been the product of such methods of observation or servile imitation of Nature. What thousands observe and pass by is then observed by one who, as the result of this same observation, discovers a magnificent scientific law. Many before Galileo had seen a lamp swinging in a church, and yet this man of genius had to come and discover from it the laws of the pendulum, which are of so great importance in Physics. ‘Were not the eye of the nature of the sun, how could it behold the sun,’ exclaims Goethe; he means that none can glance into the depths of Nature who lack the necessary disposition and productive force to see more in the realm of fact than the mere outward facts. This is not accepted. The mighty achievements for which we have to thank Goethe's genius should not be confounded with the deficiencies inherent in his investigations, owing to the lower level of scientific experience at that time. How his own scientific results stand in relation to the progress of scientific research has been aptly characterised by Goethe in a picture: he describes them as pawns which he has perhaps moved forward too daringly on the board, but which should allow the plan of the player to be recognised. If we take these words to heart, then the following great task accrues to us in the field of Goethean research: to revert in each case to Goethe's own tendencies. The results which he himself gives us may stand as examples showing how he attempted to solve his great problems with limited means. It must be our aim to solve them in his spirit, but with the greater means at our disposal, and on the strength of our richer experience. In this way a fructification of all the branches of research to which Goethe devoted his attention will be possible, and, what is more, they will all bear the same uniform stamp, and form links within a great uniform conception of the world. Mere philological and critical research, the justification of which it were folly to deny, must await extension and completion along these lines. We must gain possession of the rich store of thoughts and ideas that are in Goethe, and, making this our starting-point, scientifically carry on the work.

[ 6 ] It will at this point be incumbent on me to show to what extent the principles just explained may be applied to one of the youngest and most discussed of sciences—the science of Aesthetics. This science, which is devoted to Art and artistic creation, is barely 160 years old. It was with the conscious intention of opening a new field of scientific research that Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten came forward with it in 1750. To this same epoch belong the efforts of Winckelmann and Lessing to attain a basis for judging the fundamental questions in Art. All former attempts in the direction of this science cannot even be described as a most elementary tendency. Even the great Aristotle, that intellectual giant, whose influence on all branches of science was so decisive, remained quite unproductive in Aesthetics. He completely excluded the plastic arts from his sphere of research, thus showing clearly that he had no conception whatever of Art; and, besides, he knew no principle other than that of the imitation of Nature, which again shows that he never understood the task which the spirit of man sets itself in the creation of the work of art.1We are concerned here with Aesthetics as an independent science. It is of course possible to find treatises on the fine arts by leading spirits of earlier times. A history of Aesthetics, however, could only treat this material as all human effort in philosophy is appropriately treated, before the actual beginning of philosophy in Greece, with Thales.

[ 7 ] That the science of the Beautiful only came into existence so late is no accident. It could not exist earlier, simply because the necessary conditions were absent. What are these conditions? The desire for Art is as old as man himself, but the desire to grasp the nature of its task only came into evidence much later. The Greek spirit, so happily constituted as to find satisfaction in the reality that immediately surrounds us, brought forth an epoch of Art which stands for a highest culmination; but it was the work of primitive ingenuousness, and the need was not felt to create in Art a world that should offer satisfaction such as could not come to us from any other source. The Greeks found in reality all that they sought; all that their hearts yearned and their spirits thirsted for, Nature supplied to them in abundance. It was never to go so far with them, that a yearning should be born in their heart for a Something which we seek in vain in the world that surrounds us. The Greek did not grow out of and away from Nature, therefore all his needs could be satisfied through Nature. With his whole being he was inseparably united and interwoven with Nature; Nature creates in him and knows quite well what she may implant in him, so as to be able again to satisfy his needs. Art, then, with this ingenuous people, was only a continuation of what lives and surges within Nature; it grew directly out of Nature; Nature satisfied the same needs as a mother, only in a higher sense. Aristotle knew no higher principle of Art than the imitation of Nature. There was no need to go farther than Nature, because in Nature was to be found the source of all satisfaction. The mere imitation of Nature, which, to us, would appear empty and insignificant, was, in this case, fully sufficient. We have forgotten how to see in mere Nature the highest that our spirit craves for; for this reason mere realism, which offers us reality devoid of that highest, could never satisfy us. This epoch had to come. It was a necessity for mankind, as it develops to an ever higher level of perfection. Man could only remain completely within Nature so long as he was unconscious of this fact. The instant he gained full and clear knowledge of his own self, the instant he became aware of a kingdom within his inner self, which was of at least equal standing with that outer world—in that instant he had to break away from the shackles of Nature. [ 8 ] He could now no longer surrender himself to her, for her to bear absolute sway over him, so that she should give rise to his needs and moreover satisfy them. Now he had to confront her, and this meant, in fact, that he had broken away from her, that he had created a new world within himself, and it is in this world that the source must now be sought from which his yearning and his desires flow. Whether these desires, now produced apart from Mother Nature, can also be satisfied by her is left to chance. At any rate, a deep chasm now separates man from reality, and he must restore the harmony formerly existing in its original perfection. Hence all the conflicts of the ideal with reality, of purpose with attainment—in short, everything that leads the soul of man into a veritable spiritual labyrinth. Nature stands there bereft of soul, devoid of everything our inner self tells us is divine. The next consequence is estrangement from everything which is Nature—a flight from direct reality. This is the exact opposite of the Greek spirit, which found everything in Nature.2It is said of thought in the Middle Ages that it ‘found nothing at all in Nature.’ Against this the great thinkers and mystics of the Middle Ages might be cited. such an objection is based on a complete misapprehension. It is not stated that thought in the Middle Ages was incapable of forming a conception of the importance of apprehension and so on, but simply that man's spirit in those days was turned towards the spirit as such, in its own primal form, and felt no inclination to come to terms with the separate facts in Nature. The subsequent conception of the world finds nothing at all in Nature. The Christian Middle Ages must appear to us in this light. Just as little as the Greeks could gain a knowledge of the essence of Art, in their inability to grasp how Art reaches out beyond Nature, creating a higher Nature side by side with actual Nature, so little could mediaeval science attain a science of Art, for Art could only work with means offered by Nature, and the scholars could not grasp how works could be created within the pale of godless reality, which could satisfy the spirit striving to attain the divine. But the helplessness of Science did not injure the development of Art. While the scholars did not know just what to think, the most glorious works of Christian Art came into existence. Philosophy, which in those days had Theology in tow, was as incapable as the great idealist of the Greeks, the ‘divine Plato,’ had been, of conceding to Art a place within the progress of civilisation. Plato declared the plastic and dramatic arts to be harmful. He could so little conceive of an independent mission of Art, that he only mercifully spares music, because music promotes courage in war.

[ 9 ] At a time when Spirit and Nature were so closely joined, a science of Art could not come into existence, nor was this possible at a time when they faced each other in unreconciled opposition. For the genesis of Aesthetics a time was necessary when man, in freedom and independence from the shackles of Nature, perceived the spirit in its undimmed purity, but a time, also, when a reunion with Nature is again possible. That the standpoint of the Greeks should be superseded, is not without good reason. For in the sum total of accidents constituting the world in which we feel ourselves placed, we can never find the divine, the necessary; we see nothing around us but facts that might equally well be different; we see nothing but individuals, and our spirit strives for the expression of the species, for the archetype; we see nothing but the finite, the perishable, and our spirit strives for the infinite, the imperishable, the eternal. And so if man's spirit, once estranged from Nature, is to return to Nature, it must be to something different from that sum total of accidents. It is for this return that Goethe stands; a return to Nature, but with the rich abundance of a developed spirit, with the level of culture of modern times.3With Shelling's fundamental error is by no means meant the effort of the spirit to ‘rise to the heights where the divine is enthroned,’ but Shelling's application of this conception to his treatment of Art. This must be clearly pointed out, so that what is said here against Shelling should not be confused with the criticism nowadays frequently levelled against that philosopher, and generally against philosophical idealism. It is possible for the author of this treatise to hold Shelling in high esteem, but still find much to object to in the detail of his achievement.

[ 10 ] The fundamental separation of Spirit and Nature does not correspond with Goethe's views. He sees in the world one great whole—a uniformly progressive chain of beings, within which man is a link, even though the highest. ‘Nature! we are surrounded and embraced by her, unable to withdraw from her and unable to advance more deeply into her. She lifts us unasked and unwarned, into the gyrations of her dance, and whirls with us away, until we are exhausted and fall from her arms.’ (Cp. Goethe's Scientific Works edited by Rudolf Steiner, vol. 2, p. 5.) And in the book on Winckelmann: ‘When man's healthy nature works as a whole, when the harmonious pleasure affords him a pure instinctive joy—then the Universe, if it could feel its own self, would cry out in exultation, as having reached its goal, and admire the pinnacle of its own growth and being.’ Here we have Goethe's characteristic way of reaching out far beyond the immediate in Nature, though without in the least losing sight of what constitutes the inner being of Nature. He is a stranger to a quality he finds in many especially gifted men, ‘of feeling a kind of shyness before real life, of drawing back into oneself, of creating one's own inner world, and in this way of giving the most excellent accomplishments an inward direction.’ Goethe does not fly from reality in order to create an abstract thought-world, having nothing in common with reality; he plunges deep into reality, in its eternal mutation, its genesis and movement, to find its laws that are immutable: he confronts the individual to behold the archetype. Thus were born in his spirit the plant-type and the animal-type, which are nothing but the Ideas of the plant and the animal. These are no empty general ideas that are part of a dry theory; they are the essential foundation of organisms—substantial and concrete, animated and distinguishable. Distinguishable, to be sure, not for the outer senses, but only for that higher contemplative capacity that Goethe discusses in his essay on ‘Contemplative Discernment.’ In the Goethean sense, ideas are just as objective as the colours and the forms of things, but they are only perceivable for those whose perceptive faculty is regulated for this purpose; just as colours and forms are only there for those who see, and not for the blind. If we approach the objective world with a non-receptive spirit, it does not disclose itself to us. Without the instinctive capacity for apprehending ideas, the latter remain an ever-sealed book. Here none saw as deeply as Schiller into the structure of Goethe's genius.

[ 11 ] On 23rd August, 1794, he enlightens Goethe, in the following words, on the fundamental qualities of his nature: ‘You gather together the whole of Nature in order to gain light on the single detail; where the forms of the phenomena merge into the universal, there you seek the explanation and the reason for the individual. From the simple organisation you mount, step by step, to the more complicated, in order finally to build up the most complicated of all—Man—genetically, and from the materials of Nature's whole edifice. While thus creating him afresh after Nature's pattern, you seek to penetrate the secret of his construction.’ This re-creation provides a key for the understanding of Goethe's conception of the world. If we wish really to rise to the primal types of things, to the immutable in the general mutation, we must revert to the genesis, we must witness Nature create; we must not consider what has reached completion, for this no longer corresponds wholly to the Idea which comes to expression in it.4In Art, physical reality is transfigured through its appearance as though it were spirit. To this extent, artistic creation is not an imitation of anything already in existence, but a continuation, springing from the human soul, of the comic process. Something can just as little be created by mere physical imitation as by the representation of spirit already in existence. Real strength cannot be felt in the artist who impresses the observer with the true imitation of reality, but by the artist who forces us along with him when he creatively continues the cosmic process in his work. This is the meaning of Goethe's words in his essay on ‘Contemplative Discernment:’ ‘If, in the sphere of morality, through belief in God, virtue and immortality, we seek to raise ourselves to a higher region and draw near to the first Being, the same should be the case in the sphere of the intellect—that, through the contemplation of an ever-creating Nature, we should make ourselves worthy of spiritual participation in her production. So did I press on untiringly to that original primal type.’ Thus Goethe's archetypes are no empty forms; they are the productive forces behind the phenomena. [ 12 ] This is the ‘Higher Nature’ in Nature over which Goethe wished to gain control. We gather from this that the reality spread out before our senses in no case represents something on the level of which a man who has attained a higher standard of culture can remain stationary. Only when man transcends this reality—breaks the shell and makes for the kernel—is that revealed to him, which the world holds together in its innermost recess. Nevermore can we find satisfaction in the isolated event in nature, but only in the law of nature; nevermore in the single and the particular, but only in the general and the universal. With Goethe this fact comes into evidence in the most perfect imaginable form. With him also the fact is established that, to the modern intellect, reality, as the single and the particular, can afford no satisfaction, because not in it but beyond it do we find that in which we recognise the highest, which we can revere as divine, which, in Science, we express as Idea. While mere observation cannot reconcile the opposing extremes, if it has reality but has not yet the Idea, so also is Science unable to effect this reconciliation, if it has the Idea, but no longer the reality. Between both, man needs a new kingdom; a kingdom in which the Idea is represented by the individual and not only by the whole; a kingdom in which the particular appears gifted with the character of the universal and the necessary. Such a world, however, is not present within sense reality; such a world must first be created by man, and this world is the world of Art—a necessary third kingdom by the side of the kingdoms of the senses and of reason. [ 13 ] The comprehension of Art as this third kingdom is the task which the Science of Aesthetics must regard as its own. The divinity which the objects in Nature have lost must be implanted in them by man himself, and therein lies a noble task which accrues to the artist. He has, so to speak, to bring the kingdom of God on to this earth. This religious mission of Art, as it may well be called, is expressed by Goethe (in the book on Winckelmann) in the following glorious words:

[ 14 ] ‘In that Man is placed on Nature's pinnacle, he regards himself as another whole Nature, whose task is to bring forth inwardly yet another pinnacle. For this purpose, he heightens his powers, imbuing himself with all perfections and virtues, calling on choice, order, harmony, and meaning, and finally rising to the production of the work of art, which takes a pre-eminent place by the side of his other actions and works. Once it is brought forth, once it stands before the world in its ideal reality, it produces a permanent effect—it produces the highest effect—for as it develops itself spiritually out of a unison of forces, it gathers into itself all that is glorious and worthy of devotion and love, and thus, breathing life into the human form, uplifts man above himself, completes the circle of his life and activity, deifies him for the present, in which the past and the future are included. Such were the feelings of those who beheld the Olympian Jupiter, as we can gather from the descriptions, narratives, and testimonies of the Ancients. The god had become man, in order to uplift man to a god. They beheld the highest dignity and were filled with enthusiasm for the highest beauty.’

[ 15 ] In these words, the significance of Art for the progress of civilisation was recognised. And it is characteristic of the mighty German Ethos, that it was the first to whom the recognition of this fact occurred; it is characteristic that all German philosophers, for the last hundred years, have struggled to find the most suitable scientific form for the peculiar way in which, in the work of art, spirit and object, idea and reality, melt into each other. The task of Aesthetics is none other than to comprehend the nature of this interpenetration, and to study it in detail, in the single forms in which it asserts itself, in the various branches of Art. The merit of having given a stimulus to this problem in the way indicated, and thereby to have set the ball rolling in connection with the chief, central questions of Aesthetics, must be ascribed to Kant's Critique of Judgment which appeared in 1790, and at once created a favourable impression on Goethe. In spite, however, of particularly serious work devoted to this subject, we are bound to admit to-day that an all-round satisfactory solution to these aesthetical problems is not forthcoming. The grand master of Aesthetics, that keen thinker and critic, Friedrich Theodor Vischer, held firmly to the end of his life, to his expressed conviction that the science of Aesthetics was still in its infancy. This amounts to an admission that all efforts in this field, including his own five volumes on Aesthetics, were in a more or less false direction. This is indeed the case, and if I may here express my own conviction, it can only be traced back to the circumstance that the fruitful seeds planted by Goethe were passed over unnoticed, and that he was not regarded as being scientifically competent. Had he, on the contrary, been so regarded, those ideas would merely have received a final development, with which Schiller was inspired in the contemplation of Goethe's genius, and which he set down in his letters on Aesthetical education. These letters, too, are held by writers intent on systems, to be insufficiently scientific, and yet they can be counted among the most important works ever produced in the field of Aesthetics. Schiller sets out from Kant, who determined the nature of the Beautiful in more than one respect. Kant first examines the reason of the pleasure we feel in the beautiful works of art. He finds this feeling of pleasure quite different from any other. Comparing it to the pleasure we feel when concerned with an object to which we owe an element of utility to ourselves, it is quite different. This pleasure is closely bound up with the desire for the existence of the object. Pleasure in the useful disappears when the useful is no longer there. Not so with the pleasure in the Beautiful. This pleasure has nothing to do with the possession, with the existence of the object, for it is not attached to the object but to the idea of the object. Whereas with the expedient and the useful, the need is felt to translate the idea into reality: we are content, in the case of the Beautiful, with the mere image. For this reason, Kant calls the feeling of delight in the Beautiful a feeling that is uninfluenced by any actual interest—a disinterested delight. It would, however, be quite erroneous to hold that conformity to purpose is thereby excluded from the Beautiful; this applies only to an exterior purpose. Hence is derived the second explanation of the Beautiful: It is something formed in itself in conformity to purpose, without, however, serving an exterior purpose. When we perceive an object in Nature, or a product of human skill, our intellect comes and inquires for its use and purpose, and is not satisfied until its question as to the ‘wherefore’ is answered. With the Beautiful, the ‘wherefore’ lies in the object itself, and the intellect does not need to reach out beyond it. At this point Schiller sets in, weaving the idea of Freedom into the sequence of thought in a way that does the greatest honour to human nature. To begin with, Schiller sets in opposition two human instincts which ceaselessly assert themselves. The first is the so-called material impulse, or the need to keep our senses open to the inpouring outer world. A rich gift presses in upon us, but without our being able to exert any determining influence on its nature. Here everything takes place with unconditional necessity. What we apprehend is determined from outside; here we are unfree, in subjection; we must simply obey the commands of physical (natural) necessity. The second is the formative impulse; that is none other than Reason, which brings law and order into the chaotic confusion of sense perceptions (external impressions). Through its work, system is introduced into experience. Here too, Schiller finds, we are not free; for in this work Reason is subjected to the unchanging laws of logic. We submit, in the first case, to necessity as imposed by Nature, and, in the second case, as imposed by Reason. Freedom seeks a haven of refuge from both. Schiller, emphasising the analogy between Art and the play of a child, assigns to Freedom the domain of Art. What is essentially the nature of play? Things possessed of reality are taken, and their general bearing altered at will. In this transformation of reality no law of logical necessity decides the issue—as, for instance, in the construction of a machine, where we must strictly conform to the laws of Reason; here everything is in the service of subjective necessity. The player connects things in a way that gives him pleasure; he imposes on himself no constraint. He pays no heed to physical, natural necessity, for he overcomes this constraint by putting to quite arbitrary use whatever passes into his hands. From Reason, too, and its necessity, he feels independent, for the order he introduces into things is his own invention. Thus the player impresses on reality the stamp of his own subjectivity and endows the latter with objective value. The separation of the activity of the two instincts comes to an end; they become united and thereby gain freedom: in the object is spirit, and the spirit is objective. Schiller, the poet of Freedom, sees in Art a free instinctive play, on a higher level, and exclaims with enthusiasm: ‘Man is fully Man only where he plays, and he only plays where he is Man in the fullest sense of the word.’ Schiller calls the basic instinct in Art, the play-instinct or impulse to play. It produces in the artist works, which, while existing for our senses, satisfy our reason; while the reason of which they partake, is simultaneously present for our senses in objective existence. And man's nature, at this stage, shows such activity, that his physical nature acts spiritually, while his spiritual nature acts physically. Physical nature is raised to the spirit, while the spirit sinks into physical nature. The former is thereby ennobled, and the latter is brought down from its clear height into the visible world. The works which thus come to existence are, to be sure, not fully true to Nature, because, in reality, spirit and object are never fully coincident; therefore when we compare the works of Art with the works of Nature, the former appear to us as mere semblance (appearance). But they must be semblance, because they would otherwise not be true works of Art. With his conception of semblance, in this connection, Schiller occupies a unique position among the writers on Aesthetics: he is unsurpassed and unrivalled. This is where the work should have continued. The one-sided solution to the problem of the Beautiful should have been extended with the help of Goethe's reflections on Art. Instead of this, Schelling appeared on the scene with a completely false theory, and inaugurated an error from which the science of Aesthetics in Germany never recovered. As all modern philosophers, Schelling finds that the highest task human effort can set itself, lies in the perception of the eternal, primal types of things. The spirit sweeps beyond the world of physical reality and rises to the heights where the divine is enthroned. There all truth and all beauty is revealed to him. Only the eternal is true and also beautiful. Thus, according to Schelling, no man can behold actual beauty who does not raise himself to the highest truth, for they are one and the same. All sensuous beauty is merely a weak reflection of that endless beauty which we can never perceive with our senses. We see where this leads to: the work of Art is not beautiful for its own sake and through its own self, but because it reproduces the Idea of Beauty. It follows, then, from this theory, that the purport of Art and Science is the same, since they both adopt as a basis eternal truth, which is also beauty. For Schelling, Art is only Science that has become objective. The important question now is: On what does our feeling of pleasure in the work of Art rest? In this case it rests merely on the expression of the Idea. The sensuous image is only a means of expression, the form in which a super-sensible purport expresses itself. In this respect, all the writers on Aesthetics follow the direction of Schelling's idealism. I cannot agree with the latest writer on this subject, E. von Hartmann, when he says that Hegel essentially improved on Schelling on this point. I say on this point, for in many other respects he towered above him. Hegel says actually: ‘The beautiful is the sensuous appearance of the idea.’ This amounts to an admission that, for him, the essential in Art was the expressed idea. This stands out still more clearly in the following words: ‘The hard crust of Nature and of the ordinary world make it more difficult for the spirit to penetrate to the idea, than is the case with works of Art.’ This is surely a clear statement that the goal of Art is the same as the goal of Science, namely, to penetrate to the Idea: Art seeks only to illustrate what Science expresses directly in forms of thought. Vischer calls beauty the appearance of the Idea, and likewise identifies the purport of Art with truth. In spite of all objections, beauty can never be separated from truth, if its essence is found in the expression of the Idea. But then it is not clear what independent mission Art is to have by the side of Science. What Art offers us, we can attain by way of thought, in a purer, clearer form, with no physical veil to shroud it. If this standpoint in Aesthetics be adopted, there is no escape, except through sophistry, from the compromising conclusion that allegory in the plastic arts, and didactic poetry in the poetic art, are the highest artistic forms. The independent significance of Art cannot be grasped, and Aesthetics, from this standpoint, have proved unproductive. It would be a mistake, however, to go too far, and, in consequence, abandon every attempt to attain a science of Aesthetics that is free from contradiction. They go too far in this direction, who would have Aesthetics assimilated by the history of the fine arts. If unsupported by authentic principles, this science merely becomes a storehouse for collections of notes on artists and their works, to which more or less clever remarks are appended; these, however, originating from arbitrary and subjective reasoning, are without value. On the other hand, a kind of physiology of taste has been set up in opposition to Aesthetics. The simplest and most elementary cases in which pleasure is felt are examined; then, mounting from these to more and more complicated cases, ‘Aesthetics from below’ are set up against ‘Aesthetics from above.’ This is the plan adopted by Fechner in his Introduction to Aesthetics. It is incomprehensible that such a work should have found adherents in a country which produced a Kant. Aesthetics should start from the examination of the feeling of pleasure; as though every feeling of pleasure were aesthetical, and as though the nature of the various feelings of pleasure could be distinguished by any other means than through the object itself which caused them. We only know that pleasure is an aesthetic feeling when we recognise the object to be beautiful, for, physiologically, there is nothing to distinguish aesthetic pleasure from any other. It is always a question of ascertaining the object. By virtue of what does an object become beautiful? This is the basic question in all Aesthetics.

[ 13 ] We come much nearer to solving this question if we follow Goethe's lead. Merck describes Goethe's creative activity in the following words: ‘You create quite differently from the rest; they seek to embody the so-called imaginative—this produces only rubbish; you, however, seek to endow reality with a poetic form.’ These words convey about the same meaning as Goethe's own words in the second part of Faust: ‘Consider what thou will'st; still more consider how thou will'st.’ It is clearly stated what Art stands for. Not for the embodiment of the super-sensible, but for the transformation of the physical and the actual. Reality is not to be lowered to a means of expression: no, it is to be maintained in its full independence; only it must receive a new form, a form in which it satisfies us. If we remove any single being from its surroundings and observe it in this isolated condition, much in connection with it will appear incomprehensible. We cannot make it harmonise with the idea, the conception we necessarily apply to it. Its formation within reality is, in fact, not only the consequence of its own conformity to law; surrounding reality had a direct determining influence as well. Had it been able to develop itself independently, and free from external influence, only then would it have become a living presentment of its own Idea. The artist must grasp and develop this Idea on which the object is based, but whose free expansion within reality has been hampered. He must find within reality the point, starting from which, an object can be developed in its most perfect form. Nature falls short of her intention in every single instance; by the side of one plant she creates a second, a third, and so on; in no single plant is the whole Idea represented in concrete life; in one plant one side, in another plant another side is given, as circumstances permit. The artist must revert to Nature's tendency, as this appears to him. This is what Goethe means when he declares of his own creative activity: ‘I seek in everything a point from which much may be developed.’ In the artist's work the whole exterior must express the whole interior; in Nature's product the exterior falls short of the interior, and man's inquiring spirit must first ascertain it. Thus the laws in accordance with which the artist goes to work are none other than the eternal laws of Nature, pure, uninfluenced and unhampered. Artistic creation rests not on what is, but on what might be; not on the actual, but on the possible. The artist creates according to the same principles as Nature, but applies these principles to the individual, whereas, to use Goethe's own words, Nature pays no heed to the individual, ‘She ever builds and ever destroys,’ because her aim is perfection, not in the unit but in the totality. The content of any work of Art is any physical reality—this is what the artist wills; in giving it its form, he directs his efforts so as to excel Nature in her own tendency, and to achieve to a still higher degree than she is capable of, the results possible within her laws and means.

[ 18 ] The object which the artist sets before us is more perfect than it is in its natural state, but it contains none other than its own inherent perfection. Where the object excels its own self—though on the basis of what is already concealed within it—there beauty is found. Beauty is therefore nothing unnatural: Goethe can say with good reason, ‘Beauty is a manifestation of secret laws, which, failing beauty, would have ever remained concealed;’ or, in another passage: ‘He to whom Nature reveals her manifest secret, yearns for Art, Nature's worthiest interpreter.’ If it may be said that beauty is unreal, since it represents something which can never be found within Nature in such perfection, so, too, can it be said in the same sense, that beauty is truer than Nature, since it represents what Nature intends to be but cannot be. On this question of reality in Art, Goethe says—and we may extend his words to apply to the whole of Art: ‘The poet's province is representation. This reaches its highest level when it competes with reality, that is, when the descriptions are so lifelike, through the spirit, that they may stand as present for all men.’ Goethe finds that ‘nothing in Nature is beautiful which is not also naturally true, in its underlying motive’ (Conversations with Eckermann, iii. 79). And the other side of appearance or semblance, when the being excels its own self, we find expressed as Goethe's view in the proverbs in prose, No. 978: ‘The law of vegetable growth appears in its highest manifestation in the blossom, and the rose is but the pinnacle of this manifestation. The fruit can never be beautiful, for there the vegetable law reverts to its own self—back to the mere law.’ Here we surely have it plainly stated: Where the Idea develops and unfolds, there beauty sets in—where we perceive the law directly in the outward phenomenon; where, on the other hand, as in the fruit, the outward phenomenon appears formless and gross, because there is no sign in it of the fundamental law underlying vegetable growth—there beauty in the natural product ceases. For this reason the same proverb goes on to say: ‘The law, as it engages itself in the phenomenon with the greatest freedom and according to its own inherent conditions, produces the objective-beautiful, which, to be sure, must find a worthy subject by which to be perceived.’ This view of Goethe's we find most definitely stated in a passage in the Conversations with Eckermann (ii. 106). ‘The artist, to be sure, must faithfully and devotedly follow Nature's pattern in the detail ... only in the higher regions of artistic activity, where actually a picture becomes a picture—there he has free play and may even proceed to fiction.’ Goethe gives as the highest goal of Art: ‘Through semblance to give the illusion of a higher reality. It were, however, a false effort to retain the semblance so long within reality, that finally a common reality were left.’

[ 19 ] Let us now ask ourselves what is the reason of pleasure felt in works of Art. We must realise that pleasure and satisfaction in the object of beauty are in no way inferior to the purely intellectual pleasure which we feel in the purely spiritual. It always points to a distinct decadence in Art when its province is sought in mere amusement and in the satisfaction of lower inclinations. The reason for pleasure in works of Art is none other than the reason for the joyful exultation which we feel in view of the world of Ideas generally, uplifting man out of himself. What is it, then, that gives us such satisfaction in the world of Ideas? Nought else than the heavenly inner tranquillity and perfection which it harbours. No contradiction, no dissonance stirs in the thought-world which rises within our inner self, for it is itself an infinite. Inherent in this picture is everything which makes it perfect. This native perfection of the world of Ideas—this is the reason of our exultation when we stand before it. If beauty is to exalt us in the like manner, then it must be fashioned after the pattern of the Idea. This is quite a different thing from what the German writers on Aesthetics of the idealist school would have. This is not the Idea in the form of a phenomenon; it is just the contrary; it is a phenomenon in the form of the Idea. The content of Beauty, the material basis on which it rests, is thus always an actual positive reality, and the form in which it is presented is the form of the Idea. We see exactly the contrary is true to what German Aesthetics say; the latter simply turned things upside down. Beauty is not the divine in a cloak of physical reality; no, it is physical reality in a cloak that is divine. The artist does not bring the divine on to the earth by letting it flow into the world; he raises the world into the sphere of the divine. Beauty is semblance, because it conjures before our senses a reality which, as such, appears as an ideal world. Consider what thou will'st, still more consider how thou will'st—for on the latter everything turns. What is given remains physical, but the manner of its appearance is ideal. Where the ideal form appears in the physical to best advantage, there Art is seen to reach its highest dignity. Goethe says here: ‘The dignity of Art appears perhaps most eminently in music, because in music there is no material factor to be discounted. Music is all form and figure, exalting and ennobling everything it expresses.’ A science of Aesthetics starting from this definition: ‘Beauty is a physical reality appearing as though it were Idea’—such a science does not exist: it must be created. It can be called straight away the ‘Aesthetics of Goethe's world-conception.’ And this is the science of Aesthetics of the future. E. von Hartmann, one of the latest writers on this subject and the author of an excellent ‘Philosophy of Beauty,’ also cherishes the old error, that the content of Beauty is the Idea. He says quite rightly that the basic conception from which the science of the beautiful should proceed, is the conception of aesthetic semblance. Yes, but how can the manifestation of the world of Ideas, as such, ever be regarded as semblance. The Idea is surely the highest truth: when the Idea appears, it does so out of truth, and not as semblance. It is a real semblance, however, when the natural (physical) and the individual, arrayed in the imperishable raiment of eternity, appear with the character of the Idea; for reality falls short of this.

[ 20 ] Taken in this sense, the artist appears as the continuator of the cosmic Spirit. The former pursues creation where the latter relinquishes it. The closest tie of kinship seems to unite the artist with the cosmic Spirit, and Art appears as the continuation of Nature's process. Thus the artist raises himself above the life of common reality, and he raises us with him when we devote ourselves to his work. He does not create for the finite world, he expands beyond it. This conception we find expressed by Goethe in his poem, ‘The Artist's Apotheosis,’ where he makes the Muse call to the Poet in the following words:

So doth the Hero mightily inspire
His equals through the chain of centuries:
The heights a noble spirit can attain
May not be mastered in life's narrow span.
Hence also after death his soul continues,
Not less creative now than when he lived;
The noble deed, the beautiful idea
Strives deathless on, as mortally it strove.
So thou, The Poet too, livest through unmeasured time
In fields of immortality sublime.

Tr. Meredith Starr.

[ 21 ] In this poem, Goethe's thoughts on what I may call the cosmic mission of the artist are most aptly expressed.

[ 22 ] Who, like Goethe, ever grasped in Art such deep significance? Who ever endowed Art with such dignity? It speaks sufficiently for the whole depth of his conceptions, when he says: ‘The great works of art are brought into existence by men, as are the great works of Nature, in accordance with true and natural laws; all arbitrary phantasy falls to the ground; there is Necessity, there is God.’ A science of Aesthetics in his spirit were certainly no bad thing. And this might apply also to other departments of modern science.

[ 23 ] When, at the death of the poet's last heir, Walter von Goethe, 15th April, 1885, the treasures of the Goethe House became accessible to the nation, many, no doubt, shrugged their shoulders at the zeal of the scholars as they seized on the smallest posthumous remnant and handled it as a precious relic—the value of which, in connection with research should by no means be despised. But Goethe's genius is unfathomable; it cannot be taken in at a glance; we can only draw near to it gradually from different sides. And for this purpose we must welcome everything; what appears a worthless detail, gains significance when we consider it in connection with the poet's comprehensive view of the world. Only when we traverse the whole gamut of expressive activity in which this universal spirit gave vent to his life—only then does the essential in him, his own tendency, from which everything with him originated, and which represents a culmination of humanity, appear before our soul. Only when this tendency becomes the common property of all who strive spiritually; when the belief becomes general that we have not only to understand Goethe's conception of the world, but that we must live in it and it must live in us—only then will Goethe have fulfilled his mission. This conception of the world must be a sign for all members of the German people and far beyond it, in which they can meet and know each other in a life of common endeavour.

[ 1 ] Dieser Vortrag, der hiermit in zweiter Auflage erscheint, ist vor mehr als zwanzig Jahren im Wiener Goethe-Verein gehalten worden. Anläßlich dieser Neuausgabe einer meiner früheren Schriften darf vielleicht das Folgende gesagt werden. Es ist vorgekommen, daß man Änderungen meiner Anschauungen während meiner schriftstellerischen Laufbahn gefunden hat. Wo gibt es ein Recht hierzu, wenn eine mehr als zwanzig Jahre alte Schrift von mir heute so erscheinen kann, daß auch nicht ein einziger Satz geändert zu werden braucht? Und wenn man insbesondere in meinem geisteswissenschaftlichen (anthroposophischen) Wirken einen Umschwung in meinen Ideen hat finden wollen, so kann dem erwidert werden, daß mir jetzt beim Durchlesen dieses Vortrags die in ihm entwickelten Ideen als ein gesunder Unterbau der Anthroposophie erscheinen. Ja, sogar erscheint es mir, daß gerade anthroposophische Vorstellungsart zum Verständnisse dieser Ideen berufen ist. Bei anderer Ideenrichtung wird man das Wichtigste, was gesagt ist, kaum wirklich ins Bewußtsein aufnehmen. Was damals vor zwanzig Jahren hinter meiner Ideenwelt stand, ist seit jener Zeit von mir nach den verschiedensten Richtungen ausgearbeitet worden; das ist die vorliegende Tatsache, nicht eine Änderung der Weltanschauung.

[ 2 ] Ein paar Anmerkungen, die zur Verdeutlichung am Schlusse angehängt werden, hätten ebensogut vor zwanzig Jahren geschrieben werden können. Nun könnte noch die Frage aufgeworfen werden, ob denn das im Vortrage Gesagte auch heute noch in bezug auf die Ästhetik gilt. Denn in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten ist doch auch manches auf diesem Felde gearbeitet worden. Da scheint mir, daß es gegenwärtig sogar noch mehr gilt als vor zwanzig Jahren. Mit Bezug auf die Entwickelung der Ästhetik darf der groteske Satz gewagt werden: die Gedanken dieses Vortrags sind seit ihrem ersten Erscheinen noch wahrer geworden, obgleich sie sich gar nicht geändert haben.

Zur zweiten Auflage
Basel, 15. September 1909.


[ 3 ] Die Zahl der Schriften und Abhandlungen, die in unserer Zeit erscheinen mit der Aufgabe, das Verhältnis Goethes zu den verschiedensten Zweigen der modernen Wissenschaften und des modernen Geisteslebens überhaupt zu bestimmen, ist eine erdrückende. Die bloße Anführung der Titel würde wohl ein stattliches Bändchen füllen. Dieser Erscheinung liegt die Tatsache zugrunde, daß wir uns immer mehr bewußt werden, wir stehen in Goethe einem Kulturfaktor gegenüber, mit dem sich alles, was an dem geistigen Leben der Gegenwart teilnehmen will, notwendig auseinandersetzen muß. Ein Vorübergehen bedeutete in diesem Falle ein Verzichten auf die Grundlage unserer Kultur, ein Herumtummeln in der Tiefe ohne den Willen, sich zu erheben bis zur lichten Höhe, von der alles Licht unserer Bildung ausgeht. Nur wer es vermag, sich in irgendeinem Punkte an Goethe und seine Zeit anzuschließen, der kann zur Klarheit darüber kommen, welchen Weg unsere Kultur einschlägt, der kann sich der Ziele bewußt werden, welche die moderne Menschheit zu wandeln hat; wer diese Beziehung zu dem größten Geiste der neuen Zeit nicht findet, wird einfach mitgezogen von seinen Mitmenschen und geführt wie ein Blinder. Alle Dinge erscheinen uns in einem neuen Zusammenhange, wenn wir sie mit dem Blick betrachten, der sich an diesem Kulturquell geschärft hat.

[ 4 ] So erfreulich aber das erwähnte Bestreben der Zeitgenossen ist, irgendwo an Goethe anzuknüpfen, so kann doch keineswegs zugestanden werden, daß die Art, in der es geschieht, eine durchwegs glückliche ist. Nur zu oft fehlt es an der gerade hier so notwendigen Unbefangenheit, die sich erst in die volle Tiefe des Goetheschen Genius versenkt, bevor sie sich auf den kritischen Stuhl setzt. Man hält Goethe in vielen Dingen nur deswegen für überholt, weil man seine ganze Bedeutung nicht erkennt. Man glaubt weit über Goethe hinaus zu sein, während das Richtige meist darinnen läge, daß wir seine umfassenden Prinzipien, seine großartige Art, die Dinge anzuschauen, auf unsere jetzt vollkommeneren wissenschaftlichen Hilfsmittel und Tatsachen anwenden sollten. Bei Goethe kommt es gar niemals darauf an, ob das Ergebnis seiner Forschungen mit dem der heutigen Wissenschaft mehr oder weniger übereinstimmt, sondern stets nur darauf, wie er die Sache angefaßt hat. Die Ergebnisse tragen den Stempel seiner Zeit, das ist, sie gehen so weit, als wissenschaftliche Behelfe und die Erfahrung seiner Zeit reichten; seine Art zu denken, seine Art, die Probleme zu stellen, aber ist eine bleibende Errungenschaft, der man das größte Unrecht antur, wenn man sie von oben herab behandelt. Aber unsere Zeit hat das Eigentümliche, daß ihr die produktive Geisteskraft des Genies fast bedeutungslos erscheint. Wie sollte es auch anders sein in einer Zeit, in der jedes Hinausgehen über die physische Erfahrung in der Wissenschaft wie in der Kunst verpönt ist. Zum bloßen sinnlichen Beobachten braucht man weiter nichts als gesunde Sinne, und Genie ist dazu ein recht entbehrliches Ding.

[ 5 ] Aber der wahre Fortschritt in den Wissenschaften wie in der Kunst ist niemals durch solches Beobachten oder sklavisches Nachahmen der Natur bewirkt worden. Gehen doch Tausende und aber Tausende an einer Beobachtung vorüber, dann kommt einer und macht an derselben Beobachtung die Entdeckung eines großartigen wissenschaftlichen Gesetzes. Eine schwankende Kirchenlampe hat wohl mancher vor Galilei gesehen; doch dieser geniale Kopf mußte kommen, um an ihr die für die Physik so bedeutungsvollen Gesetze der Pendelbewegung zu finden. «Wär' nicht das Auge sonnenhaft, wie könnten wir das Licht erblicken», ruft Goethe aus; er will damit sagen, daß nur der in die Tiefen der Natur zu blicken vermag, der die notwendige Veranlagung dazu hat und die produktive Kraft, im Tatsächlichen mehr zu sehen als die bloßen äußeren Tatsachen. Das will man nicht einsehen. Man sollte die gewaltigen Errungenschaften, die wir dem Genie Goethes verdanken, nicht verwechseln mit den Mängeln, die seinen Forschungen infolge des damaligen beschränkten Standes der Erfahrungen anhaften. Goethe selbst hat das Verhältnis seiner wissenschaftlichen Resultate zum Fortschritte der Forschung in einem trefflichen Bilde charakterisiert; er bezeichnet die letzteren als Steine, mit denen er sich auf dem Brette vielleicht zu weit vorgewagt, aus denen man aber den Plan des Spielers erkennen solle. Beherzigt man diese Worte, dann erwächst uns auf dem Gebiete der Goethe-Forschung folgende hohe Aufgabe: sie muß überall auf die Tendenzen, die Goethe hatte, zurückgehen. Was er selbst als Ergebnisse gibt, mag nur als Beispiel gelten, wie er seine großen Aufgaben mit beschränkten Mitteln zu lösen versuchte. Wir müssen sie in seinem Geiste, aber mit unseren größeren Mitteln und auf Grund unserer reicheren Erfahrungen zu lösen suchen. Auf diesem Wege werden alle Zweige der Forschung, denen Goethe seine Aufmerksamkeit zugewendet, befruchtet werden können und, was mehr ist: sie werden ein einheitliches Gepräge tragen, durchaus Glieder einer einheitlichen großen Weltanschauung sein. Die bloße philologische und kritische Forschung, der ihre Berechtigung abzusprechen ja eine Torheit wäre, muß von dieser Seite her ihre Ergänzung finden. Wir müssen uns der Gedanken- und Ideenfülle, die in Goethe liegt, bemächtigen und von ihr ausgehend wissenschaftlich weiterarbeiten.

[ 6 ] Hier soll es meine Aufgabe sein, zu zeigen, inwiefern die entwickelten Grundsätze auf eine der jüngsten und zugleich am meisten umstrittenen Wissenschaften, auf die Ästhetik, Anwendung finden.1Es ist hier von der Ästhetik als einer selbständigen Wissenschaft die Rede. Man kann natürlich Ausführungen über die Künste bei leitenden Geistern früherer Zeiten durchaus finden. Ein Geschichtsschreiber der Ästhetik könnte aber alles dieses nur so behandeln, wie man sachgemäß alles philosophische Streben der Menschheit vor dem wirklichen Beginn der Philosophie in Griechenland mit Thales behandelt. Zu Seiten 28 und 29. Es könnte auffallen, daß in diesen Ausführungen gesagt wird: das mittelalterliche Denken finde «gar nichts» in der Natur. Man könnte dagegen halten die großen Denker und Mystiker des Mittelalters. Nun beruht aber ein solcher Einwand auf einem völligen Mißverständnis. Es ist hier nicht gesagt, daß mittelalterliches Denken nicht imstande gewesen wäre, sich Begriffe zu bilden von der Bedeutung der Wahrnehmung und so weiter, sondern lediglich, daß der Menschengeist in jener Zeit dem Geistigen als solchem, in seiner ureigenen Gestalt, zugewendet war und keine Neigung verspürte, mit den Einzeltatsachen der Natur sich auseinanderzusetzen. Die Ästhetik, das ist die Wissenschaft, die sich mit der Kunst und ihren Schöpfungen beschäftigt, ist kaum hundert Jahre alt. Mit vollem Bewußtsein, damit ein neues wissenschaftliches Gebiet zu eröffnen, ist erst Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten im Jahre 1750 hervorgetreten. In dieselbe Zeit fallen die Bemühungen Winckelmanns und Lessings, über prinzipielle Fragen der Kunst zu einem gründlichen Urteile zu kommen. Alles, was vorher auf diesern Felde versucht worden ist, kann nicht einmal als elementarster Ansatz zu dieser Wissenschaft bezeichnet werden. Selbst der große Aristoteles, dieser geistige Riese, der auf alle Zweige der Wissenschaft einen so maßgebenden Einfluß geübt hat, ist für die Ästhetik ganz unfruchtbar geblieben. Er hat die bildenden Künste ganz aus dem Kreise seiner Betrachtung ausgeschlossen, woraus hervorgeht, daß er den Begriff der Kunst überhaupt nicht gehabt hat, und außerdem kennt er kein anderes Prinzip als das der Nachahmung der Natur, was uns wieder zeigt, daß er die Aufgabe des Menschengeistes bei seinen Kunstschöpfungen nie begriffen hat.

[ 7 ] Die Tatsache, daß die Wissenschaft des Schönen so spät erst entstanden ist, ist nun kein Zufall. Sie war früher gar nicht möglich, einfach weil die Vorbedingungen dazu fehlten. Welche sind nun diese? Das Bedürfnis nach der Kunst ist so alt wie die Menschheit, jenes nach dem Erfassen ihrer Aufgabe konnte erst sehr spät auftreten. Der griechische Geist, der vermöge seiner glücklichen Organisation aus der unmittelbar uns umgebenden Wirklichkeit seine Befriedigung schöpfte, brachte eine Kunstepoche hervor, die ein Höchstes bedeutet; aber er tat es in ursprünglicher Naivität, ohne das Bedürfnis, sich in der Kunst eine Welt zu erschaffen, die eine Befriedigung bieten soll, die uns von keiner anderen Seite werden kann. Der Grieche fand in der Wirklichkeit alles, was er suchte; allem, wonach sein Herz verlangte, wonach sein Geist dürstete, kam die Natur reichlich entgegen. Nie sollte es bei ihm dazu kommen, daß in seinem Herzen die Sehnsucht entstände nach einem Etwas, das wir vergebens in der uns umgebenden Welt suchen. Der Grieche ist nicht herausgewachsen aus der Natur, deshalb sind alle seine Bedürfnisse durch sie zu befriedigen. In ungetrennter Einheit mit seinem ganzen Sein mit der Natur verwachsen, schafft sie in ihm und weiß dann ganz gut, was sie ihm anerschaffen darf, um es auch wieder befriedigen zu können. So bildete denn bei diesem naiven Volke die Kunst nur eine Fortsetzung des Lebens und Treibens innerhalb der Natur, war unmittelbar aus ihr herausgewachsen. Sie befriedigte dieselben Bedürfnisse wie ihre Mutter, nur im höheren Maße. Daher kommt es, daß Aristoteles kein höheres Kunstprinzip kannte als die Naturnachahmung. Man brauchte nicht mehr als die Natur zu erreichen, weil man in der Natur schon den Quell aller Befriedigung hatte. Was uns nur leer und bedeutungslos erscheinen müßte, die bloße Naturnachahmung, war hier völlig ausreichend. Wir haben verlernt, in der bloßen Natur das Höchste zu sehen, wonach unser Geist verlangt; deswegen könnte uns der bloße Realismus, der uns die jenes Höheren bare Wirklichkeit bietet, nimmer befriedigen. Diese Zeit mußte kommen. Sie war eine Notwendigkeit für die sich zu immer höheren Stufen der Vollkommenheit fortentwickelnde Menschheit. Der Mensch konnte sich nur so lange ganz innerhalb der Natur halten, solange er sich dessen nicht bewußt war. Mit dem Augenblicke, da er sein eigenes Selbst in voller Klarheit erkannte, mit dem Augenblicke, als er einsah, daß in seinem Innern ein jener Außenwelt mindestens ebenbürtiges Reich lebt, da mußte er sich losmachen von den Fesseln der Natur.

[ 8 ] Jetzt konnte er sich ihr nicht mehr ganz ergeben, auf daß sie mit ihm schalte und walte, daß sie seine Bedürfnisse erzeuge und wieder befriedige. Jetzt mußte er ihr gegenübertreten, und damit hatte er sich faktisch von ihr losgelöst, hatte sich in seinem Innern eine neue Welt erschaffen, und aus dieser fließt jetzt seine Sehnsucht, aus dieser kommen seine Wünsche. Ob diese Wünsche, jetzt abseits von der Mutter Natur erzeugt, von dieser auch befriedigt werden können, bleibt natürlich dem Zufall überlassen. Jedenfalls trennt den Menschen jetzt eine scharfe Kluft von der Wirklichkeit, und er muß die Harmonie erst herstellen, die früher in ursprünglicher Vollkommenheit da war. Damit sind die Konflikte des Ideals mit der Wirklichkeit, des Gewollten mit dem Erreichten, kurz alles dessen gegeben, was eine Menschenseele in ein wahres geistiges Labyrinth führt. Die Natur steht uns da gegenüber seelenlos, bar alles dessen, was uns unser Inneres als ein Göttliches ankündigt. Die nächste Folge ist das Abwenden von allem, was Natur ist, die Flucht vor dem unmittelbar Wirklichen. Dies ist das gerade Gegenteil des Griechentums. So wie das letztere alles in der Natur gefunden hat, so findet diese Weltanschauung gar nichts in ihr. Und in diesem Lichte muß uns das christliche Mittelalter erscheinen. Sowenig das Griechentum das Wesen der Kunst zu erkennen vermochte, weil sie deren Hinausgehen über die Natur, das Erzeugen einer höheren Natur gegenüber der unmittelbaren, nicht begreifen konnte, ebensowenig konnte es die christliche Wissenschaft des Mittelalters zu einer Kunsterkenntnis bringen, weil ja die Kunst doch nur mit den Mitteln der Natur arbeiten konnte und die Gelehrsamkeit es nicht fassen konnte, wie man innerhalb der gottlosen Wirklichkeit Werke schaffen kann, die den nach Göttlichem strebenden Geist befriedigen können. Auch hier tat die Hilflosigkeit der Wissenschaft der Kunstentwickelung keinen Abbruch. Während die erstere nicht wußte, was sie darüber denken solle, entstanden die herrlichsten Werke christlicher Kunst. Die Philosophie, die in jener Zeit der Theologie die Schleppe nachtrug, wußte der Kunst ebensowenig einen Platz in dem Kulturfortschritte einzuräumen, wie es der große Idealist der Griechen, der «göttliche Plato», vermochte. Plato erklärte ja die bildende Kunst und die Dramatik einfach für schädlich. Von einer selbständigen Aufgabe der Kunst hat er so wenig einen Begriff, dab er der Musik gegenüber nur deshalb Gnade für Recht walten läßt, weil sie die Tapferkeit im Kriege befördert.

[ 9 ] In der Zeit, in der Geist und Natur so innig verbunden waren, konnte die Kunstwissenschaft nicht entstehen, sie konnte es aber auch nicht in jener, in der sie sich als unversöhnte Gegensätze gegenüberstanden. Zur Entstehung der Ästhetik war jene Zeit notwendig, in der der Mensch frei und unabhängig von den Fesseln der Natur den Geist in seiner ungetrübten Klarheit erblickte, in der aber auch schon wieder ein Zusammenfließen mit der Natur möglich ist. Daß der Mensch sich über den Standpunkt des Griechentums erhebt, hat seinen guten Grund. Denn in der Summe von Zufälligkeiten, aus denen die Welt zusammengesetzt ist, in die wir uns versetzt fühlen, können wir nimmer das Göttliche, das Notwendige finden. Wir sehen ja nichts um uns als Tatsachen, die ebensogut auch anders sein könnten; wir sehen nichts als Individuen, und unser Geist strebt nach dem Gattungsmäßigen, Urbildlichen; wir sehen nichts als Endliches, Vergängliches, und unser Geist strebt nach dem Unendlichen, Unvergänglichen, Ewigen. Wenn also der der Natur entfremdete Menschengeist zur Natur zurückkehren sollte, so mußte dies zu etwas anderem sein als zu jener Summe von Zufälligkeiten. Und diese Rückkehr bedeutet Goethe: Rückkehr zur Natur, aber Rückkehr mit dem vollen Reichtum des entwickelten Geistes, mit der Bildungshöhe der neuen Zeit.

[ 10 ] Goethes Anschauungen entspricht die grundsätzliche Trennung von Natur und Geist nicht; er will in der Welt nur ein großes Ganzes erblicken, eine einheitliche Entwickelungskette von Wesen, innerhalb welcher der Mensch ein Glied, wenn auch das höchste, bilder. «Natur! Wir sind von ihr umgeben und umschlungen — unvermögend, aus ihr herauszutreten, und unvermögend, tiefer in sie hineinzukommen. Ungebeten und ungewarnt nimmt sie uns in den Kreislauf ihres Tanzes auf und treibt sich mit uns fort, bis wir ermüdet sind und ihrem Arme entfallen.» (Siehe Goethes Werke. Naturwissenschaftliche Schriften, 2.Bd. Hg.von Rudolf Steiner in Kürschners Deutsche Nat.-Lit., S.5f.) Und im Buche über Winckelmann: «Wenn die gesunde Natur des Menschen als ein Ganzes wirkt, wenn er sich in der Welt als in einem großen, schönen, würdigen und werten Ganzen fühlt, wenn das harmonische Behagen ihm ein reines, freies Entzücken gewährt: dann würde das Weltall, wenn es sich selbst empfinden könnte, als an sein Ziel gelangt, aufjauchzen und den Gipfel des eignen Werdens und Wesens bewundern.» Hierinnen liegt das echt Goethesche weite Hinausgehen über die unmittelbare Natur, ohne sich auch nur im geringsten von dem zu entfernen, was das Wesen der Natur ausmacht. Fremd ist ihm, was er selbst bei vielen besonders begabten Menschen findet: «Die Eigenheit, eine Art von Scheu vor dem wirklichen Leben zu empfinden, sich in sich selbst zurückzuziehen, in sich selbst eine eigene Welt zu erschaffen und auf diese Weise das Vortrefflichste nach innen bezüglich zu leisten.» Goethe flieht die Wirklichkeit nicht, um sich eine abstrakte Gedankenwelt zu schaffen, die nichts mit jener gemein hat; nein, er vertieft sich in dieselbe, um in ihrem ewigen Wandel, in ihrem Werden und Bewegen, ihre unwandelbaren Gesetze zu finden, er stellt sich dem Individuum gegenüber, um in ihm das Urbild zu erschauen. So erstand in seinem Geiste die Urpflanze, so das Urtier, die ja nichts anderes sind als die Ideen des Tieres und der Pflanze. Das sind keine leeren Allgemeinbegriffe, die einer grauen Theorie angehören, das sind die wesentlichen Grundlagen der Organismen mit einem reichen, konkreten Inhalt, lebensvoll und anschaulich. Anschaulich freilich nicht für die äußeren Sinne, sondern nur für jenes höhere Anschauungsvermögen, das Goethe in dem Aufsatze über «Anschauende Urteilskraft» bespricht. Die Ideen im Goetheschen Sinne sind ebenso objektiv wie die Farben und Gestalten der Dinge, aber sie sind nur für den wahrnehmbar, dessen Fassungsvermögen dazu eingerichtet ist, so wie Farben und Formen nur für den Sehenden und nicht für den Blinden da sind. Wenn wir dem Objektiven eben nicht mit einem empfänglichen Geiste entgegenkommen, enthüllt es sich nicht vor uns. Ohne das instinktive Vermögen, Ideen wahrzunehmen, bleiben uns diese immer ein verschlossenes Feld. Tiefer als jeder andere hat hier Schiller in das Gefüge des Goetheschen Genius geschaut.

[ 11 ] Am 23. August 1794 klärte er Goethe über das Wesen, das seinem Geist zugrunde liegt, mit folgenden Worten auf: «Sie nehmen die ganze Natur zusammen, um über das Einzelne Licht zu bekommen; in der Allheit ihrer Erscheinungsarten suchen Sie den Erklärungsgrund für das Individuum auf. Von der einfachen Organisation steigen Sie, Schritt vor Schritt, zu der mehr verwickelten auf, um endlich die verwickeltste von allen, den Menschen, genetisch aus den Materialien des ganzen Naturgebäudes zu erbauen. Dadurch, daß Sie ihn der Natur gleichsam nacherschaffen, suchen Sie in seine verborgene Technik einzudringen.» In diesem Nacherschaffen liegt ein Schlüssel zum Verständnis der Weltanschauung Goethes. Wollen wir wirklich zu den Urbildern der Dinge, zu dem Unwandelbaren im ewigen Wechsel aufsteigen, dann dürfen wir nicht das Fertiggewordene betrachten, denn dieses entspricht nicht mehr ganz der Idee, die sich in ihm ausspricht, wir müssen auf das Werden zurückgehen, wir müssen die Natur im Schaffen belauschen. Das ist der Sinn der Goetheschen Worte in dem Aufsatze «Anschauende Urteilskraft»: «Wenn wir ja im Sittlichen durch Glauben an Gott, Tugend und Unsterblichkeit uns in eine obere Region erheben und an das erste Wesen annähern sollen, so dürfte es wohl im Intellektuellen derselbe Fall sein, daß wir uns durch das Anschauen einer immer schaffenden Natur zur geistigen Teilnahme an ihren Produktionen würdig machten. Hatte ich doch erst unbewußt und aus innerem Trieb auf jenes Urbildliche, Typische rastlos gedrungen.» (Goethes Werke, wie oben. 1.Bd.d. Naturw. Schr. S. 115.) Die Goetheschen Urbilder sind also nicht leere Schemen, sondern sie sind die treibenden Kräfte hinter den Erscheinungen.

[ 12 ] Das ist die «höhere Natur» in der Natur, der sich Goethe bemächtigen will. Wir sehen daraus, daß in keinem Falle die Wirklichkeit, wie sie vor unseren Sinnen ausgebreitet daliegt, etwas ist, bei dem der auf höherer Kulturstufe angelangte Mensch stehenbleiben kann. Nur indem der Menschengeist diese Wirklichkeit überschreitet, die Schale zerbricht und zum Kerne vordringt, wird ihm offenbar, was diese Welt im Innersten zusammenhält. Nimmermehr können wir am einzelnen Naturgeschehen, nur am Naturgesetze, nimmermehr am einzelnen Individuum, nur an der Allgemeinheit Befriedigung finden. Bei Goethe kommt diese Tatsache in der denkbar vollkommensten Form vor. Was auch bei ihm stehenbleibt, ist die Tatsache, daß für den modernen Geist die Wirklichkeit, das einzelne Individuum keine Befriedigung bietet, weil wir nicht schon in ihm, sondern erst, wenn wir über dasselbe hinausgehen, das finden, in dem wir das Höchste erkennen, das wir als Göttliches verehren, das wir in der Wissenschaft als Idee ansprechen. Während die bloße Erfahrung zur Versöhnung der Gegensätze nicht kommen kann, weil sie wohl die Wirklichkeit, aber noch nicht die Idee hat, kann die Wissenschaft zu dieser Aussöhnung nicht kommen, weil sie wohl die Idee, aber die Wirklichkeit nicht mehr hat. Zwischen beiden bedarf der Mensch eines neuen Reiches; eines Reiches, in dem das Einzelne schon und nicht erst das Ganze die Idee darstellt, eines Reiches, in dem das Individuum schon so auftritt, daß ihm der Charakter der Allgemeinheit und Notwendigkeit innewohnt. Eine solche Welt ist aber in der Wirklichkeit nicht vorhanden, eine solche Welt muß sich der Mensch erst selbst erschaffen, und diese Welt ist die Welt der Kunst: ein notwendiges drittes Reich neben dem der Sinne und dem der Vernunft.

[ 13 ] Und die Kunst als dieses dritte Reich zu begreifen, hat die Ästhetik als ihre Aufgabe anzusehen. Das Göttliche, dessen die Naturdinge entbehren, muß ihnen der Mensch selbst einpflanzen, und hierinnen liegt eine hohe Aufgabe, die den Künstlern erwächst. Sie haben sozusagen das Reich Gottes auf diese Erde zu bringen. Diese, man darf es wohl so nennen, religiöse Sendung der Kunst spricht Goethe — im Buch über Winckelmann - in folgenden herrlichen Worten aus:

[ 14 ] «Indem der Mensch auf den Gipfel der Natur gestellt ist, so sieht er sich wieder als eine ganze Natur an, die in sich abermals einen Gipfel hervorzubringen hat. Dazu steigert er sich, indem er sich mit allen Vollkommenheiten und Tugenden durchdringt, Wahl, Ordnung, Harmonie und Bedeutung aufruft und sich endlich bis zur Produktion des Kunstwerkes erhebt, das neben seinen übrigen Taten und Werken einen glänzenden Platz einnimmt. Ist es einmal hervorgebracht, steht es in seiner idealen Wirklichkeit vor der Welt, so bringt es eine dauernde Wirkung, es bringt die höchste hervor; denn indem es aus den gesamten Kräften sich geistig entwickelt, so nimmt es alles Herrliche, Verehrungs- und Liebenswürdige in sich auf und erhebt, indem es die menschliche Gestalt beseelt, den Menschen über sich selbst, schließt seinen Lebens- und Tatenkreis ab und vergöttert ihn für die Gegenwart, in der das Vergangene und Künftige begriffen ist. Von solchen Gefühlen wurden die ergriffen, die den olympischen Jupiter erblickten, wie wir aus den Beschreibungen, Nachrichten und Zeugnissen der Alten uns entwickeln können. Der Gott war zum Menschen geworden, um den Menschen zum Gott zu erheben. Man erblickte die höchste Würde und ward für die höchste Schönheit begeistert.»

[ 15 ] Damit war der Kunst ihre hohe Bedeutung für den Kulturfortschritt der Menschheit zuerkannt. Und es ist bezeichnend für das gewaltige Ethos des deutschen Volkes, daß ihm zuerst diese Erkenntnis aufging, bezeichnend, daß seit einem Jahrhundert alle deutschen Philosophen danach ringen, die würdigste wissenschaftliche Form für die eigentümliche Art zu finden, wie im Kunstwerke Geistiges und Natürliches, Ideales und Reales miteinander verschmelzen. Nichts anderes ist ja die Aufgabe der Ästhetik, als diese Durchdringung in ihrem Wesen zu begreifen und in den einzelnen Formen, in denen sie sich in den verschiedenen Kunstgebieten darlebt, durchzuarbeiten. Das Problem, zuerst in der von uns angedeuteten Weise angeregt und damit alle ästhetischen Hauptfragen eigentlich in Fluß gebracht zu haben, ist das Verdienst der im Jahre 1790 erschienenen «Kritik der Urteilskraft» Kants, deren Auseinandersetzungen Goethe sogleich sympathisch berührten. Bei allem Ernst der Arbeit aber, der auf die Sache verwandt wurde, müssen wir doch heute gestehen, daß wir eine allseitig befriedigende Lösung der ästhetischen Aufgaben nicht haben.

[ 16 ] Der Altmeister unserer Ästhetik, der scharfe Denker und Kritiker Friedrich Theodor Vischer, hat bis zu seinem Lebensende an der von ihm ausgesprochenen Überzeugung festgehalten: « Ästhetik liegt noch in den Anfängen.» Damit hat er eingestanden, daß alle Bestrebungen auf diesem Gebiete, seine eigene fünfbändige Ästhetik mit inbegriffen, mehr oder weniger Irrwege bezeichnen. Und so ist es auch. Dies ist — wenn ich hier meine Überzeugung aussprechen darf — nur auf den Umstand zurückzuführen, weil man Goethes fruchtbare Keime auf diesem Gebiete unberücksichtigt gelassen hat, weil man ihn nicht für wissenschaftlich voll nahm. Hätte man das getan, dann hätte man einfach die Ideen Schillers ausgebaut, die ihm in der Anschauung des Goetheschen Genius aufgegangen sind und die er in den «Briefen über ästhetische Erziehung» niedergelegt hat. Auch diese Briefe werden vielfach von den systematisierenden Ästhetikern nicht für genug wissenschaftlich genommen, und doch gehören sie zu dem Bedeutendsten, was die Ästhetik überhaupt hervorgebracht hat. Schiller geht von Kant aus. Dieser Philosoph hat die Natur des Schönen in mehrfacher Hinsicht bestimmt. Zuerst untersucht er den Grund des Vergnügens, das wir an den schönen Werken der Kunst empfinden. Diese Lustempfindung findet er ganz verschieden von jeder anderen. Vergleichen wir sie mit der Lust, die wir empfinden, wenn wir es mit einem Gegenstande zu tun haben, dem wir etwas uns Nutzenbringendes verdanken. Diese Lust ist eine ganz andere. Diese Lust hängt innig mit dem Begehren nach dem Dasein dieses Gegenstandes zusammen. Die Lust am Nützlichen verschwindet, wenn das Nützliche selbst nicht mehr ist. Das ist bei der Lust, die wir dem Schönen gegenüber empfinden, anders. Diese Lust hat mit dem Besitze, mit der Existenz des Gegenstandes nichts zu tun. Sie haftet demnach gar nicht am Objekte, sondern nur an der Vorstellung von demselben. Während beim Zweckmäßigen, Nützlichen sogleich das Bedürfnis entsteht, die Vorstellung in Realität umzusetzen, sind wir beim Schönen mit dem bloßen Bilde zufrieden. Deshalb nennt Kant das Wohlgefallen am Schönen ein von jedem realen Interesse unbeeinflußtes, ein «interesseloses Wohlgefallen». Es wäre aber die Ansicht ganz falsch, daß damit von dem Schönen die Zweckmäßigkeit ausgeschlossen wird; das geschieht nur mit dem äußeren Zwecke. Und daraus fließt die zweite Erklärung des Schönen: «Es ist ein in sich zweckmäßig Geformtes, aber ohne einem äußeren Zwecke zu dienen.» Nehmen wir ein anderes Ding der Natur oder ein Produkt der menschlichen Technik wahr, dann kommt unser Verstand und fragt nach Nutzen und Zweck. Und er ist nicht früher befriedigt, bis seine Frage nach dem «Wozu» beantwortet ist. Beim Schönen liegt das Wozu in dem Dinge selbst, und der Verstand braucht nicht über dasselbe hinauszugehen. Hier setzt nun Schiller an. Und er tut dies, indem er die Idee der Freiheit in die Gedankenreihe hineinverwebt in einer Weise, die der Menschennatur die höchste Ehre macht. Zunächst stellt Schiller zwei unablässig sich geltend machende Triebe des Menschen einander gegenüber. Der erste ist der sogenannte Stofftrieb oder das Bedürfnis, unsere Sinne der einströmenden Außenwelt offenzuhalten. Da dringt ein reicher Inhalt auf uns ein, aber ohne daß wir selbst auf seine Natur einen bestimmenden Einfluß nehmen könnten. Mit unbedingter Notwendigkeit geschieht hier alles. Was wir wahrnehmen, wird von außen bestimmt; wir sind hier unfrei, unterworfen, wir müssen einfach dem Gebote der Naturnotwendigkeit gehorchen. Der zweite ist der Formtrieb. Das ist nichts anderes als die Vernunft, die in das wirre Chaos des Wahrnehmungsinhaltes Ordnung und Gesetz bringt. Durch ihre Arbeit kommt System in die Erfahrung. Aber auch hier sind wir nicht frei, findet Schiller. Denn bei dieser ihrer Arbeit ist die Vernunft den unabänderlichen Gesetzen der Logik unterworfen. Wie dort unter der Macht der Naturnotwendigkeit, so stehen wir hier unter jener der Vernunfenotwendigkeit. Gegenüber beiden sucht die Freiheit eine Zufluchtstätte. Schiller weist ihr das Gebiet der Kunst an, indem er die Analogie der Kunst mit dem Spiel des Kindes hervorhebt. Worinnen liegt das Wesen des Spieles? Es werden Dinge der Wirklichkeit genommen und in ihren Verhältnissen in beliebiger Weise verändert. Dabei ist bei dieser Umformung der Realität nicht ein Gesetz der logischen Notwendigkeit maßgebend, wie wenn wir zum Beispiel eine Maschine bauen, wo wir uns strenge den Gesetzen der Vernunft unterwerfen müssen, sondern es wird einzig und allein einem subjektiven Bedürfnis gedient. Der Spielende bringt die Dinge in einen Zusammenhang, der ihm Freude macht; er legt sich keinerlei Zwang auf. Die Naturnotwendigkeit achtet er nicht, denn er überwindet ihren Zwang, indem er die ihm überlieferten Dinge ganz nach Willkür verwendet; aber auch von der Vernunftnotwendigkeit fühlt er sich nicht abhängig, denn die Ordnung, die er in die Dinge bringt, ist seine Erfindung. So prägt der Spielende der Wirklichkeit seine Subjektivität ein, und dieser letzteren hinwiederum verleiht er objektive Geltung. Das gesonderte Wirken der beiden Triebe hat aufgehört; sie sind in eins zusammengeflossen und damit frei geworden: Das Natürliche ist ein Geistiges, das Geistige ein Natürliches. Schiller nun, der Dichter der Freiheit, sieht so in der Kunst nur ein freies Spiel des Menschen auf höherer Stufe und ruft be_ geistert aus: «Der Mensch ist nur da ganz Mensch, wo er spielt, ...und er spielt nur, wo er in voller Bedeutung des Wortes Mensch ist.» Den der Kunst zugrunde liegenden Trieb nennt Schiller den Spieltrieb. Dieser erzeugt im Künstler Werke, die schon in ihrem sinnlichen Dasein unsere Vernunft befriedigen und deren Vernunftinhalt zugleich als sinnliches Dasein gegenwärtig ist. Und das Wesen des Menschen wirkt auf dieser Stufe so, daß seine Natur zugleich geistig und sein Geist zugleich natürlich wirkt. Die Natur wird zum Geiste erhoben, der Geist versenkt sich in die Natur. Jene wird dadurch geadelt, dieser aus seiner unanschaulichen Höhe in die sichtbare Welt gerückt. Die Werke, die dadurch entstehen, sind nun freilich deshalb nicht völlig naturwahr, weil in der Wirklichkeit sich nirgends Geist und Natur decken; wenn wir daher die Werke der Kunst mit jenen der Natur zusammenstellen, so erscheinen sie uns als bloßer Schein. Aber sie müssen Schein sein, weil sie sonst nicht wahrhafte Kunstwerke wären. Mit dem Begriffe des Scheines in diesem Zusammenhange steht Schiller als Ästhetiker einzig da, unübertroffen, unerreicht. Hier hätte man weiter bauen sollen und die zunächst nur einseitige Lösung des Schönheitsproblemes durch die Anlehnung an Goethes Kunstbetrachtung weiterführen sollen. Statt dessen tritt Schelling mit einer vollständig verfehlten Grundansicht auf den Plan und inauguriert einen Irrtum, aus dem die deutsche Ästhetik nicht wieder herausgekommen ist.2Mit der «verfehlten Grundansicht» Schellings ist keineswegs gemeint das Erheben des Geistes «zu den Höhen, wo das Göttliche thront», sondern die Anwendung, die Schelling davon auf die Betrachtung der Kunst macht. Es soll das besonders hervorgehoben werden, damit das hier gegen Schelling Gesagte nicht mit den Kritiken verwechselt werde, die vielfach gegenwärtig im Umlauf sind gegen diesen Philosophen und gegen den philosophischen Idealismus überhaupt. Man kann Schelling sehr hoch stellen, wie es der Verfasser dieser Abhandlung tut, und dennoch gegen Einzelheiten in seinen Leistungen viel einzuwenden haben. Wie die ganze moderne Philosophie findet auch Schelling die Aufgabe des höchsten menschlichen Strebens in dem Erfassen der ewigen Urbilder der Dinge. Der Geist schreitet hinweg über die wirkliche Welt und erhebt sich zu den Höhen, wo das Göttliche thront. Dort geht ihm alle Wahrheit und Schönheit auf. Nur was ewig ist, ist wahr und ist auch schön. Die eigentliche Schönheit kann also nach Schelling nur der schauen, der sich zur höchsten Wahrheit erhebt, denn sie sind ja nur eines und dasselbe. Alle sinnliche Schönheit ist ja nur ein schwacher Abglanz jener unendlichen Schönheit, die wir nie mit den Sinnen wahrnehmen können. Wir sehen, worauf das hinauskommt: Das Kunstwerk ist nicht um seiner selbst willen und durch das, was es ist, schön, sondern weil es die Idee der Schönheit abbildet. Es ist dann nur eine Konsequenz dieser Ansicht, daß der Inhalt der Kunst derselbe ist wie jener der Wissenschaft, weil sie ja beide die ewige Wahrheit, die zugleich Schönheit ist, zugrunde legen. Für Schelling ist Kunst nur die objektiv gewordene Wissenschaft. Worauf es nun hier ankommt, das ist, woran sich unser Wohlgefallen am Kunstwerke knüpft. Das ist hier nur die ausgedrückte Idee. Das sinnliche Bild ist nur Ausdrucksmittel, die Form, in der sich ein übersinnlicher Inhalt ausspricht. Und hierin folgen alle Ästhetiker der idealistischen Richtung Schellings. Ich kann nämlich nicht übereinstimmen mit dem, was der neueste Geschichtsschreiber und Systematiker der Ästhetik, Eduard von Hartmann, findet, daß Hegel wesentlich über Schelling in diesem Punkte hinausgekommen ist. Ich sage in diesem Punkte, denn es gibt vieles andere, wo er ihn turmhoch überragt. Hegel sagt ja auch: «Das Schöne ist das sinnliche Scheinen der Idee.» Damit gibt auch er zu, daß er in der ausgedrückten Idee das sieht, worauf es in der Kunst ankommt. Noch deutlicher wird dies aus folgenden Worten: «Die harte Rinde der Natur und der gewöhnlichen Welt machen es dem Geiste saurer, zur Idee durchzudringen, als die Werke der Kunst.» Nun, darinnen ist doch ganz klar gesagt, daß das Ziel der Kunst dasselbe ist wie das der Wissenschaft, nämlich zur Idee vorzudringen.

[ 17 ] Die Kunst suche nur zu veranschaulichen, was die Wissenschaft unmittelbar in der Gedankenform zum Ausdrucke bringt. Friedrich Theodor Vischer nennt die Schönheit «die Erscheinung der Idee» und setzt damit gleichfalls den Inhalt der Kunst mit der Wahrheit identisch. Man mag dagegen einwenden, was man will; wer in der ausgedrückten Idee das Wesen des Schönen sieht, kann es nimmermehr von der Wahrheit trennen. Was dann die Kunst neben der Wissenschaft noch für eine selbständige Aufgabe haben soll, ist nicht einzusehen. Was sie uns bietet, erfahren wir auf dem Wege des Denkens ja in reinerer, ungetrübterer Gestalt, nicht erst verhüllt durch einen sinnlichen Schleier. Nur durch Sophisterei kommt man vom Standpunkte dieser Ästhetik über die eigentliche kompromittierende Konsequenz hinweg, daß in den bildenden Künsten die Allegorie und in der Dichtkunst die didaktische Poesie die höchsten Kunstformen seien. Die selbständige Bedeutung der Kunst kann diese Ästhetik nicht begreifen. Sie hat sich daher auch als unfruchtbar erwiesen. Man darf aber nicht zu weit gehen und deswegen alles Streben nach einer widerspruchslosen Ästhetik aufgeben. Und es gehen in dieser Richtung zu weit jene, die alle Ästhetik in Kunstgeschichte auflösen wollen. Diese Wissenschaft kann denn, ohne sich auf authentische Prinzipien zu stützen, nichts anderes sein als ein Sammelplatz für Notizensammlungen über die Künstler und ihre Werke, an die sich mehr oder weniger geistreiche Bemerkungen schließen, die aber, ganz der Willkür des subjektiven Raisonnements entstammend, ohne Wert sind. Von der anderen Seite ist man der Ästhetik zu Leibe gegangen, indem man ihr eine Art Physiologie des Geschmacks gegenüberstell. Man will die einfachsten, elementarsten Fälle, in denen wir eine Lustempfindung haben, untersuchen und dann zu immer komplizierteren Fällen aufsteigen, um so der «Ästhetik von oben» eine «Ästhetik von unten» entgegenzusetzen. Diesen Weg hat Fechner in seiner «Vorschule der Ästhetik» eingeschlagen. Es ist eigentlich unbegreiflich, daß ein solches Werk bei einem Volke, das einen Kant gehabt hat, Anhänger finden kann. Die Ästhetik soll von der Untersuchung der Lustempfindung ausgehen; als ob jede Lustempfindung schon eine ästhetische wäre und als ob wir die ästhetische Natur einer Lustempfindung von der einer anderen durch irgend etwas anderes unterscheiden könnten als durch den Gegenstand, durch den sie hervorgebracht wird. Wir wissen nur, daß eine Lust eine ästhetische Empfindung ist, wenn wir den Gegenstand als einen schönen erkennen, denn psychologisch als Lust unterscheidet sich die ästhetische in nichts von einer andern. Es handelt sich immer um die Erkenntnis des Objektes. Wodurch wird ein Gegenstand schön? Das ist die Grundfrage aller Ästhetik. Viel besser als die «Ästhetiker von unten» kommen wir der Sache bei, wenn wir uns an Goethe anlehnen. Merck bezeichnet einmal Goethes Schaffen mit den Worten: «Du schaffst ganz anders als die übrigen; diese suchen das sogenannte Imaginative zu verkörpern, das gibt nur dummes Zeug; du aber suchst dem Wirklichen eine poetische Gestalt zu geben.» Damit ist ungefähr dasselbe gesagt wie mit Goethes Worten im zweiten Teil des «Faust»: «Das Was bedenke, mehr bedenke Wie.» Es ist deutlich gesagt, worauf es in der Kunst ankommt. Nicht auf ein Verkörpern eines Übersinnlichen, sondern um ein Umgestalten des Sinnlich-Tatsächlichen. Das Wirkliche soll nicht zum Ausdrucksmittel herabsinken: nein, es soll in seiner vollen Selbständigkeit bestehen bleiben; nur soll es eine neue Gestalt bekommen, eine Gestalt, in der es uns befriedigt. Indem wir irgendein Einzelwesen aus dem Kreise seiner Umgebung herausheben und es in dieser gesonderten Stellung vor unser Auge stellen, wird uns daran sogleich vieles unbegreiflich erscheinen. Wir können es mit dem Begriffe, mit der Idee, die wir ihm notwendig zugrunde legen müssen, nicht in Einklang bringen. Seine Bildung in der Wirklichkeit ist eben nicht »#r die Folge seiner eigenen Gesetzlichkeit, sondern es ist die angrenzende Wirklichkeit unmittelbar mirbestimmend. Hätte das Ding sich unabhängig und frei, unbeeinflußt von anderen Dingen entwickeln können, dann nur lebte es seine eigene Idee dar. Diese dem Dinge zugrunde liegende, aber in der Wirklichkeit in freier Entfaltung gestörte Idee muß der Künstler ergreifen und sie zur Entwickelung bringen. Er muß in dem Objekte den Punkt finden, aus dem sich ein Gegenstand in seiner vollkommensten Gestalt entwickeln läßt, in der er sich aber in der Natur selbst nicht entwickeln kann. Die Natur bleibt eben in jedem Einzelding hinter ihrer Absicht zurück; neben dieser Pflanze schafft sie eine zweite, dritte und so fort; keine bringt die volle Idee zu konkretem Leben; die eine diese, die andere jene Seite, soweit es die Umstände gestatten. Der Künstler muß aber auf das zurückgehen, was ihm als die Tendenz der Natur erscheint. Und das meint Goethe, wenn er sein Schaffen mit den Worten ausspricht: «Ich raste nicht, bis ich einen prägnanten Punkt finde, von dem sich vieles ableiten läßt.» Beim Künstler muß das ganze Äußere seines Werkes das ganze Innere zum Ausdruck bringen; beim Naturprodukt bleibt jenes hinter diesem zurück, und der forschende Menschengeist muß es erst erkennen. So sind die Gesetze, nach denen der Künstler verfährt, nichts anderes als die ewigen Gesetze der Natur, aber rein, unbeeinflußt von jeder Hemmung. Nicht was zst, liegt also den Schöpfungen der Kunst zugrunde, sondern was sein könnte, nicht das Wirkliche, sondern das Mögliche. Der Künstler schafft nach denselben Prinzipien, nach denen die Natur schafft; aber er behandelt nach diesen Prinzipien die Individuen, während, um mit einem Goetheschen Worte zu reden, die Natur sich nichts aus den Individuen macht. «Sie baut immer und zerstört immer», weil sie nicht mit dem Einzelnen, sondern mit dem Ganzen das Vollkommene erreichen will. Der Inhalt eines Kunstwerkes ist irgendein sinnenfällig wirklicher — dies ist das Was; in der Gestalt, die ihm der Künstler gibt, geht sein Bestreben dahin, die Natur in ihren eigenen Tendenzen zu übertreffen, das, was mit ihren Mitteln und Gesetzen möglich ist, in höherem Maße zu erreichen, als sie es selbst imstande ist.

[ 18 ] Der Gegenstand, den der Künstler vor uns stellt, ist vollkommener, als er in seinem Naturdasein ist; aber er trägt doch keine andere Vollkommenheit als seine eigene an sich.3Es wird die sinnliche Wirklichkeit in der Kunst verklärt dadurch, daß sie so erscheint, als wenn sie Geist wäre. Insofern ist das Kunstschaffen nicht eine Nachahmung von irgend etwas schon Vorhandenem, sondern eine aus der menschlichen Seele entsprungene Fortsetzung des Weltprozesses. Die bloße Nachahmung des Natürlichen schafft ebensowenig ein Neues wie die Verbildlichung des schon vorhandenen Geistes. Als einen wirklich starken Künstler kann man nicht den empfinden, welcher auf den Beobachter den Eindruck von treuer Wiedergabe eines Wirklichen macht, sondern denjenigen, welcher zum Mitgehen mit ihm zwingt, wenn er schöpferisch den Weltprozeß in seinen Werken fortführt. In diesem Hinausgehen des Gegenstandes über sich selbst, aber doch nur auf Grundlage dessen, was in ihm schon verborgen ist, liegt das Schöne. Das Schöne ist also kein Unnatürliches; und Goethe kann mit Recht sagen: «Das Schöne ist eine Manifestation geheimer Naturgesetze, die ohne dessen Erscheinung ewig wären verborgen geblieben», oder an einem anderen Orte: «Wem die Natur ihr offenbares Geheimnis zu enthüllen anfängt, der empfindet eine unwiderstehliche Sehnsucht nach ihrer würdigsten Auslegerin, der Kunst.» In demselben Sinne, in dem man sagen kann, das Schöne sei ein Unreales, Unwahres, es sei bloßer Schein, denn was es darstellt, finde sich in dieser Vollkommenheit nirgends in der Natur, kann man auch sagen: das Schöne sei wahrer als die Natur, indem es das darstellt, was die Natur sein will und nur nicht sein kann. Über diese Frage der Realität in der Kunst sagt Goethe: «Der Dichter» — und wir können seine Worte ganz gut auf die gesamte Kunst ausdehnen — «der Dichter ist angewiesen auf Darstellung. Das Höchste derselben ist, wenn sie mit der Wirklichkeit wetteifert, das heißt wenn ihre Schilderungen durch den Geist dergestalt lebendig sind, daß sie als gegenwärtig für jedermann gelten können.» Goethe findet: «Es ist in der Natur nichts schön, was nicht naturgesetzlich als wahr motiviert wäre.» (Gespräche mit Eckermann IH, 82.) Und die andere Seite des Scheines, das Übertreffen des Wesens durch sich selbst, finden wir als Goethes Ansicht ausgesprochen in «Sprüche in Prosa» (Goethes Werke, wie oben. 4. Bd.d. Naturw. Schr. 2. Abtlg., S.495): «In den Blüten tritt das vegetabilische Gesetz in seine höchste Erscheinung, und die Rose wäre nur wieder der Gipfel dieser Erscheinung... Die Frucht kann nie schön sein, denn da tritt das vegetabilische Gesetz in sich (ins bloße Gesetz) zurück.» Nun, da haben wir es doch ganz deutlich, wo sich die Idee ausbildet und auslebt, da tritt das Schöre ein, wo wir in der äußeren Erscheinung unmittelbar das Gesetz wahrnehmen; wo hingegen, wie in der Frucht, die äußere Erscheinung formlos und plump erscheint, weil sie von dem der Pflanzenbildung zugrunde liegenden Gesetz nichts verrät, da hört das Naturding auf, schön zu sein. Deshalb heißt es in demselben Spruch weiter: «Das Gesetz, das in die Erscheinung tritt, in der größten Freiheit, nach seinen eigensten Bedingungen, bringt das Objektiv-Schöne hervor, welches freilich würdige Subjekte finden muß, von denen es aufgefaßt wird.» Und in entschiedenster Weise kommt diese Ansicht Goethes in folgendem Ausspruch zum Vorschein, den wir in den Gesprächen mit Eckermann finden (II. 108): «Der Künstler muß freilich die Natur im einzelnen treu und fromm nachbilden...allein in den höhern Regionen des künstlerischen Verfahrens, wodurch ein Bild zum eigentlichen Bilde wird, hat er ein freieres Spiel, und er darf hier sogar zu Fiktionen schreiten.» Als die höchste Aufgabe der Kunst bezeichnet Goethe: «durch den Schein die Täuschung einer höheren Wirklichkeit zu geben. Ein falsches Bestreben sei es aber, den Schein so lange zu verwirklichen, bis endlich nur ein gemeines Wirkliche übrigbleibt.» (Dichtung und Wahrheit, III. 40.)

[ 19 ] Fragen wir uns jetzt einmal nach dem Grund des Vergnügens an Gegenständen der Kunst. Vor allem müssen wir uns klar sein darüber, daß die Lust, welche an den Objekten des Schönen befriedigt wird, in nichts nachsteht der rein intellektuellen Lust, die wir am rein Geistigen haben. Es bedeutet immer einen entschiedenen Verfall der Kunst, wenn ihre Aufgabe in dem bloßen Amüsement, in der Befriedigung einer niederen Lust gesucht wird. Es wird also der Grund des Vergnügens an Gegenständen der Kunst kein anderer sein als jener, der uns gegenüber der Ideenwelt überhaupt jene freudige Erhebung empfinden läßt, die den ganzen Menschen über sich selbst hinaushebt. Was gibt uns nun eine solche Befriedigung an der Ideenwelt? Nichts anderes als die innere himmlische Ruhe und Vollkommenheit, die sie in sich birgt. Kein Widerspruch, kein Mißton regt sich in der in unserem eigenen Innern aufsteigenden Gedankenwelt, weil sie ein Unendliches in sich ist. Alles, was dieses Bild zu einem vollkommenen macht, liegt in ihm selbst. Diese der Ideenwelt eingeborene Vollkommenheit, das ist der Grund unserer Erhebung, wenn wir ihr gegenüberstehen. Soll uns das Schöne eine ähnliche Erhebung bieten, dann muß es nach dem Muster der Idee aufgebaut sein. Und dies ist etwas ganz anderes, als was die deutschen idealisierenden Ästhetiker wollen. Das ist nicht die «Idee in Form der sinnlichen Erscheinung», das ist das gerade Umgekehrte, das ist eine «sinnliche Erscheinung in der Form der Idee». Der Inhalt des Schönen, der demselben zugrunde liegende Stoff ist also immer ein Reales, ein unmittelbar Wirkliches, und die Form seines Auftretens ist die ideelle. Wir sehen, es ist gerade das Umgekehrte von dem richtig, was die deutsche Ästhetik sagt; diese hat die Dinge einfach auf den Kopf gestellt. Das Schöne ist nicht das Göttliche in einem sinnlich-wirklichen Gewande; nein, es ist das Sinnlich-Wirkliche in einem göttlichen Gewande. Der Künstler bringt das Göttliche nicht dadurch auf die Erde, daß er es in die Welt einfließen läßt, sondern dadurch, daß er die Welt in die Sphäre der Göttlichkeit erhebt. Das Schöne ist Schein, weil es eine Wirklichkeit vor unsere Sinne zaubert, die sich als solche wie eine Idealwelt darstellt. Das Was bedenke, mehr bedenke Wie, denn in dem Wie liegt es, worauf es ankommt. Das Was bleibt ein Sinnliches, aber das Wie des Auftretens wird ein Ideelles. Wo diese ideelle Erscheinungsform am Sinnlichen am besten erscheint, da erscheint auch die Würde der Kunst am höchsten. Goethe sagt darüber: «Die Würde der Kunst erscheint bei der Musik vielleicht am eminentesten, weil sie keinen Stoff hat, der abgerechnet werden müßte. Sie ist ganz Form und Gehalt und erhöht und veredelt alles, was sie ausdrückt.» Die Ästhetik nun, die von der Definition ausgeht: «das Schöne ist ein sinnliches Wirkliche, das so erscheint, als wäre es Idee», diese besteht noch nicht. Sie muß geschaffen werden. Sie kann schlechterdings bezeichnet werden als die «Ästhetik der Goetheschen Weltanschauung». Und das ist die Ästhetik der Zukunft. Auch einer der neuesten Bearbeiter der Ästhetik, Eduard von Hartmann, der in seiner «Philosophie des Schönen» ein ganz ausgezeichnetes Werk geschaffen hat, huldigt dem alten Irrtum, daß der Inhalt des Schönen die Idee sei. Er sagt ganz richtig, der Grundbegriff, wovon alle Schönheitswissenschaft auszugehen har, sei der Begriff des ästhetischen Scheines, Ja, aber ist denn das Erscheinen der Idealwelt als solcher je als Schein zu betrachten! Die Idee ist doch die höchste Wahrheit; wenn sie erscheint, so erscheint sie eben als Wahrheit und nicht als Schein. Ein wirklicher Schein aber ist es, wenn das Natürliche, Individuelle in einem ewigen, unvergänglichen Gewande, ausgestattet mit dem Charakter der Idee, erscheint; denn dieses kommt ihr eben in Wirklichkeit nicht zu.

[ 20 ] In diesem Sinne genommen, erscheint uns der Künstler als der Fortsetzer des Weltgeistes; jener setzt die Schöpfung da fort, wo dieser sie aus den Händen gibt. Er erscheint uns in inniger Verbrüderung mit dem Weltengeiste und die Kunst als die freie Fortsetzung des Naturprozesses. Damit erhebt sich der Künstler über das gemeine wirkliche Leben, und er erhebt uns, die wir uns in seine Werke vertiefen, mit ihm. Er schafft nicht für die endliche Welt, er wächst über sie hinaus. Goethe läßt diese seine Ansicht in seiner Dichtung «Künstlers Aporheose» von der Muse dem Künstler mit den Worten zurufen:

«So wirkt mit Macht der edle Mann
Jahrhunderte auf seinesgleichen:
Denn was ein guter Mensch erreichen kann,
Ist nicht im engen Raum des Lebens zu erreichen.
Drum lebt er auch nach seinem Tode fort
Und ist so wirksam, als er lebte;
Die gute Tat, das schöne Wort,
Es strebt unsterblich, wie er sterblich strebte.
So lebst auch du (der Künstler) durch ungemeßne Zeit;
Genieße der Unsterblichkeit!»

[ 21 ] Dieses Gedicht bringt überhaupt Goethes Gedanken über diese, ich möchte sagen, kosmische Sendung des Künstlers vortrefflich zum Ausdruck.

[ 22 ] Wer hat wie Goethe die Kunst in solcher Tiefe erfaßt, wer wußte ihr eine solche Würde zu geben! Wenn er sagt: «Die hohen Kunstwerke sind zugleich als die höchsten Naturwerke von Menschen nach wahren und natürlichen Gesetzen hervorgebracht worden. Alles Willkürliche, Eingebildete fällt zusammen: da ist die Notwendigkeit, da ist Gott», so spricht dies wohl genugsam für die volle Tiefe seiner Ansichten. Eine Ästhetik in seinem Geiste kann gewiß nicht schlecht sein. Und das wird wohl auch noch für manch anderes Kapitel unserer modernen Wissenschaften gelten.

[ 23 ] Als Walther von Goethe, des Dichters letzter Nachkomme, am 15. April 1885 starb und die Schätze des Goethehauses der Nation zugänglich wurden, da mochte wohl mancher achselzuckend auf den Eifer der Gelehrten blicken, der sich auch der kleinsten Überbleibsel aus dem Nachlasse Goethes annahm und ihn wie eine teure Reliquie behandelte, die man im Hinblicke auf die Forschung keineswegs geringschätzend ansehen dürfe. Aber das Genie Goethes ist ein unerschöpfliches, das nicht mit einem Blick zu überschauen ist, dem wir uns nur von verschiedenen Seiten immer mehr annähern können. Und dazu muß uns alles willkommen sein. Auch was im einzelnen wertlos erscheint, gewinnt ‘Bedeutung, wenn wir es im Zusammenhange mit der umfassenden Weltanschauung des Dichters betrachten. Nur wenn wir den vollen Reichtum der Lebensäußerungen durchlaufen, in denen sich dieser universelle Geist ausgelebt hat, tritt uns sein Wesen, tritt uns seine Tendenz, aus der bei ihm alles entspringt und die einen Höhepunkt der Menschheit bezeichnet, vor die Seele. Erst wenn diese Tendenz Gemeingut aller geistig Strebenden wird, wenn der Glaube ein allgemeiner sein wird, daß wir die Weltansicht Goethes nicht nur verstehen sollen, sondern daß wir in ihr, sie in uns leben muß, erst dann hat Goethe seine Sendung erfüllt. Diese Weltansicht muß für alle Glieder des deutschen Volkes und weit über dieses hinaus das Zeichen sein, in dem sie sich als in einem gemeinsamen Streben begegnen und erkennen.

[ 1 ] This lecture, which appears here in its second edition, was given more than twenty years ago at the Goethe-Verein in Vienna. On the occasion of this new edition of one of my earlier writings, the following may perhaps be said. It has happened that changes in my views have been found during my literary career. Where is the right to do this when a writing of mine that is more than twenty years old can appear today in such a way that not even a single sentence needs to be changed? And if anyone has wanted to find a change in my ideas, especially in my work in spiritual science (anthroposophy), it can be replied that on reading through this lecture the ideas developed in it now appear to me to be a healthy foundation of anthroposophy. Indeed, it seems to me that it is precisely the anthroposophical way of thinking that is called upon to understand these ideas. With other schools of thought one will hardly really take into consciousness the most important things that are said. What was behind my world of ideas twenty years ago has been worked out by me in the most diverse directions since that time; that is the present fact, not a change in world view.

[ 2 ] A few remarks appended at the end for clarification could just as well have been written twenty years ago. The question could now be raised as to whether what was said in the lecture still applies today with regard to aesthetics. After all, a lot of work has been done in this field in the last two decades. It seems to me that it is even more valid today than it was twenty years ago. With regard to the development of aesthetics, the grotesque sentence may be ventured: the thoughts of this lecture have become even more true since they first appeared, although they have not changed at all.

On the second edition
Basel, September 15, 1909.


[ 3 ] The number of writings and treatises appearing in our time with the task of determining Goethe's relationship to the various branches of modern science and modern intellectual life in general is overwhelming. The mere listing of the titles would probably fill an impressive volume. This phenomenon is based on the fact that we are becoming more and more aware that in Goethe we are confronted with a cultural factor with which everything that wants to participate in the intellectual life of the present must necessarily come to terms. To pass by in this case would mean renouncing the foundation of our culture, fumbling around in the depths without the will to rise to the bright heights from which all the light of our education emanates. Only those who are able to relate in some way to Goethe and his time can come to a clear understanding of the path our culture is taking, can become aware of the goals that modern humanity has to change; those who do not find this relationship to the greatest spirit of the new age will simply be pulled along by their fellow human beings and led like a blind man. All things appear to us in a new context when we look at them with the eye that has been sharpened by this source of culture.

[ 4 ] As gratifying as the above-mentioned endeavor of contemporaries to tie in with Goethe is, it can by no means be conceded that the way in which it is done is a consistently happy one. All too often there is a lack of the impartiality that is so necessary here, which first sinks into the full depth of Goethe's genius before sitting down in the critical chair. In many things, Goethe is considered outdated only because his full significance is not recognized. One believes oneself to be far beyond Goethe, whereas the right thing would usually be that we should apply his comprehensive principles, his great way of looking at things, to our now more perfect scientific tools and facts. With Goethe, it never matters whether the results of his research correspond more or less with those of today's science, but only how he approached the matter. The results bear the stamp of his time, that is, they go as far as scientific aids and the experience of his time could reach; his way of thinking, his way of posing the problems, however, is a permanent achievement to which one does the greatest injustice if one treats it from above. But our time has the peculiarity that the productive intellectual power of genius seems almost meaningless to it. How could it be otherwise in an age in which any going beyond physical experience is frowned upon in both science and art. For mere sensory observation you need nothing more than healthy senses, and genius is a rather dispensable thing.

[ 5 ] But true progress in the sciences as well as in art has never been brought about by such observation or slavish imitation of nature. If thousands and thousands pass by an observation, then someone comes along and makes the discovery of a great scientific law from the same observation. Many a man had seen a swaying church lamp before Galileo; but this brilliant mind had to come along to find the laws of pendulum motion, which are so important for physics. "If the eye were not sunlike, how could we see the light," Goethe exclaims; he means to say that only those who have the necessary disposition and the productive power to see more in the facts than the mere external facts are able to see into the depths of nature. People don't want to see that. One should not confuse the tremendous achievements we owe to Goethe's genius with the shortcomings inherent in his research as a result of the limited state of experience at the time. Goethe himself characterized the relationship of his scientific results to the progress of research in an excellent image; he describes the latter as stones with which he perhaps ventured too far on the board, but from which one should recognize the player's plan. If one takes these words to heart, then the following high task arises for us in the field of Goethe research: it must go back everywhere to the tendencies that Goethe had. What he himself gives as results may only serve as an example of how he tried to solve his great tasks with limited means. We must seek to solve them in his spirit, but with our greater means and on the basis of our richer experience. In this way, all the branches of research to which Goethe turned his attention will be able to be fertilized and, what is more: they will bear a unified imprint, will certainly be members of a unified great world view. Mere philological and critical research, which it would be folly to deny its justification, must find its complement from this side. We must take possession of the wealth of thoughts and ideas that lie in Goethe and continue to work scientifically on this basis.

[ 6 ] Here it will be my task to show to what extent the principles developed apply to one of the youngest and at the same time most controversial sciences, to aesthetics.1We are talking here about aesthetics as an independent science. One can, of course, find statements about the arts in the leading minds of earlier times. But a historian of aesthetics could only treat all this in the same way as one treats all philosophical endeavors of mankind before the real beginning of philosophy in Greece with Thales. Turning to pages 28 and 29, it might be noticed that in these remarks it is said that medieval thought finds "nothing at all" in nature. One could hold against this the great thinkers and mystics of the Middle Ages. But such an objection is based on a complete misunderstanding. It is not being said here that medieval thought was incapable of forming concepts of the meaning of perception and so on, but merely that the human mind at that time was turned towards the spiritual as such, in its very own form, and felt no inclination to deal with the individual facts of nature. Aesthetics, that is the science that deals with art and its creations, is barely a hundred years old. It was only in 1750 that Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten emerged with the full awareness that he was opening up a new scientific field. At the same time, Winckelmann and Lessing were trying to reach a thorough judgment on fundamental questions of art. Everything that had previously been attempted in this field could not even be described as the most elementary approach to this science. Even the great Aristotle, that intellectual giant who exerted such a decisive influence on all branches of science, remained completely unfruitful for aesthetics. He excluded the fine arts entirely from the circle of his contemplation, which shows that he had no concept of art at all, and moreover he knew no other principle than that of imitating nature, which again shows us that he never grasped the task of the human spirit in his artistic creations.

[ 7 ] The fact that the science of beauty emerged so late is no coincidence. It was not possible before, simply because the preconditions for it were lacking. So what are these? The need for art is as old as mankind, the need to grasp its task could only arise very late. The Greek spirit, which, by virtue of its fortunate organization, drew its satisfaction from the reality immediately surrounding us, brought forth an artistic epoch that signifies the highest; but it did so in original naivety, without the need to create a world for itself in art that should offer a satisfaction that cannot be obtained from any other source. The Greek found everything he was looking for in reality; everything his heart longed for, everything his spirit thirsted for, was amply met by nature. It should never come to pass with him that a longing should arise in his heart for something that we seek in vain in the world around us. The Greek has not grown out of nature, therefore all his needs are to be satisfied through her. Having grown together with nature in undivided unity with his whole being, she creates in him and then knows quite well what she may create for him in order to be able to satisfy it again. Thus, for this naive people, art was merely a continuation of life and activity within nature, having grown directly out of it. It satisfied the same needs as its mother, only to a greater degree. This is why Aristotle knew of no higher principle of art than imitation of nature. There was no need to achieve more than nature, because nature was already the source of all satisfaction. What should appear empty and meaningless to us, the mere imitation of nature, was completely sufficient here. We have forgotten to see in mere nature the highest that our spirit desires; therefore mere realism, which offers us the bare reality of that higher thing, could never satisfy us. This time had to come. It was a necessity for humanity, which was developing towards ever higher levels of perfection. Man could only remain completely within nature as long as he was not conscious of it. The moment he recognized his own self in full clarity, the moment he realized that within himself lives a realm at least equal to that of the outside world, he had to free himself from the shackles of nature.

[ 8 ] Now he could no longer surrender to her completely, so that she might work with him, that she might create and satisfy his needs. Now he had to face her, and thus he had effectively detached himself from her, had created a new world within himself, and from this now flows his longing, from this come his desires. Whether these desires, now created apart from Mother Nature, can also be satisfied by her is of course left to chance. In any case, a sharp gulf now separates man from reality, and he must first establish the harmony that was once there in its original perfection. Thus the conflicts of the ideal with reality, of the desired with the achieved, in short everything that leads a human soul into a true spiritual labyrinth. Nature is soulless to us, devoid of everything that our inner being announces to us as divine. The next consequence is the turning away from everything that is nature, the flight from the directly real. This is the exact opposite of Greekness. Just as the latter found everything in nature, so this worldview finds nothing at all in it. And it is in this light that the Christian Middle Ages must appear to us. Just as Greekism was unable to recognize the essence of art because it could not comprehend its transcendence of nature, the creation of a higher nature as opposed to the immediate one, so Christian science of the Middle Ages could not bring itself to a knowledge of art because art could only work with the means of nature and scholarship could not grasp how works could be created within godless reality that could satisfy the spirit striving for the divine. Here, too, the helplessness of science did no harm to the development of art. While the former did not know what to think about it, the most glorious works of Christian art were created. Philosophy, which at that time was trailing behind theology, knew just as little about giving art a place in the progress of culture as the great idealist of the Greeks, the "divine Plato", was able to do. Plato simply declared the fine arts and drama to be harmful. He had so little concept of the independent role of art that he only gave music the benefit of the doubt because it promoted bravery in war.

[ 9 ] The science of art could not emerge in a time when spirit and nature were so intimately connected, but neither could it in a time when they were irreconcilable opposites. The emergence of aesthetics required a time in which man saw the spirit in its unclouded clarity, free and independent of the shackles of nature, but in which it was also possible to merge with nature again. There is a good reason why man rises above the standpoint of Greekness. For we can never find the divine, the necessary, in the sum of contingencies of which the world is composed, in which we feel ourselves placed. We see nothing around us but facts, which could just as well be different; we see nothing but individuals, and our spirit strives for the generic, the archetypal; we see nothing but the finite, the transient, and our spirit strives for the infinite, the imperishable, the eternal. So if the human spirit, alienated from nature, were to return to nature, it would have to be to something other than that sum of coincidences. And this return means Goethe: return to nature, but return with the full richness of the developed spirit, with the level of education of the new age.

[ 10 ] Goethe's views do not correspond to the fundamental separation of nature and spirit; he only wants to see one great whole in the world, a unified chain of development of beings, within which man forms a link, albeit the highest. "Nature! We are surrounded and enveloped by it - unable to step out of it and unable to get deeper into it. Uninvited and unwarned, she takes us into the cycle of her dance and drives us along until we are weary and fall from her arms." (See Goethe's Works. Naturwissenschaftliche Schriften, 2nd vol. ed. by Rudolf Steiner in Kürschners Deutsche Nat.-Lit., p.5 f.) And in the book on Winckelmann: "When the healthy nature of man acts as a whole, when he feels himself in the world as part of a great, beautiful, worthy and valuable whole, when the harmonious pleasure grants him a pure, free delight: then the universe, if it could feel itself as having reached its goal, would rejoice and admire the summit of its own becoming and being." Herein lies the genuinely Goethean wide reaching out beyond immediate nature, without distancing himself in the slightest from what constitutes the being of nature. What is foreign to him is what he himself finds in many particularly gifted people: "The peculiarity of feeling a kind of shyness towards real life, of withdrawing into oneself, of creating a world of one's own within oneself and in this way achieving the most excellent inwardly." Goethe does not flee reality in order to create an abstract world of thought that has nothing in common with it; no, he immerses himself in it in order to find its immutable laws in its eternal change, in its becoming and movement, he confronts the individual in order to see the archetype in him. Thus the primordial plant arose in his spirit, thus the primordial animal, which are nothing other than the ideas of the animal and the plant. These are not empty general concepts that belong to a gray theory, they are the essential foundations of organisms with a rich, concrete content, full of life and vivid. Vivid, of course, not for the external senses, but only for that higher faculty of perception which Goethe discusses in his essay on "Visual Judgment". The ideas in Goethe's sense are just as objective as the colors and forms of things, but they are only perceptible for those whose faculties are equipped for them, just as colors and forms are only there for the sighted and not for the blind. If we do not approach the objective with a receptive mind, it does not reveal itself to us. Without the instinctive ability to perceive ideas, they will always remain a closed field for us. Here, Schiller has looked deeper than anyone else into the structure of Goethe's genius.

[ 11 ] On August 23, 1794, he enlightened Goethe about the essence underlying his spirit with the following words: "You take the whole of nature together in order to shed light on the individual; in the totality of its manifestations you seek the ground of explanation for the individual. From the simple organization you ascend, step by step, to the more intricate, in order finally to build the most intricate of all, man, genetically from the materials of the whole edifice of nature. By recreating him from nature, as it were, you seek to penetrate his hidden technology." In this re-creation lies a key to understanding Goethe's world view. If we really want to ascend to the archetypes of things, to the immutable in eternal change, then we must not look at what has been completed, for this no longer quite corresponds to the idea that expresses itself in it; we must go back to becoming, we must listen to nature in creation. This is the meaning of Goethe's words in the essay "Anschauende Urteilskraft": "If in the moral sphere we are to raise ourselves to an upper region and approach the first being through faith in God, virtue and immortality, then it should probably be the same case in the intellectual sphere that we make ourselves worthy of spiritual participation in its productions through the contemplation of an ever-creating nature. After all, I had first unconsciously and from an inner drive restlessly pressed for that archetypal, typical thing." (Goethe's works, as above. 1st vol. of Naturw. Schr. p. 115.) Goethe's archetypes are therefore not empty schemas, but are the driving forces behind the phenomena.

[ 12 ] This is the "higher nature" in nature that Goethe wants to take possession of. We see from this that in no case is reality, as it lies spread out before our senses, something with which man, having arrived at a higher level of culture, can stop. Only when the human spirit transcends this reality, breaks the shell and penetrates to the core, does it realize what holds this world together in its innermost being. We can never find satisfaction in individual natural events, only in the laws of nature, never in the individual, only in the generality. In Goethe, this fact occurs in the most perfect form imaginable. What also remains with him is the fact that for the modern spirit reality, the single individual, offers no satisfaction, because we do not already find in it, but only when we go beyond it, that in which we recognize the highest, which we worship as divine, which we address in science as idea. While mere experience cannot come to a reconciliation of opposites because it has the reality but not yet the idea, science cannot come to this reconciliation because it has the idea but no longer the reality. Between the two, man needs a new realm; a realm in which the individual already represents the idea and not only the whole, a realm in which the individual already appears in such a way that the character of generality and necessity is inherent in it. But such a world does not exist in reality; man must first create such a world for himself, and this world is the world of art: a necessary third realm alongside that of the senses and that of reason.

[ 13 ] Aesthetics has the task of understanding art as this third realm. The divine, which natural things lack, must be implanted in them by man himself, and herein lies a high task that arises for artists. They have to bring the kingdom of God to this earth, so to speak. Goethe expresses this, one may well call it, religious mission of art - in the book on Winckelmann - in the following wonderful words:

[ 14 ] "In that man is placed on the summit of nature, he sees himself again as a whole nature, which in itself again has to bring forth a summit. To this end, he increases himself by imbuing himself with all perfections and virtues, by calling upon choice, order, harmony and meaning, and finally rises to the production of the work of art, which occupies a brilliant place alongside his other deeds and works. Once it is produced, once it stands before the world in its ideal reality, it produces a lasting effect, it produces the highest; for by developing itself spiritually out of all the forces, it absorbs all that is glorious, worthy of veneration and love, and, by animating the human form, raises man above himself, completes his circle of life and deeds and idolizes him for the present, in which the past and the future are comprehended. Those who saw the Olympian Jupiter were seized by such feelings, as we can develop from the descriptions, news and testimonies of the ancients. The god had become man in order to elevate man to godhood. One saw the highest dignity and was inspired by the highest beauty."

[ 15 ] This recognized the great importance of art for the cultural progress of mankind. And it is characteristic of the powerful ethos of the German people that this realization first occurred to them, characteristic that for a century all German philosophers have struggled to find the most worthy scientific form for the peculiar way in which the spiritual and the natural, the ideal and the real merge in works of art. The task of aesthetics is nothing other than to grasp this interpenetration in its essence and to work through it in the individual forms in which it manifests itself in the various fields of art. It is the merit of Kant's "Critique of Judgment", published in 1790, to have first stimulated the problem in the way we have indicated and thus to have actually brought all the main aesthetic questions into flow. Despite all the seriousness of the work that was devoted to the matter, however, we must admit today that we do not have an all-round satisfactory solution to the aesthetic tasks.

[ 16 ] The old master of our aesthetics, the sharp thinker and critic Friedrich Theodor Vischer, held on to his conviction until the end of his life: "Aesthetics is still in its infancy". He thus admitted that all efforts in this field, including his own five-volume Aesthetics, were more or less misguided. And so it is. This is - if I may express my conviction here - only due to the fact that Goethe's fruitful germs in this field have been ignored because he was not taken as scientifically complete. If one had done so, then one would simply have developed Schiller's ideas, which he developed in his view of Goethe's genius and which he set down in his "Letters on Aesthetic Education". These letters, too, are often not considered sufficiently scientific by systematizing aestheticians, and yet they are among the most important things that aesthetics has ever produced. Schiller takes Kant as his starting point. This philosopher defined the nature of beauty in several ways. First, he examines the reason for the pleasure we feel in beautiful works of art. He finds this feeling of pleasure to be quite different from any other. Let us compare it with the pleasure we feel when we are dealing with an object to which we owe something useful. This pleasure is quite different. This pleasure is intimately connected with the desire for the existence of this object. The desire for the useful disappears when the useful itself no longer exists. It is different with the pleasure we feel towards the beautiful. This pleasure has nothing to do with the possession, with the existence of the object. It is therefore not attached to the object at all, but only to the idea of it. Whereas in the case of the practical, the useful, the need immediately arises to transform the idea into reality, in the case of the beautiful we are satisfied with the mere image. This is why Kant calls the pleasure in beauty a "disinterested pleasure" that is uninfluenced by any real interest. It would be quite wrong, however, to think that this excludes expediency from the beautiful; this only happens with the external end. And from this flows the second explanation of beauty: "It is something that is purposefully formed in itself, but without serving an external purpose." If we perceive another thing of nature or a product of human technology, our mind comes and asks about its use and purpose. And it is not satisfied until its question of "why" has been answered. In the case of beauty, the why lies in the thing itself, and the intellect does not need to go beyond it. This is where Schiller comes in. And he does this by weaving the idea of freedom into the line of thought in a way that does the highest honor to human nature. First, Schiller contrasts two incessantly asserting human drives. The first is the so-called material instinct or the need to keep our senses open to the inflowing outside world. A rich content penetrates us, but without us being able to exert a determining influence on its nature. Everything happens here with absolute necessity. What we perceive is determined from outside; here we are unfree, subjugated, we must simply obey the dictates of natural necessity. The second is the form instinct. This is nothing other than reason, which brings order and law into the confused chaos of perceptual content. Through its work, system comes into experience. But even here we are not free, Schiller finds. For in this work, reason is subject to the immutable laws of logic. As there under the power of natural necessity, so here we are under that of the necessity of reason. Freedom seeks a refuge from both. Schiller assigns it the domain of art by emphasizing the analogy of art with the play of the child. What is the essence of play? Things from reality are taken and changed in their relationships in any way. This transformation of reality is not governed by a law of logical necessity, as when we build a machine, for example, where we have to strictly obey the laws of reason, but rather serves a subjective need. The player puts things into a context that gives him pleasure; he does not impose any constraints on himself. He does not respect the necessity of nature, for he overcomes its constraint by using the things handed down to him entirely at will; but he does not feel dependent on the necessity of reason either, for the order he brings to things is his invention. In this way, the player imprints his subjectivity on reality and, in turn, lends the latter objective validity. The separate action of the two drives has ceased; they have merged into one and thus become free: The natural is a spiritual, the spiritual a natural. Schiller, the poet of freedom, thus sees in art only a free play of man on a higher level and exclaims enthusiastically: "Man is only fully man where he plays, ... and he only plays where he is man in the full meaning of the word." Schiller calls the instinct underlying art the play instinct. This produces works in the artist that satisfy our reason in their sensual existence and whose rational content is simultaneously present as sensual existence. And the nature of man works at this stage in such a way that his nature is at once spiritual and his spirit natural. Nature is elevated to the spirit, the spirit immerses itself in nature. The latter is thereby ennobled, the former moved from its inconceivable height into the visible world. The works that result from this are, of course, not completely true to nature, because in reality spirit and nature do not coincide anywhere; if we therefore combine the works of art with those of nature, they appear to us as mere appearances. But they must be appearances, because otherwise they would not be true works of art. With the concept of appearance in this context, Schiller stands alone as an aesthetician, unsurpassed, unrivaled. We should have built on this and taken the initially one-sided solution to the problem of beauty further by borrowing from Goethe's view of art. Instead, Schelling came onto the scene with a completely misguided basic view and inaugurated an error from which German aesthetics has never emerged.2By Schelling's "misguided basic view" is by no means meant the elevation of the spirit "to the heights where the divine is enthroned", but rather the application that Schelling makes of it to the contemplation of art. This should be particularly emphasized so that what is said here against Schelling is not confused with the criticisms that are often currently circulating against this philosopher and against philosophical idealism in general. One can hold Schelling in very high esteem, as the author of this treatise does, and still have much to object to in the details of his achievements. Like all modern philosophy, Schelling also finds the task of the highest human endeavor in the grasping of the eternal archetypes of things. The spirit strides beyond the real world and rises to the heights where the divine is enthroned. There all truth and beauty are revealed to it. Only what is eternal is true and beautiful. According to Schelling, only those who rise to the highest truth can see the real beauty, for they are only one and the same. All sensual beauty is only a faint reflection of that infinite beauty which we can never perceive with our senses. We can see what this comes down to: the work of art is not beautiful for its own sake and because of what it is, but because it represents the idea of beauty. It is then only a consequence of this view that the content of art is the same as that of science, because they are both based on eternal truth, which is also beauty. For Schelling, art is only science that has become objective. What matters here is what our pleasure in works of art is linked to. Here it is only the expressed idea. The sensual image is only a means of expression, the form in which a supersensible content expresses itself. And in this, all aestheticians follow Schelling's idealistic direction. For I cannot agree with what the latest historian and systematizer of aesthetics, Eduard von Hartmann, finds, that Hegel has essentially gone beyond Schelling on this point. I say in this point, because there are many other points where he towers above him. Hegel also says: "The beautiful is the sensuous appearance of the idea." He thus also admits that he sees in the expressed idea what is important in art. This becomes even clearer from the following words: "The hard bark of nature and the ordinary world make it more difficult for the spirit to penetrate to the idea than the works of art." Well, this clearly states that the goal of art is the same as that of science, namely to penetrate to the idea.

[ 17 ] Art seeks only to illustrate what science expresses directly in the form of thought. Friedrich Theodor Vischer calls beauty "the appearance of the idea" and thus also identifies the content of art with truth. One may object to this as one pleases; whoever sees the essence of beauty in the expressed idea can never again separate it from truth. It is then impossible to see what independent task art should have alongside science. We experience what it offers us in a purer, unclouded form by way of thought, not first veiled by a sensual veil. From the standpoint of this aesthetic, it is only through sophistry that we can get beyond the actual compromising consequence that allegory is the highest form of art in the visual arts and didactic poetry in poetry. This aesthetic cannot grasp the independent significance of art. It has therefore also proved to be unfruitful. However, we must not go too far and therefore abandon all striving for an uncontradictory aesthetic. And those who want to dissolve all aesthetics into art history are going too far in this direction. Without being based on authentic principles, this science can be nothing more than a collection of notes on artists and their works, followed by more or less witty remarks, which, however, are of no value as they stem entirely from the arbitrariness of subjective reasoning. On the other hand, aesthetics has been approached by contrasting it with a kind of physiology of taste. The aim is to examine the simplest, most elementary cases in which we have a sense of pleasure and then to ascend to ever more complicated cases in order to counter the "aesthetics from above" with an "aesthetics from below". Fechner took this approach in his "Vorschule der Ästhetik". It is actually incomprehensible that such a work could find supporters among a people who had a Kant. Aesthetics is supposed to proceed from the investigation of the sensation of pleasure; as if every sensation of pleasure were already an aesthetic one, and as if we could distinguish the aesthetic nature of one sensation of pleasure from that of another by anything other than the object by which it is produced. We only know that a pleasure is an aesthetic sensation when we recognize the object as a beautiful one, for psychologically as a pleasure the aesthetic one differs in nothing from another. It is always a matter of recognizing the object. What makes an object beautiful? That is the fundamental question of all aesthetics. We can approach the matter much better than the "aestheticians from below" if we take Goethe as our guide. Merck once described Goethe's work with the words: "You create quite differently from the others; they try to embody the so-called imaginative, which only produces stupid things; but you try to give the real a poetic form." This says roughly the same thing as Goethe's words in the second part of Faust: "Consider the what, consider more the how." It clearly states what is important in art. Not the embodiment of the supernatural, but the transformation of the sensual and factual. The real should not be reduced to a means of expression: no, it should remain in its full independence; it should only be given a new form, a form in which it satisfies us. If we lift any individual being out of the circle of its surroundings and place it in this separate position before our eyes, much about it will immediately appear incomprehensible to us. We cannot reconcile it with the concept, with the idea, which we must necessarily take as its basis. Its formation in reality is not the consequence of its own lawfulness, but the adjacent reality directly determines it. If the thing could have developed independently and freely, uninfluenced by other things, then only would it represent its own idea. The artist must seize this idea, which underlies the thing but is disturbed in its free development in reality, and bring it to development. He must find in the object the point from which an object can be developed in its most perfect form, but in which it cannot develop in nature itself. Nature falls short of her intention in every single thing; beside this plant she creates a second, a third, and so on; none brings the full idea to concrete life; the one this side, the other that side, as far as circumstances permit. But the artist must go back to what appears to him as the tendency of nature. And this is what Goethe means when he expresses his work with the words: "I do not rest until I find a concise point from which much can be derived." In the case of the artist, the whole exterior of his work must express the whole interior; in the case of the natural product, the latter lags behind the former, and the inquiring human spirit must first recognize it. Thus the laws according to which the artist proceeds are nothing other than the eternal laws of nature, but pure, uninfluenced by any inhibition. It is therefore not what is that underlies the creations of art, but what could be, not what is real, but what is possible. The artist creates according to the same principles according to which nature creates; but he treats the individuals according to these principles, whereas, to use Goethe's words, nature cares nothing for the individuals. "It always builds and always destroys", because it does not want to achieve perfection with the individual, but with the whole. The content of a work of art is any sensuously real - this is the what; in the form that the artist gives it, his endeavor is to surpass nature in its own tendencies, to achieve what is possible with its means and laws to a greater degree than it is capable of itself.

[ 18 ] The object that the artist places before us is more perfect than it is in its natural existence; but it carries no other perfection than its own.3In art, sensual reality is transfigured by appearing as if it were spirit. In this respect, the creation of art is not an imitation of something that already exists, but a continuation of the world process arising from the human soul. The mere imitation of the natural does not create something new any more than the visualization of the already existing spirit. A truly strong artist is not one who gives the observer the impression of faithfully reproducing something real, but one who compels him to go along with him when he creatively continues the world process in his works. Beauty lies in this transcendence of the object beyond itself, but only on the basis of what is already hidden in it. Beauty is therefore not something unnatural; and Goethe can rightly say: "Beauty is a manifestation of secret laws of nature that would have remained hidden forever without its appearance", or in another place: "To whom nature begins to reveal its open secret, he feels an irresistible longing for its most worthy interpreter, art." In the same sense in which one can say that beauty is unreal, untrue, that it is mere appearance, because what it represents cannot be found in this perfection anywhere in nature, one can also say that beauty is truer than nature, in that it represents what nature wants to be and only cannot be. On this question of reality in art, Goethe says: "The poet" - and we can easily extend his words to the whole of art - "the poet is dependent on representation. The highest of these is when they vie with reality, that is, when their depictions are so alive with the spirit that they can be regarded as present for everyone." Goethe finds: "There is nothing beautiful in nature that is not motivated as true by natural law." (Gespräche mit Eckermann IH, 82.) And the other side of appearance, the surpassing of essence by itself, we find expressed as Goethe's view in "Sprüche in Prosa" (Goethes Werke, wie oben. 4. Bd.d. Naturw. Schr. 2. Abtlg., p.495): "In the blossoms the vegetal law enters into its highest manifestation, and the rose would only be again the summit of this manifestation.... The fruit can never be beautiful, for there the vegetable law withdraws into itself (into mere law)." Well, there we have it quite clearly, where the idea forms and lives itself out, there the beautiful occurs, where we directly perceive the law in the outer appearance; where, on the other hand, as in the fruit, the outer appearance appears formless and clumsy, because it betrays nothing of the law underlying the plant formation, there the natural thing ceases to be beautiful. That is why the same saying continues: "The law that enters into appearance, in the greatest freedom, according to its own conditions, produces the objective beauty, which of course must find worthy subjects by whom it is perceived." And Goethe's view is expressed most decisively in the following statement, which we find in his Conversations with Eckermann (II. 108): "The artist must of course reproduce nature faithfully and piously in detail...only in the higher regions of the artistic process, whereby a picture becomes an actual picture, he has a freer game, and here he may even resort to fictions." Goethe describes the highest task of art as: "to give the illusion of a higher reality through appearance. But it is a false endeavour to realize the appearance until finally only a common reality remains." (Poetry and Truth, III. 40.)

[ 19 ] Let us now ask ourselves about the reason for the pleasure in objects of art. Above all, we must be clear about the fact that the pleasure we derive from objects of beauty is in no way inferior to the purely intellectual pleasure we derive from the purely spiritual. It always means a decided decline of art if its task is sought in mere amusement, in the satisfaction of a lower pleasure. The cause of pleasure in objects of art will therefore be none other than that which makes us feel that joyful exaltation towards the world of ideas in general which lifts the whole man above himself. What gives us such satisfaction in the world of ideas? Nothing other than the inner heavenly peace and perfection that it contains within itself. No contradiction, no dissonance stirs in the world of ideas that arises within us, because it is an infinite in itself. Everything that makes this image a perfect one lies within it. This perfection inherent in the world of ideas is the reason for our elevation when we face it. If the beautiful is to offer us a similar elevation, then it must be constructed according to the pattern of the idea. And this is something quite different from what the German idealizing aesthetes want. It is not the "idea in the form of sensual appearance", it is the exact opposite, it is a "sensual appearance in the form of the idea". The content of the beautiful, the substance on which it is based, is therefore always something real, something directly actual, and the form of its appearance is the ideal. We see that it is precisely the reverse of what German aesthetics says; it has simply turned things upside down. The beautiful is not the divine in a sensual-real guise; no, it is the sensual-real in a divine guise. The artist does not bring the divine to earth by allowing it to flow into the world, but by elevating the world into the sphere of divinity. Beauty is an illusion because it conjures up a reality before our senses that presents itself as such like an ideal world. Consider the what, consider more the how, for it is in the how that it matters. The what remains sensual, but the how of its appearance becomes ideal. Where this ideal form of appearance appears best in the sensual, that is where the dignity of art appears at its highest. Goethe says: "The dignity of art appears perhaps most eminent in music, because it has no substance that needs to be accounted for. It is entirely form and content and elevates and ennobles everything it expresses." Aesthetics, which is based on the definition that "beauty is a sensual reality that appears as if it were an idea", does not yet exist. It must be created. It can certainly be described as the "aesthetics of Goethe's world view". And that is the aesthetics of the future. Eduard von Hartmann, one of the most recent exponents of aesthetics, who has created an excellent work in his "Philosophy of Beauty", also pays homage to the old error that the content of beauty is the idea. He quite rightly says that the basic concept from which all beauty science must proceed is the concept of aesthetic appearance, yes, but is the appearance of the ideal world as such ever to be regarded as an appearance! The idea is after all the highest truth; when it appears, it appears precisely as truth and not as appearance. But it is a real appearance when the natural, individual appears in an eternal, imperishable guise, endowed with the character of the idea; for this is not what it really has.

[ 20 ] Taken in this sense, the artist appears to us as the continuator of the world spirit; the latter continues creation where the latter relinquishes it. He appears to us in intimate fraternity with the world spirit and art as the free continuation of the natural process. Thus the artist elevates himself above ordinary real life, and he elevates us, who immerse ourselves in his works, with him. He does not create for the finite world, he grows beyond it. In his poem "Künstlers Aporheose", Goethe has the muse call out this view to the artist with the words:

"Thus with power the noble man
Centuries on his kind:
For what a good man can achieve
Is not to be achieved in the narrow space of life.
Therefore he lives on even after his death
And is as effective as when he lived;
The good deed, the beautiful word,
It strives immortally, as he strived mortally.
So you too (the artist) live through immeasurable time;
Enjoy immortality!"

[ 21 ] This poem expresses Goethe's thoughts on this, I would say, cosmic mission of the artist excellently.

[ 22 ] Who, like Goethe, has grasped art in such depth, who has known how to give it such dignity! When he says: "The highest works of art are at the same time the highest works of nature, produced by men according to true and natural laws. Everything arbitrary and imaginary collapses: there is necessity, there is God", this is sufficient proof of the full depth of his views. Aesthetics in his spirit can certainly not be bad. And this will probably also apply to many other chapters of our modern sciences.

[ 23 ] When Walther von Goethe, the poet's last descendant, died on April 15, 1885 and the treasures of the Goethe House became accessible to the nation, many people might have shrugged at the zeal of the scholars who took care of even the smallest remnants of Goethe's legacy and treated him like an expensive relic that should by no means be disregarded in terms of research. But Goethe's genius is inexhaustible and cannot be surveyed at a glance; we can only approach it more and more from different angles. And everything must be welcome. Even what seems worthless in isolation gains 'meaning when we consider it in the context of the poet's comprehensive world view. Only when we go through the full richness of the expressions of life in which this universal spirit has lived itself out does its essence, its tendency, from which everything springs and which marks a high point of humanity, come before our souls. Only when this tendency becomes the common property of all those who strive spiritually, when the belief becomes a general one that we should not only understand Goethe's view of the world, but that we must live in it, that it must live in us, only then will Goethe have fulfilled his mission. This world view must be the sign for all members of the German people and far beyond them, in which they meet and recognize each other as striving together.